This document provides information about the Asteraceae (Sunflower or Aster) family of flowering plants:
- It is the largest family of flowering plants, with over 1,500 genera and 23,000 species worldwide. India has 166 genera and 803 species.
- Plants can be herbs, shrubs, trees, with features like taproots, tubers, hairy or winged stems, alternate or opposite leaves.
- Flowers are arranged in capitula (flower heads), subtended by involucral bracts, with tubular or ligulate corollas. Stamens are syngenesious and anthers form a cylinder.
- Fruits are cy
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea, Malva and Lavatera, as well as Tilia
ORDER ASTERALES
Family compositae (Asteraceae)
It is the largest family among angiosperms, containing about 1,620 genera and 23,600 species
Distributation
The member belonging to this family are found in everywhere on the surface of the earth (Cosmopolitan) in each possible type of habitat .Most of them are herbaceous but form tropical regions ,In Pakistan it is represented by many genera few are given as follows.
Scientific Name: Helianthus annus
Local Name: Surij Muki
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Helianthus tuberosus
Local Name: Hatichuk
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Carthanus tinctorius
Local Name: Kusum
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Carthamus oxycanthus
Local Name: Kantiari
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Aertmisia absinthium
Local Name: Vilaiti afsantin
Family: Asteraceae
etc .
* The members of this family are mainly distributed in the tropical parts of the world. The plants occur mostly in dry regions.
* Several shrubby species of Capparis occur in the Mediterranean region.
* Reference - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Dr. B. P. Pandey
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea, Malva and Lavatera, as well as Tilia
ORDER ASTERALES
Family compositae (Asteraceae)
It is the largest family among angiosperms, containing about 1,620 genera and 23,600 species
Distributation
The member belonging to this family are found in everywhere on the surface of the earth (Cosmopolitan) in each possible type of habitat .Most of them are herbaceous but form tropical regions ,In Pakistan it is represented by many genera few are given as follows.
Scientific Name: Helianthus annus
Local Name: Surij Muki
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Helianthus tuberosus
Local Name: Hatichuk
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Carthanus tinctorius
Local Name: Kusum
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Carthamus oxycanthus
Local Name: Kantiari
Family: AsteraceaeScientific Name: Aertmisia absinthium
Local Name: Vilaiti afsantin
Family: Asteraceae
etc .
* The members of this family are mainly distributed in the tropical parts of the world. The plants occur mostly in dry regions.
* Several shrubby species of Capparis occur in the Mediterranean region.
* Reference - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Dr. B. P. Pandey
Poaceae or Gramineae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns and pasture. The latter are commonly referred to collectively as grass
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is generally characterized by typical legume fruit and the ability to symbiotically fix nitrogen. Among the three subfamilies, Papilionoideae is the largest and possesses the lion’s share of economically important legumes including pulses and forages. Although monophyletic origin is generally considered, traces of polyphyly and paraphyly are evidenced in the subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae by molecular phylogenetic studies. Development of robust cytogenetic stocks (aneuploids, polyploids, chromosomal aberrations, somaclonal variants, transformants, etc.) and novel functional genomic tools (mutants, molecular markers, DNA libraries, barcode sequences, etc.) have paved the way to legume classical and molecular breeding for high-yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancement of its bioactive natural antioxidants.
* The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Palaeozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* It was Robert Brown (1827) who first recognised gymnosperms as a separate entity among plant kingdom.
this presentation is about family rosaceae. it is also known as Rose family. in this presentation you will study about the occurrence, distribution, vegetative characters, floral characters, important genera and economic importance this family.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
* Caryophyllaceae is also known as pink family. Members of this family are well known for ornamental purposes.
* This family is well represented in the British Flora and many species are cultivated as ornamental garden flowers.
* The members of this family are commonly found in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
*Reference - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Dr. B. P. Pandey
Poaceae or Gramineae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns and pasture. The latter are commonly referred to collectively as grass
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is generally characterized by typical legume fruit and the ability to symbiotically fix nitrogen. Among the three subfamilies, Papilionoideae is the largest and possesses the lion’s share of economically important legumes including pulses and forages. Although monophyletic origin is generally considered, traces of polyphyly and paraphyly are evidenced in the subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae by molecular phylogenetic studies. Development of robust cytogenetic stocks (aneuploids, polyploids, chromosomal aberrations, somaclonal variants, transformants, etc.) and novel functional genomic tools (mutants, molecular markers, DNA libraries, barcode sequences, etc.) have paved the way to legume classical and molecular breeding for high-yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancement of its bioactive natural antioxidants.
* The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Palaeozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* It was Robert Brown (1827) who first recognised gymnosperms as a separate entity among plant kingdom.
this presentation is about family rosaceae. it is also known as Rose family. in this presentation you will study about the occurrence, distribution, vegetative characters, floral characters, important genera and economic importance this family.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
* Caryophyllaceae is also known as pink family. Members of this family are well known for ornamental purposes.
* This family is well represented in the British Flora and many species are cultivated as ornamental garden flowers.
