The neck contains four compartments that provide organization: the visceral, vertebral, and two vascular compartments. For descriptive purposes, the neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles. The anterior triangle contains structures like muscles, blood vessels, and nerves. It is further divided into smaller triangles. The document describes the boundaries and contents of these triangles in detail. It provides information on the muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and other structures found in the anterior triangle of the neck.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the thorax. It contains:
- The thorax is bounded superiorly by the root of the neck and inferiorly by the diaphragm. It contains the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
- The mediastinum is the thick soft tissue partition that separates the two pleural cavities and contains the heart and other structures.
- The lungs are enclosed in pleural cavities and separated from each other by the mediastinum.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the heart. It describes the layers of the pericardium and orientation of the heart within the thorax. It details the internal and external structures of the right and left atria, right and left ventricles, valves, arteries and veins. It discusses the cardiac skeleton, conduction system, and radiographic appearance of the heart. The document contains multiple diagrams labeling the features described in the text.
The thoracic wall consists of skin, fascia, muscles, and bones including 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and the sternum. It provides protection for thoracic viscera and enables breathing movements. The ribs are of three types and have characteristic features including heads, necks, tubercles, angles, and costal grooves. Cervical ribs can cause pressure on nerves and arteries in the neck. Rib fractures commonly occur at the angle and may cause pneumothorax. The thoracic vertebrae have distinguishing transverse processes. Openings of the thoracic wall are bounded by bones and costal cartilages. Intercostal muscles cover the spaces between ribs and enable
The pericardium and the pericardial sinusesMohana Sekar
The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and prevents overexpansion. It has an outer fibrous layer and inner serous layer. The pericardium supports the heart, limits its movement, and acts as a shock absorber. Pericardial effusion or inflammation can occur from infection, cancer, or other causes. Effusion is treated by draining fluid while inflammation is treated with anti-inflammatory drugs or identifying the underlying cause. Complications like tamponade require draining fluid from the pericardial sac.
introduction about joints, types of joints . joints are present with in upper limb, movements of all joints and finally with clinical correlation of all joints.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the thorax. It contains:
- The thorax is bounded superiorly by the root of the neck and inferiorly by the diaphragm. It contains the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
- The mediastinum is the thick soft tissue partition that separates the two pleural cavities and contains the heart and other structures.
- The lungs are enclosed in pleural cavities and separated from each other by the mediastinum.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the heart. It describes the layers of the pericardium and orientation of the heart within the thorax. It details the internal and external structures of the right and left atria, right and left ventricles, valves, arteries and veins. It discusses the cardiac skeleton, conduction system, and radiographic appearance of the heart. The document contains multiple diagrams labeling the features described in the text.
The thoracic wall consists of skin, fascia, muscles, and bones including 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and the sternum. It provides protection for thoracic viscera and enables breathing movements. The ribs are of three types and have characteristic features including heads, necks, tubercles, angles, and costal grooves. Cervical ribs can cause pressure on nerves and arteries in the neck. Rib fractures commonly occur at the angle and may cause pneumothorax. The thoracic vertebrae have distinguishing transverse processes. Openings of the thoracic wall are bounded by bones and costal cartilages. Intercostal muscles cover the spaces between ribs and enable
The pericardium and the pericardial sinusesMohana Sekar
The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and prevents overexpansion. It has an outer fibrous layer and inner serous layer. The pericardium supports the heart, limits its movement, and acts as a shock absorber. Pericardial effusion or inflammation can occur from infection, cancer, or other causes. Effusion is treated by draining fluid while inflammation is treated with anti-inflammatory drugs or identifying the underlying cause. Complications like tamponade require draining fluid from the pericardial sac.
introduction about joints, types of joints . joints are present with in upper limb, movements of all joints and finally with clinical correlation of all joints.
The anterior triangle of the neck contains three smaller triangles - the submandibular, submental, and muscular triangles. The submandibular triangle contains the submandibular gland and associated nerves and vessels, including the lingual and hypoglossal nerves. The submental triangle drains lymph from the chin and lower lip. The muscular triangle contains the infrahyoid strap muscles that depress the hyoid bone during swallowing.
