This document summarizes the Poaceae and Amaranthaceae families. It describes key characteristics of Poaceae such as jointed stems, spikelet inflorescences, and the importance of members like rice and wheat. Rice is described in detail, including its morphology and floral diagram. Amaranthaceae is also summarized, noting its opposite or alternate leaves, racemose inflorescences, and importance as grain, potherb, and ornamental plants. Amaranthus spinosus is then characterized.
Gramineae (poaceae).it is the one of the largest plant familyAnand P P
poaceae or true grass is a monocotyledon family.the family consist mainly grasses.different varieties of grasses are present under the categories.one of the most advanced reproductive mechanisms are present in the family.
Gramineae (poaceae).it is the one of the largest plant familyAnand P P
poaceae or true grass is a monocotyledon family.the family consist mainly grasses.different varieties of grasses are present under the categories.one of the most advanced reproductive mechanisms are present in the family.
Characters of Apiaceae:
Stem fistular, leaves alternate, much dissected mostly decompound, sheathing leaf base; inflorescence umbel or compound umbel occasionally simple; flowers epigynous, pentamerous, regular rarely zygomorphic, hermaphrodite; calyx superior, pentafid or 0; corolla five, polypetalous, often inflexed; stamens 5; carpels 2; syncarpous, bicarpellary with 2 pendulous ovules; honey-disc surrounding the stigmas – stylopodium is present; fruit cremocarp; seeds endospermic and oily.
A. Vegetative characters:
Habit:
Plants are mostly herbs which may be annual, biennial or perennial, the herbs may be large (Bupleurum, Heracleum, Agelica) rarely shrubs with aromatic odour due to the presence of oil ducts. Pseudocarum climbs by means of its petioles which are very sensitive to contact.
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family.. The Brassicaceae family includes broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, mustard (greens), and collards. Collectively, these crops are referred to as cole crops or crucifers
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed.
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea, Malva and Lavatera, as well as Tilia
Characters of Apiaceae:
Stem fistular, leaves alternate, much dissected mostly decompound, sheathing leaf base; inflorescence umbel or compound umbel occasionally simple; flowers epigynous, pentamerous, regular rarely zygomorphic, hermaphrodite; calyx superior, pentafid or 0; corolla five, polypetalous, often inflexed; stamens 5; carpels 2; syncarpous, bicarpellary with 2 pendulous ovules; honey-disc surrounding the stigmas – stylopodium is present; fruit cremocarp; seeds endospermic and oily.
A. Vegetative characters:
Habit:
Plants are mostly herbs which may be annual, biennial or perennial, the herbs may be large (Bupleurum, Heracleum, Agelica) rarely shrubs with aromatic odour due to the presence of oil ducts. Pseudocarum climbs by means of its petioles which are very sensitive to contact.
Brassicaceae or Cruciferae is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family.. The Brassicaceae family includes broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, mustard (greens), and collards. Collectively, these crops are referred to as cole crops or crucifers
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed.
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea, Malva and Lavatera, as well as Tilia
Solanaceae family is also known as the potato family.
Around 2000 species of dicotyledonous plants belong to this family.
Solanaceae is a family of angiosperms.
It is widely distributed all over the world in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones.
It includes a number of spices, medicinal plants, agricultural crops, etc.
Vegetables like potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers, eggplant are included in the Solanaceae family.
Many plants are of medicinal importance. The main medicinal plants are Atropa belladonna, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Datura, etc.
Some alkaloids are toxic too. Some of the important alkaloids are tropanes, nicotine, capsaicin, solanine, hyoscyamine, etc.
Many ornamental plants also belong to this family. E.g. Petunia, Lycianthes, Cestrum, etc.
These are important sources of spices. E.g. chilly
The leaves of Nicotiana tabacum are a major source of tobacco. Tobacco is a commercially very important plant.
