The document summarizes key information about the palm family (Palmae/Arecaceae). It discusses the systematic position, distribution, vegetative and floral characteristics, economic importance, and examples of common palm plants. Some key points are:
- The palm family includes over 3000 species found in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions worldwide.
- Palms exhibit a wide range of growth habits from shrubs to large trees. They have unbranched stems, terminal clusters of large leaves, and fibrous root systems.
- Flowers are usually unisexual, trimerous and borne on large branched inflorescences. Fruits vary from berries to drupes.
Poaceae or Gramineae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns and pasture. The latter are commonly referred to collectively as grass
The Cucurbitaceae, also called cucurbits or the gourd family, are a plant family consisting of about 965 species in around 95 genera, of which the most important to humans are: Cucurbita – squash,
the presentation is about plant family Brassicaceae. in this presentation you will study about general introduction of the family, its distributions, vegetative characters, floral characters, floral formula and diagram, important genera of this family and economic importance of this family.
Poaceae or Gramineae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns and pasture. The latter are commonly referred to collectively as grass
The Cucurbitaceae, also called cucurbits or the gourd family, are a plant family consisting of about 965 species in around 95 genera, of which the most important to humans are: Cucurbita – squash,
the presentation is about plant family Brassicaceae. in this presentation you will study about general introduction of the family, its distributions, vegetative characters, floral characters, floral formula and diagram, important genera of this family and economic importance of this family.
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea, Malva and Lavatera, as well as Tilia
This ppt contains all about the family Rosaceae under Dicotyledons. It explains about its systematic position, general characters, phylogenetic affinities, floral formula and diagram, economic importance and important genera under this family.
this presentation is about family rosaceae. it is also known as Rose family. in this presentation you will study about the occurrence, distribution, vegetative characters, floral characters, important genera and economic importance this family.
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is generally characterized by typical legume fruit and the ability to symbiotically fix nitrogen. Among the three subfamilies, Papilionoideae is the largest and possesses the lion’s share of economically important legumes including pulses and forages. Although monophyletic origin is generally considered, traces of polyphyly and paraphyly are evidenced in the subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae by molecular phylogenetic studies. Development of robust cytogenetic stocks (aneuploids, polyploids, chromosomal aberrations, somaclonal variants, transformants, etc.) and novel functional genomic tools (mutants, molecular markers, DNA libraries, barcode sequences, etc.) have paved the way to legume classical and molecular breeding for high-yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancement of its bioactive natural antioxidants.
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea, Malva and Lavatera, as well as Tilia
This ppt contains all about the family Rosaceae under Dicotyledons. It explains about its systematic position, general characters, phylogenetic affinities, floral formula and diagram, economic importance and important genera under this family.
this presentation is about family rosaceae. it is also known as Rose family. in this presentation you will study about the occurrence, distribution, vegetative characters, floral characters, important genera and economic importance this family.
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is generally characterized by typical legume fruit and the ability to symbiotically fix nitrogen. Among the three subfamilies, Papilionoideae is the largest and possesses the lion’s share of economically important legumes including pulses and forages. Although monophyletic origin is generally considered, traces of polyphyly and paraphyly are evidenced in the subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae by molecular phylogenetic studies. Development of robust cytogenetic stocks (aneuploids, polyploids, chromosomal aberrations, somaclonal variants, transformants, etc.) and novel functional genomic tools (mutants, molecular markers, DNA libraries, barcode sequences, etc.) have paved the way to legume classical and molecular breeding for high-yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancement of its bioactive natural antioxidants.
* Caryophyllaceae is also known as pink family. Members of this family are well known for ornamental purposes.
* This family is well represented in the British Flora and many species are cultivated as ornamental garden flowers.
* The members of this family are commonly found in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
*Reference - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Dr. B. P. Pandey
* The members of this family are mainly distributed in the tropical parts of the world. The plants occur mostly in dry regions.