This document provides an overview of the larynx, including its ligaments, membranes, and muscles. It discusses both the extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments and membranes, such as the thyrohyoid membrane and vocal ligaments. The presentation also describes the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the larynx, focusing on muscles like the cricothyroid muscle that tense the vocal cords, as well as the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle that acts to abduct the vocal cords. Anatomical structures and functions are explained for key muscles involved in phonation.
The internal carotid artery has 7 segments from its origin at the common carotid artery bifurcation to where it enters the cranium. Each segment has unique anatomic features and branches. The segments are named cervical, petrous, lacerum, cavernous, clinoid, ophthalmic, and communicating. The petrous, cavernous, and ophthalmic segments each have important branches including the vidian artery, meningohypophyseal trunk, and ophthalmic artery respectively.
The intercostal nerves enter the intercostal spaces and run forward inferiorly. The first six nerves are distributed within their intercostal spaces, while the 7th-9th enter the anterior abdominal wall and the 10th-11th pass directly into the abdominal wall. There are two anterior and one posterior intercostal artery in each intercostal space, with the anterior arteries originating from the internal mammary or musculophrenic arteries and the posterior originating from the subclavian or descending thoracic aorta. The intercostal veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins, azygos vein, or internal thoracic vein.
This document provides information about muscles in the back and suboccipital region. It begins with multiple choice questions then provides details about:
- Muscles of the back including the superficial group (trapezius, levator scapulae) and deep group (erector spinae, semispinalis, suboccipital muscles)
- Structures in the suboccipital region such as the suboccipital triangle bounded by the atlas, occiput and mastoid process
- Nerves that supply muscles including the suboccipital nerve, a branch of C1
- Procedures like cistern puncture that are done through the suboccipital triangle
The document summarizes an anatomy revision session on the upper limb. It discusses various muscles of the upper limb including their origins, insertions, innervations and functions. Key muscles covered include the pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, deltoid, biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis, and triceps. It also discusses the rotator cuff muscles and muscles of the forearm including flexor carpi ulnaris and radialis. The session aims to help students identify upper limb muscles and understand their relations to nerves.
The elbow joint is formed by three bones: the humerus, radius, and ulna. The head of the radius attaches to the humerus via the capitullum, while the lower part of the ulna attaches via the trochlear notch. The radius also attaches to the ulna at the radial notch. The wrist joint is formed by the radius connecting to wrist bones, not the ulna bone. The two long bones of the forearm are the radius and ulna.
The document describes the anatomy of the pleura and lungs. The pleura is a serous membrane consisting of parietal and visceral layers that line the thoracic cavity and lungs. It forms a closed sac that contains a small amount of pleural fluid. The lungs are paired organs located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung is divided into lobes separated by fissures. The roots of the lungs contain structures like bronchi and blood vessels that connect the lungs to the mediastinum.
The neck contains four compartments - visceral, vertebral, and two vascular compartments. It is divided into anterior and posterior triangles for descriptive purposes. The anterior triangle contains structures like muscles, blood vessels and nerves. It is further divided into smaller triangles. The document describes the boundaries, contents and innervations of these triangles in detail. It provides information on muscles like suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, the carotid and jugular vessels, and various cranial and peripheral nerves that pass through or supply structures in the anterior triangle.
To discuss the knee joint: At the end of the presentation we should be able to note the following
The type of joint.
Bones and part of the bone that forms the joints
Type of cartilage covering the articular surface.
Attachment of fibrous capsule.
The attachment or lining of the synovial membrane.
Structures found outside the fibrous capsules (Extracapsular structures).
Structures found within the capsules (Intracapsular structures).
Movement and muscle causing the movement.
Blood and Nerve supply.
Applied Anatomy.