The Arum Family “
The diversity of Aroids”
Dr DON J SCOTT BERIN G BHMS(MD)
DEPARTMENT OF MATERIA MEDICA
WHITE MEMORIAL HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL
COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL VEEYANOOR, ATTOOR, K K DIST.
The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and economically important family of flowering plants. It includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants, which are easily recognized by their fruit and their compound, stipulate leaves.
* Caryophyllaceae is also known as pink family. Members of this family are well known for ornamental purposes.
* This family is well represented in the British Flora and many species are cultivated as ornamental garden flowers.
* The members of this family are commonly found in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
*Reference - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Dr. B. P. Pandey
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
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IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Families Poaceae and amaranthaceae.pptx
1. Presented to – dr. preeti khanduri
uniyal
Presented by – km. anamika uniyal
Class- m. sc.2nd sem
Subject- taxonomy of
angiosperms
Departmeent of botany ,pg
Families Poaceae and
amaranthaceae
2. Family poaceae
Name ‘poaceae’ was given by john
hendly in 1895
It was given on the basis of tribe
poeae
The meaning of this word is fodder
Also known as gramineae or grass
family
Represented the fifth largest family
3. Vegetative characters
Habit – annual, biennial,perennials,
herbs, shrubs, few woody
Root –adventitious, fibrous ,stilt in
maize
Stem - jointed , errect , creeping,
fistular(bamboo),hard and (maize),nodes
and internodes
Leaf - simple, alternate, sessile, stipule
called ligule.
6. Classification genus
(oryza)
Kingdom – plantae
Phylum angiosperm
Class- monocotyledonae
Order – poales
family- poaceae
12 subfamily
Genus – oryza sativa
7. Oryza sativa ( rice- chawal)
habit – annual herb, cultivated as annual
cereal in both tropical and temperature
regions
root - the seminal or primary root and the
adventitious or secondary roots
Stem - erect, cylindrical , hollow except at
nodes, 6 to 8mm, thick, nodes and internodes
conspicuos
Leaf –they always emerge from the
nodesnoral leaf possesses the leaf sheath,
ligule, auricles and leaf blade
8. Floral characters
Inflorescence- a terminal panicle, the
inflorescence borne on the peducle or on the
upper –most internodes
spikelets - spikelets are either singly
flower- bracteate, a large conspicuos bract,
the lemma
Perianth- two broad, thick and fleshy lodicules
androecium- six stamen , arranged in two
whorls
Gynoecium- single carpel, ovary superior,
unilocular , longe than broad
Fruit- a caryopsis
10. Importance of poaceae
use as food
members of this family are good source of
food, wheat, maize , rice , sugarcane etc
Use as food of animals eg fodder for cattle and
sheeps etc oils are obtained
Industrial uses - manufacturing of paper
sugar is obtanied
Biofuel production
Medicinal- cymbopogon jwarancusa is used to
cure fever and flu
11. amaranthaceae
Origin - south east asia
Distribution - tropical, sub tropical and
temperate regions as
Grain crops
Potherbs
ornaments
dye plants
There are about 64 genera and 800
species in this family
12. Vegetative & floral
characters
Habit- the plant are herbs ,shurbs,annual or
perennial
Leaves – oppositeor alternate, simple, entire,
exstipulate
Inflorescence- racemose type
Flower- minute and aaranged in dense fascicles eg.
Celosia cristata
Perianth– dry, white or coloured , 4or 5 paeianth
leaves
Androcium- 4or 5 stamens opposite the perianth
leaves
17. Importance of
amaranthaceae
Few species are grown as ornamental plants
eg amaranthus blitum,
Amaranthus spinosus eng- prickly amaranth
verna – katailchaulai this is spiny herb , the
ash of the leaves use in dyeing
amaranthus caudatus , verna – ramdana this
is grown as a vegetable in north india . This is
grow as ornamental
digera muricata , verna – latmohuria – this is
a herb , its tender twigs and inflorescences
are used as vegetable