* Several shrubby species of Capparis occur in the Mediterranean region.
* Reference - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Dr. B. P. Pandey
The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and economically important family of flowering plants. It includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants, which are easily recognized by their fruit and their compound, stipulate leaves.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
3. Distribution
Family commonly known as palm family
217 genera and 3000 species in world
28 genera and 95 species reported from
india
Tropic, subtropical and in warm
temperate region
4. Vegetative Character
Habit – Shrubs , trees or wines(Eg- Calamus)
. Unbranched , slender to stout stem
. Short to over 30m tall
.terminal cluster of leaves
Root – fibrous and adventitious roots
arise from base of stem
Stem – aerial , erect , stout , pillar like ,
Unbranched.
. cover by persistent leaf basis
. With a terminal cluster of leaves
(Eg- Cocus , Phoenix)
6. Floral Character
Inflorescence – large , much branched
. Paniculate (Eg- Daemonorops) or spadix
(Eg- Phoenix)
. Boat shaped wood spathes
. Monoecious/dioecious plant
Bisexual flower
Flower – ebracteate , sessile , actinomorphic ,
unisexual and monocious. some time dioecious (Eg-
Phoenix), rarely bisexual(Eg- Livistoma)
. Trimerous , hypogynous
Perianth- tepals 6 (free or united) in 2 whorl of 3
each(3+3)
7. Androecium – in staminate / bisexual flower
. 6 stamen(3+3) (Eg- Phoenix)position against tepal.
. Short filaments , distinct
. Anther dithecous , basifixed or dorsi fixed introse.
. Dehise by vertical slit
Staminodes and pistillodes – pistilodes present in
center of each male flower
. Staminodes may present in female flower(Eg- Phytelephas)
Gynoecium – in pistillate or bisexual flower
. Tricarpellary , syncarpous/apocarpous , ovary superior
. 3 locular with single anatropous ovule in each locule
.axile placentation , style short , stigma 3 sessile
Fruit and seeds – berry with fleshy exocarp (Eg- Phoenix)
or drupe with fibrous epicarp(Eg- Cocos)
8. Pollination and dispersal – anemophilous
. Protendrous flower
. Dispersal of fruit either by animal or water(Eg-
Cocos)
Floral formula -
9. Advanced characters:
1. Small herbaceous forms are
also present.
2. Leaves are compound and
exstipulate.
3. Inflorescence is a spadix.
4. Perianth is present.
5. Flowers are usually
unisexual (Phoenix, Cocos).
6. Flowers trimerous.
7. Stamens epiphyllous.
8. Gynoecium tricarpellary,
syncarpous rarely unilocular.
9. Style very short or absent.
10. Axile placentation.
primitive characters:
1. Mostly plants are trees.
2. Leaves are spirally arranged.
3. Flowers are actinomorphic,
hypogynous and
hermaphrodite.
4. Gynoecium is apocarpous
(Phoenix, Rhapis).
5. Ovary superior.
10. Economic Importance
1.Food:
Pith of Metroxylon rumphii and M. leave (Sago palm) yield sago of
commerce. .The sap of Borassus yields a sugar, which on fermentation gives
alcoholic drink “Toddy”.
Sago used as an article of diet.
Fruits of Phoenix dactylifera are very delicious and eaten throughout the
Arab world.
The nuts of Areca catechu serve as a asteringent and used with betel leaves.
seeds of Areca catechu are sliced and eaten with paan.
The milk of Cocos nucifera makes a refreshing drink, endosperm is eaten
raw and stored when dry.
2. Medicinal:
Tender leaves of Calamus travancoricus are given in bilousness, worms
and dyspepsia.
11. 3. Fibres:
Mesocarps of the drupes of Coconut are extensively used for
stuffing pillows and sofa sets.
The cane of commerce is obtained from Calamus tenuis and
C. rotang and are used for making mats, baskets and other
furniture.
Borassus flabellifer – yields palmyra fibres which are used
to prepare brushes and brooms. The leaves are used in the
manufacture of hand fans, umbrellas, baskets and mats.