The deep cervical fascia of the neck forms several layers including the investing, pretracheal, prevertebral, carotid sheath, buccopharyngeal, and pharyngobasilar fasciae. The investing fascia surrounds the neck and splits to enclose muscles and glands. The pretracheal fascia suspends the thyroid gland. The prevertebral fascia forms the floor of the posterior triangle and extends into the mediastinum. The carotid sheath contains the major neck vessels. Infections can spread in various directions through fascial planes.
This document provides information about anatomy of the chest wall, thoracic cavity, lungs, heart and related structures. It covers topics such as layers of the thoracic wall, bones and muscles of the rib cage, structures passing through thoracic inlets and outlets, anatomy of breathing including the pleural membranes and diaphragm, vascular and lymphatic drainage of the chest, lobes and fissures of the lungs, structures within the mediastinum, and basic cardiac anatomy including the pericardium and internal structures of the atria and ventricles. The document is in a question and answer format to test knowledge of these anatomical structures and relationships.
4 th ventricle- Anatomical and surgical perspectivesuresh Bishokarma
4th ventricle connects the entire ventricular system of brain. Its connection with cisterns magna and cerebella pontine cistern via foramen of magenta and Luschka. CSF absorbs into the arachnoid granulation.
Cardiac Surgery
Internal thoracic ( mammary ) artery
ORIGIN and Course Of IMA
BRANCHES
Thymic Artery
The Xiphoid branch
The sternal branches
The Pericardiacophrenic branch
Anterior intercostal branches
Perforating branches
Musculophrenic artery
Superior Epigastric Artery
Clinical significance
The thoracic aorta begins where the aortic arch ends at the fourth thoracic vertebrae and extends down to the diaphragm. It supplies blood to the thoracic cavity and has several important branches including the bronchial arteries which supply the lungs, esophageal arteries which supply the esophagus, and posterior intercostal arteries which supply the spaces between the ribs. The thoracic aorta also gives off mediastinal and pericardial branches before passing through the diaphragm and becoming the abdominal aorta.
The pleura is a membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity. It has two layers - the parietal pleura lining the chest wall and diaphragm, and the visceral pleura attached directly to the lungs. Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura that causes sharp chest pain worsened by breathing. It is usually caused by viral infection but can result from other lung and heart conditions. Diagnosis involves listening for pleural friction rubs and tests like chest x-rays. Treatment focuses on pain relief, draining excess fluid in the pleural space, and addressing the underlying cause.
This document provides an overview of lung and pleural anatomy from Dr. Noura El Tahawy. It discusses the structure and layers of the pleura, noting that the pleural cavities are lined by mesothelial membranes and contain the lungs. Each lung remains attached to the mediastinum at the root, which contains the airways, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. The document also reviews the surfaces and borders of the lungs, the root and hilum structures, the bronchial tree and segments, vasculature, innervation and lymphatic drainage of the lungs.
Histology of thyroid and parathyroid, tongueRohit Paswan
The thyroid gland contains follicles that are its functional units. Each follicle contains a colloid core surrounded by a single layer of epithelial cells. The activity level of the follicle determines how cuboidal the epithelial cells appear and the amount of colloid present. Additional cell types include parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels. The parathyroid gland contains chief cells that synthesize PTH and oxyphil cells of unknown function, with chief cells being more numerous and smaller than oxyphil cells.
Anatomy of thorax /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
introduction of neck and boundaries of neck , superficial fascia and structures present with in it, deep cervical fascia types and most importantly spaces with in it mainly about Retro-pharyngeal spaces and applied anatomy along with incision markings.
The anterior triangle of the neck is divided into four smaller triangles by muscles and bones. It contains many important structures including muscles, blood vessels and nerves. The muscles are classified as suprahyoid or infrahyoid based on their position relative to the hyoid bone. The common carotid arteries and internal jugular vein pass through, supplying and draining structures of the head and neck. Several cranial and peripheral nerves also pass through, innervating areas within the triangles.
The anterior triangle of the neck contains three smaller triangles - the submandibular, submental, and muscular triangles. The submandibular triangle contains the submandibular gland and associated nerves and vessels, including the lingual and hypoglossal nerves. The submental triangle drains lymph from the chin and lower lip. The muscular triangle contains the infrahyoid strap muscles that depress the hyoid bone during swallowing.