* The members of this family are commonly found in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
*Reference - Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Dr. B. P. Pandey
Dr DON J SCOTT BERIN G BHMS(MD)
DEPARTMENT OF MATERIA MEDICA
WHITE MEMORIAL HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE VEEYANOOR, ATTOOR. KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT,
TAMIL NADU.
Solanaceae family is also known as the potato family.
Around 2000 species of dicotyledonous plants belong to this family.
Solanaceae is a family of angiosperms.
It is widely distributed all over the world in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones.
It includes a number of spices, medicinal plants, agricultural crops, etc.
Vegetables like potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers, eggplant are included in the Solanaceae family.
Many plants are of medicinal importance. The main medicinal plants are Atropa belladonna, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Datura, etc.
Some alkaloids are toxic too. Some of the important alkaloids are tropanes, nicotine, capsaicin, solanine, hyoscyamine, etc.
Many ornamental plants also belong to this family. E.g. Petunia, Lycianthes, Cestrum, etc.
These are important sources of spices. E.g. chilly
The leaves of Nicotiana tabacum are a major source of tobacco. Tobacco is a commercially very important plant.
Asteraceae or aster family is a large family among Dicots with ornamental and medicinal herbs.The name Asteraceae comes from the word Aster"means star in Greek.Previously it is known as compositae; composite inflorescence.
About 250 genera and 2000 species distributed mainly in tropical and
subtropical regions and a few also in temperate regions.
Erect or twining perennial herbs (Asclepias), shrubs (Calotropis procera), vines (Leptadenia), or
rarely small trees (Calotropis gigantea). Cryptostegia grandiflora is a stout climbing shrub.
Leaves, usually simple, opposite decussate. Rarely alternate/ whorled.
Inflorescence, mostly dichasial or polychasial cyme.Flower, Bracteate, often bracteolate, complete; actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic (Ceropegia),
hermaphrodite, pentamerous (except the gynoecium), hypogynous, cyclic.
Perianth biseriate.
A nectariferous corona, consisting of 5 hoods may be present.
Depending upon the condition of androecium, two subfamilies are recognised.
Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, the carpels are free below but united by their apices into the single 5-lobed
stigma; ovary superior.
Fruit: A follicetum of 2 follicles (commonly 1 abort).
Based on pollen characters, Asclepiadaceae is divided into two subfamilies, viz. (i) Periplocoideae
(pollen grains in tetrads; filaments free), and (ii) Cynanchoideae (pollen grains united in pollinia;
filaments united in a tube). Asclepiadaceae is most closely allied to Apocynaceae, and in majority of
the systems of classification both these families are placed side by side. However, the characters such
as presence of translators and presence of gynostegium are absent in Apocynaceae
Centrospermae : Salient features, floral & families diversity, and phylogeny
Salient features of Centrospermae
Floral diversity in Centrospermae
Diversity of families in Centrospermae
Phylogeny of order Centrospermae
Dr. Praveen Mohil
Assistant Professor,
Department of Botany
University of Rajasthan
Jaipur.
Characters of Apiaceae:
Stem fistular, leaves alternate, much dissected mostly decompound, sheathing leaf base; inflorescence umbel or compound umbel occasionally simple; flowers epigynous, pentamerous, regular rarely zygomorphic, hermaphrodite; calyx superior, pentafid or 0; corolla five, polypetalous, often inflexed; stamens 5; carpels 2; syncarpous, bicarpellary with 2 pendulous ovules; honey-disc surrounding the stigmas – stylopodium is present; fruit cremocarp; seeds endospermic and oily.
A. Vegetative characters:
Habit:
Plants are mostly herbs which may be annual, biennial or perennial, the herbs may be large (Bupleurum, Heracleum, Agelica) rarely shrubs with aromatic odour due to the presence of oil ducts. Pseudocarum climbs by means of its petioles which are very sensitive to contact.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
1. ASTERACEAEDum. (nom. alt.)
COMPOSITAEGiseke (nom. cons.)
Sunflower or Aster Family
Dr. Avinash Gholave
Department of Botany
K.V. N. Naik Arts, Commerce and Science College Nashik.
agholave@gmail.com
3. Geographical distribution: Largest
family of flowering plants. It is
cosmopolitan and distributed almost
every corner of the world in every
habitat.
World: 1,528 genera and 23,840
species
India: 166 genera and 803 species
Maharashtra: 60 Genera and 143
Species
5. Habit: Herbs, shrubs, scandent shrubs
(Vernonia elaegnifolia) or trees (Vernonia
arborea, Leucomeris).
Root: Taproot and tuberous (Dahlia).
Stem: Erect or prostrate (Grangea), or
armed (Echinops) or glandular hairy and
winged (Sphaeranthus), or tuberous
(Helianthus tuberosus), or succulent
(Vernonia), or with milky latex (Sonchus),
or even reduced (Elaephantopus).