4.Wax and oil:
Wax is obtained from the leaves of Copernicia cerifera and
Ceroxylon andicola. The wax is used in making gramophone
records, candles and models.
Coconut oil is obtained from the Cocos nucifera and is used
as hair oil, in soap industry and also for cooking.
12. 5. timber
Dense stem wood of several palm is used as
timber
6 sacred writing material
Narrow strips of Coryphe umbraculifera used for
sacred writing by ancient hindus
6.Ornamental
Sabal minor , Caryota urens , Pritichardia pacifica
13. Systematics and Phylogeny(affinities)
Palmae placed under series calycinae by bentham and hooker,
order principes by engler and prantl . Order palmales by
Hutchinson and order arecales by takhtajan
Rendle placed the family together with the Araceae under
Spadiciflorae due to unisexual flowers and occurrence of
spadix.
Hutchinson (1959) traces the origin of Palms from Liliflorean
stock directly from Liliaceae through Dracaena-Cordyline.
Erdtman also reports similar pollen structure of Palms and
Dracaena.
Aceae Palm is closely related to Liliaceae in palm-like habit of
Yucca, Dracaena of Liliaceae, perianth segments, stamens in
two whorls, tricarpellary, syncarpous ovary, and structure of
pollen grains (Dracaena)
14. Common plants of the family:
1. Areca catechu (H. Supari; Betelnut palm): Graceful single stemmed
palm.
2. Caryota urens (Fish-tail palm): Toddy is tapped from its stem.
3. Corypha umbraculifera (Talipot palm): Planted in gardens.
4. Cocos nucifera (H. Nariyal): a tall palm, widespread along sea shore
in tropics
and sub-tropics.
5. Calamus tenuis and C. rotang (H. Bent): climbing palm.
6. Metroxylon: Fruits take 3 years to mature and pith yields ‘sago’.
7. Nipa fruitcans (Water coconut): palm with delicate round leaves
used as cigarette paper; stemless palm of Sunderbans.
8. Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm): tall palm with rough trunk due to
persistent leaf bases; fruits are delicious.
18. Cocos Nucifera
Habit - Unbranched tree and a crown of large leaves.
grows up to 60 to 100 feet.
Root - Fibrous and adventitious root system.
Stem - Aerial, erect, unbranched and columnar, having
prominent scars of leaf bases. Short Internodes.
Leaf - Exstipulate, petiolate, sheathing leaf base, spiral
and pinnately compound , parallel venation.
Inflorescence - Large, lateral arising from the axils
of leaves, compound spadix, enclosed by large woody
bract called spathe. Protandrous flowers
19. Male flower - Bracteate, ebracteolate, sessile, staminate, incomplete,
trimerous, actinomorphic and pistillodes are present.
Perianth - Tepals 6 arranged in two whorls of three each, persistent
and polyphyllous , valvate aestivation .
Androecium - Stamens 6 arranged in two whorls of three each and
antiphyllous. Anthers are dithecous, basifixed, introrse and dehiscing
longitudinally.
Gynoecium - Absent but pistillode is present.
Female flower - Bracteate, ebracteolate, sessile, pistillate,
incomplete, trimerous, actinomorphic and hypogynous.
Perianth - Tepals 6 arranged in two whorls of three each, persistent,
and polyphyllous, imbricate aestivation .
Androecium - Absent but staminodes are present.
20. Gynoecium - Ovary superior, tricarpellary and
syncarpous. Ovary trilocular with single ovule , axile
placentation. Style is absent and 3 stigmas .
Fruit - Fibrous drupe with stony endocarp.
Seed - With small embryo
and abundant endosperm.
Floral formula
21. Coco le Mer
( Lodoicea
maldivica)
Largest seed in the world
Up to 30kg
Endangered
Two population remain
Overharvested for jewelry , boxes , tourist
novelty
Sale is restricted
Native only two island