This document provides an overview of the larynx, including its ligaments, membranes, and muscles. It discusses both the extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments and membranes, such as the thyrohyoid membrane and vocal ligaments. The presentation also describes the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the larynx, focusing on muscles like the cricothyroid muscle that tense the vocal cords, as well as the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle that acts to abduct the vocal cords. Anatomical structures and functions are explained for key muscles involved in phonation.
The internal carotid artery has 7 segments from its origin at the common carotid artery bifurcation to where it enters the cranium. Each segment has unique anatomic features and branches. The segments are named cervical, petrous, lacerum, cavernous, clinoid, ophthalmic, and communicating. The petrous, cavernous, and ophthalmic segments each have important branches including the vidian artery, meningohypophyseal trunk, and ophthalmic artery respectively.
The intercostal nerves enter the intercostal spaces and run forward inferiorly. The first six nerves are distributed within their intercostal spaces, while the 7th-9th enter the anterior abdominal wall and the 10th-11th pass directly into the abdominal wall. There are two anterior and one posterior intercostal artery in each intercostal space, with the anterior arteries originating from the internal mammary or musculophrenic arteries and the posterior originating from the subclavian or descending thoracic aorta. The intercostal veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins, azygos vein, or internal thoracic vein.
This document provides information about muscles in the back and suboccipital region. It begins with multiple choice questions then provides details about:
- Muscles of the back including the superficial group (trapezius, levator scapulae) and deep group (erector spinae, semispinalis, suboccipital muscles)
- Structures in the suboccipital region such as the suboccipital triangle bounded by the atlas, occiput and mastoid process
- Nerves that supply muscles including the suboccipital nerve, a branch of C1
- Procedures like cistern puncture that are done through the suboccipital triangle
The document summarizes an anatomy revision session on the upper limb. It discusses various muscles of the upper limb including their origins, insertions, innervations and functions. Key muscles covered include the pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, deltoid, biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis, and triceps. It also discusses the rotator cuff muscles and muscles of the forearm including flexor carpi ulnaris and radialis. The session aims to help students identify upper limb muscles and understand their relations to nerves.
The elbow joint is formed by three bones: the humerus, radius, and ulna. The head of the radius attaches to the humerus via the capitullum, while the lower part of the ulna attaches via the trochlear notch. The radius also attaches to the ulna at the radial notch. The wrist joint is formed by the radius connecting to wrist bones, not the ulna bone. The two long bones of the forearm are the radius and ulna.
The document describes the anatomy of the pleura and lungs. The pleura is a serous membrane consisting of parietal and visceral layers that line the thoracic cavity and lungs. It forms a closed sac that contains a small amount of pleural fluid. The lungs are paired organs located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung is divided into lobes separated by fissures. The roots of the lungs contain structures like bronchi and blood vessels that connect the lungs to the mediastinum.
The neck contains four compartments - visceral, vertebral, and two vascular compartments. It is divided into anterior and posterior triangles for descriptive purposes. The anterior triangle contains structures like muscles, blood vessels and nerves. It is further divided into smaller triangles. The document describes the boundaries, contents and innervations of these triangles in detail. It provides information on muscles like suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, the carotid and jugular vessels, and various cranial and peripheral nerves that pass through or supply structures in the anterior triangle.
To discuss the knee joint: At the end of the presentation we should be able to note the following
The type of joint.
Bones and part of the bone that forms the joints
Type of cartilage covering the articular surface.
Attachment of fibrous capsule.
The attachment or lining of the synovial membrane.
Structures found outside the fibrous capsules (Extracapsular structures).
Structures found within the capsules (Intracapsular structures).
Movement and muscle causing the movement.
Blood and Nerve supply.
Applied Anatomy.