Vernonia arborea
Dahlia
Helianthus tuberosus Sonchus
ElaephantopusSphaeranthus
6. Leaves: Usually exstipulate,
alternate (Parthenium), or
opposite (Eclipta), or in
rosettes (Elaephantopus),
usually simple or pinnately
lobed (Dahlia) or lyrately
pinnatifid (Sonchus). Leaves
sometimes spinescent
(Echinops) or reduced to scales
(Haplophyllum).
Parthenium Eclipta
Elaephantopus
Dahlia
Sonchus EchinopsHaplophyllum
7. Plants gynomonoecious (with
bisexual disk florets and female ray
florets: (Helianthus), or monoecious
(only with bisexual disk florets:
Vernonia), or dioecious (only with
female ray florets: Dahlia).
Helianthus
Vernonia
Dahlia
8. Inflorescence: Capitulum, basically an
acropetal racemose inflorescence.
Capitulum is sometimes 1-flowered
(Echinops), or few-flowered
(Nanothamnus), or many-flowered
(Helianthus), usually subtended by an
involucre of 1-many whorls of free or
variously connate bracts, known as
phallaries.
Echinops Nanothamnus
Helianthus
9. Flower: Flowers bracteate (the bracts
forming an involucre in one to several
series), regular and irregular (often
combining central actinomorphic and
marginal ‘ray’ florets is zygomorphic).
Calyx: Sepals 2–30, of scales or bristles
constituting the ‘pappus’, 1 whorled,
usually adnate to ovary persistent with
valvate aestivation, calyx sometimes absent
(Ambrosia, Siegesbeckia).
10. Corolla: Petals 1–3 in ray florets and 4–5
in disk florets, gamopetalous, variously
coloured, with valvate aestivation. Corolla
is usually represented by one or two of the
three types:
• Tubular or Discoid Corolla:
Petals 5, with conspicuous tube and
short lobes with valvate aestivation.
• Ligulate or Ray Corolla: Petals 1-
3, represented by short teeths at tip
and a very short tube.
• Bilabiate corolla: Modified from a
tubular corolla and having a 3-
lobed upper lip and 2- lobed
usually slender, recurved lower lip.
Tubular
Ligulate
Bilabiate
11. Androecium: Stamens 3–5;
epipetalous, opposite to sepals and
alternate to petals, syngenesious. (In
ray floret absent). Anthers cohering
forming a tube or cylinder around
the style; basifixed; dehiscing by
longitudinal slits; usually
appendaged.
Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous
unilocular, inferior ovary. Epigynous
disk usually present around the base
of the style. Styles 2; partially joined
stigmas 2. Ovules single in each
locule on basal placentation.
12. Pollination: Entomophilous. Pollination
mechanism conspicuously specialized via
stylar modification.
Fruit: cypsella.
Seed: Seeds non-endospermic.
Dispersal: Specialized by pappus calyx, which
show a parachute mechanism (wind dispersal)
but some time hooks or spines attach to cloths
and animal.
Floral formula:
Disc: Br ⊕ ♀ K (2–∞) C(4–5) A(4–5) G(2)
Ray: Br † ♀ K(4–5) C(3–5) A0 G(2)
13. • Usually herbaceous stem
• Leaves usually alternate
• Capitulum type of inflorescence surrounded by involucral bracts
(phyllaries)
• Calyx represented by pappus
• Stamens show syngeny; anthers united forming a cylinder
• Ovary inferior
• Fruit a cypsela and seeds non-endospermic
14. 1. Food:
Leaves of Lactuca sativa are used as salad. The roots of Helianthus tuberosus
are edible.
2. Oil:
The seeds of Helianthus and Artemisia yield oil.
3. Rubber:
It is obtained from Solidago laevenworthii and Taraxacum.
4. Insecticide:
The capitula of Chrysanthemum roseum and C. cinerriefolium are dried,
powdered and used as insecticide.
15. 5. Ornamental:
Zinnia, Dahila, Cosmos, Chrysanthemum, Calendula, Aster, Helianthus etc. are
well known garden plants.
6. Medicinal:
Artemisinin is isolated from the plant Artemisia annua and used against
malaria (for this work Tu Youyou and co-authors awarded Nobel Prize in
Medicine) and today this antimalarial drugs used for treatments of Covid-19.
The roots of Taraxacum used in bowel disorders.
The juice of Emillia sonchifolia leaves has cooling effect and is used in eye
inflammation and also for night blindness.
Eclipta alba used as tonic in spleen enlargement.
Centipeda orbicularis is used in cold and toothache.
16. Taxonomists have assigned different systematic position to the family.
Bentham and Hooker placed the family under Gamopetalae just after Rubiales.
Hutchinson did not treat the family as the last evolved and put the Asterales
under the 6th series far before the last series Laminales; but he placed it near
Rubiaceae.
Engler and Rendle placed it as the highest evolved dicot family. If
polyphyletic origin of the family is taken into account it may be assumed that the
origin of Rubiales and Asterales is from Apiaceae, which shows a tendency of
aggregation of flowers and reduction of calyx lobes, carpels and ovules.
Takhtajan traces the origin of Campanulales, Calycerales and Asterales
from the order Gentianales. He also relates Asteraceae with Calyceraceae and
other families of the other Campanulales.