The deep cervical fascia of the neck forms several layers including the investing, pretracheal, prevertebral, carotid sheath, buccopharyngeal, and pharyngobasilar fasciae. The investing fascia surrounds the neck and splits to enclose muscles and glands. The pretracheal fascia suspends the thyroid gland. The prevertebral fascia forms the floor of the posterior triangle and extends into the mediastinum. The carotid sheath contains the major neck vessels. Infections can spread in various directions through fascial planes.
This document provides information about anatomy of the chest wall, thoracic cavity, lungs, heart and related structures. It covers topics such as layers of the thoracic wall, bones and muscles of the rib cage, structures passing through thoracic inlets and outlets, anatomy of breathing including the pleural membranes and diaphragm, vascular and lymphatic drainage of the chest, lobes and fissures of the lungs, structures within the mediastinum, and basic cardiac anatomy including the pericardium and internal structures of the atria and ventricles. The document is in a question and answer format to test knowledge of these anatomical structures and relationships.
4 th ventricle- Anatomical and surgical perspectivesuresh Bishokarma
4th ventricle connects the entire ventricular system of brain. Its connection with cisterns magna and cerebella pontine cistern via foramen of magenta and Luschka. CSF absorbs into the arachnoid granulation.
Cardiac Surgery
Internal thoracic ( mammary ) artery
ORIGIN and Course Of IMA
BRANCHES
Thymic Artery
The Xiphoid branch
The sternal branches
The Pericardiacophrenic branch
Anterior intercostal branches
Perforating branches
Musculophrenic artery
Superior Epigastric Artery
Clinical significance
The thoracic aorta begins where the aortic arch ends at the fourth thoracic vertebrae and extends down to the diaphragm. It supplies blood to the thoracic cavity and has several important branches including the bronchial arteries which supply the lungs, esophageal arteries which supply the esophagus, and posterior intercostal arteries which supply the spaces between the ribs. The thoracic aorta also gives off mediastinal and pericardial branches before passing through the diaphragm and becoming the abdominal aorta.
The pleura is a membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity. It has two layers - the parietal pleura lining the chest wall and diaphragm, and the visceral pleura attached directly to the lungs. Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura that causes sharp chest pain worsened by breathing. It is usually caused by viral infection but can result from other lung and heart conditions. Diagnosis involves listening for pleural friction rubs and tests like chest x-rays. Treatment focuses on pain relief, draining excess fluid in the pleural space, and addressing the underlying cause.
This document provides an overview of lung and pleural anatomy from Dr. Noura El Tahawy. It discusses the structure and layers of the pleura, noting that the pleural cavities are lined by mesothelial membranes and contain the lungs. Each lung remains attached to the mediastinum at the root, which contains the airways, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. The document also reviews the surfaces and borders of the lungs, the root and hilum structures, the bronchial tree and segments, vasculature, innervation and lymphatic drainage of the lungs.
Histology of thyroid and parathyroid, tongueRohit Paswan
The thyroid gland contains follicles that are its functional units. Each follicle contains a colloid core surrounded by a single layer of epithelial cells. The activity level of the follicle determines how cuboidal the epithelial cells appear and the amount of colloid present. Additional cell types include parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels. The parathyroid gland contains chief cells that synthesize PTH and oxyphil cells of unknown function, with chief cells being more numerous and smaller than oxyphil cells.
Anatomy of thorax /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
introduction of neck and boundaries of neck , superficial fascia and structures present with in it, deep cervical fascia types and most importantly spaces with in it mainly about Retro-pharyngeal spaces and applied anatomy along with incision markings.
The anterior triangle of the neck is divided into four smaller triangles by muscles and bones. It contains many important structures including muscles, blood vessels and nerves. The muscles are classified as suprahyoid or infrahyoid based on their position relative to the hyoid bone. The common carotid arteries and internal jugular vein pass through, supplying and draining structures of the head and neck. Several cranial and peripheral nerves also pass through, innervating areas within the triangles.
The document summarizes key aspects of larynx anatomy. It discusses:
1) The larynx functions to protect the lower respiratory tract, provide a controlled airway, and enable phonation, coughing, and lifting.
2) It consists of cartilages including the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, and arytenoid cartilages joined by membranes and ligaments.
3) Intrinsic muscles control the laryngeal inlet and vocal cord movements to modulate phonation, respiration, and protection of the airway.
The document describes the triangles of the neck, including the anterior, posterior, and subtriangles. The anterior triangle is bounded by the median line anteriorly, sternocleidomastoid muscle posteriorly, and inferior mandible superiorly. It contains structures like the carotid sheath and is further divided into subtriangles. The posterior triangle is bounded by trapezius muscle posteriorly and sternocleidomastoid muscle anteriorly, and contains nerves like the spinal accessory nerve and branches of the brachial plexus. Both triangles and their contents are important for surgical approaches in the neck.
triangeles_of_the_neck human anatomy.pptsiddhimeena3
The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The posterior triangle contains the occipital and supraclavicular triangles and structures like lymph nodes, nerves and blood vessels. The anterior triangle is bounded by the mandible, sternocleidomastoid muscle and midline. It contains the thyroid gland, strap muscles that attach to the hyoid bone and are divided into suprahyoid and infrahyoid groups. The anterior triangle also contains the carotid artery and structures in subdivided areas like the carotid triangle.
The document describes the major arteries of the head and neck region, including:
- The common carotid artery which divides into the internal and external carotid arteries at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage.
- The internal carotid artery has 4 parts as it travels upward through the neck and into the cranium.
- The external carotid artery gives off 8 branches which supply the head and neck regions.
- Other arteries discussed include the subclavian artery and its branches, as well as the branches of the internal and external carotid arteries.
- The document also provides an overview of the thyroid gland, its location and structure.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the larynx. It is composed of cartilage, muscles, and connective tissue. It has three pairs of cartilage - the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages. The larynx contains the vocal folds which vibrate to produce sound during phonation. The muscles of the larynx work to open and close the vocal folds and laryngeal inlet to allow breathing, swallowing, and voice production. The main functions of the larynx are protection of the airway, respiration, phonation, and closure of the glottis.
The neck joins the head to the trunk and contains many important structures like the trachea, esophagus, blood vessels and nerves. The skeleton of the neck consists of 7 cervical vertebrae and other bones like the hyoid bone. The neck region is divided into anterior, posterior and lateral areas defined by muscles and boundaries. It contains many lymph nodes, blood vessels, nerves and the larynx. Common issues of the neck include pain, fractures and injuries to the structures within the deep and superficial fascia layers that surround muscles and organs of the neck.
The neck contains many vital structures and connects the head to the torso. The skeleton of the neck includes 7 cervical vertebrae, the hyoid bone, manubrium, and clavicles. The neck separates into anterior and posterior triangles divided by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The triangles contain muscles, vessels, and nerves. Conditions like torticollis can cause neck twisting that is treated with physiotherapy including massage, stretches, and exercises to improve range of motion.
The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The anterior triangle contains important structures like the carotid artery and jugular vein. The triangles are further divided by other muscles. Key muscles that attach to the hyoid bone include the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid and strap muscles like sternohyoid which help with swallowing and neck movement. The thyroid gland and parathyroid glands are located in the front of the neck below the larynx.
The larynx houses the vocal cords, and manipulates pitch and volume, which is essential for phonation. It is situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus.
The carotid triangle is a vascular area in the neck bounded by the omohyoid muscle, digastric muscle, and sternocleidomastoid muscle. It contains the common carotid artery and its branches, internal jugular vein, vagus and other cranial nerves. The common carotid artery divides at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage into the internal and external carotid arteries. The posterior belly of the digastric muscle crosses superficial to the internal jugular vein and carotid vessels in the triangle.
The document provides details on the anatomy and development of the larynx. It discusses the key cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, including the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and epiglottic cartilages. It also describes the role of the hyoid bone in suspending the larynx and providing attachment points for muscles. The larynx forms from swellings in the branchial arches during early gestation and continues developing through differentiation of cartilage and tissues.
The document discusses the anatomy of the triangles of the neck. It describes the boundaries, contents, and structures related to the anterior and posterior triangles. The anterior triangle is further divided into four triangles by the digastric and omohyoid muscles. The submandibular triangle contains the submandibular gland, submandibular lymph nodes, hypoglossal nerve, and the external and internal carotid arteries. The mylohyoid muscle forms the floor of the submandibular triangle.
The document provides an overview of larynx anatomy. It describes the larynx's location and divisions. Key points include:
- The larynx sits above the trachea and consists of cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages connected by ligaments and muscles.
- It is divided into the supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis based on vocal fold positioning.
- Intrinsic muscles like the lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles control vocal fold movement and tension.
This document provides an overview of the blood supply to the head and neck region. It begins with an introduction to general principles of the vascular system. It then discusses the major arteries that supply the head and neck region, including the common carotid artery, external carotid artery, internal carotid artery, subclavian artery, and various branches. It provides details on the course, branches, and supply regions for each artery. It concludes with a brief discussion of the venous supply and some clinical implications. The document is presented as part of a lecture on the arterial anatomy of the head and neck.
The triangles of the neck are bounded by neck muscles and divided by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The anterior triangle contains structures like the thyroid gland and carotid artery. The posterior triangle contains the brachial plexus and subclavian artery. Knowledge of the neck triangles is important for procedures like evaluating jugular venous pressure, palpating carotid pulses, and performing emergency cricothyroidotomy access to the airway.
The document discusses the anatomy of the neck region. It describes the bones, muscles, fascia, vessels and nerves of the neck. Key points include:
- The neck is bounded by the mandible above and the clavicles below. It contains important structures like the larynx, trachea and esophagus.
- Major muscles include the sternocleidomastoid which divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles.
- The deep cervical fascia supports neck structures and forms layers like the pretracheal and prevertebral fascia.
- Key blood vessels are the common carotid artery and its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries. The carotid sinus is a pressure receptor.
The orbit is a pyramidal cavity containing the eyeball and associated structures. It is formed by 7 bones and has 4 walls. The eyeball has 3 layers - fibrous, vascular and inner retinal layer. The orbit contains the eyeball, extraocular muscles, nerves and vessels, lacrimal apparatus and orbital fat. The lacrimal apparatus produces and drains tears to lubricate the eye.
The oral cavity includes the mouth, teeth, gingivae, tongue, palate, and tonsils. The mouth has two parts - the oral vestibule and oral cavity proper. Within the oral cavity, food is tasted, prepared for swallowing through chewing and tongue manipulation. The lips, cheeks and gingivae line and surround the oral cavity. Teeth aid in chewing and speech. The tongue assists in chewing, swallowing, speech and taste. Saliva produced in salivary glands lubricates and protects tissues in the oral cavity.
The nose has several functions including smelling, breathing, filtering air, and draining secretions. It is divided into the external nose and nasal cavity. The nasal cavity contains convoluted bones and cartilages that warm and humidify air before it reaches the lungs. It is lined with mucosa and divided by the nasal septum into left and right sides. The nasal cavity is further divided by projections called conchae into passages and recesses where various sinuses open. Infections can spread from the nasal cavity to nearby areas like the sinuses, ears, or eyes.
The document provides an overview of the gross anatomy of the head and neck, focusing on the osteology of the skull. It describes the two main parts of the skull - the neurocranium and viscerocranium. The neurocranium comprises the bones that form the brain case and calvarium. The viscerocranium comprises the facial bones. It provides detailed descriptions of the individual skull bones and their features, including landmarks, foramina, and sutures. It also discusses variations in skull anatomy between infants and adults, common fractures, and other clinical considerations.
The document summarizes the gross anatomy of the ear, which has three main parts - the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear collects and transmits sound waves through the external acoustic meatus to the middle ear. The middle ear contains the auditory ossicles and transmits vibrations through the oval window to the inner ear for hearing and balance. It is separated from the external ear by the tympanic membrane and surrounded by six bony walls. The inner ear is concerned with hearing and balance.
The document discusses the anatomy of the face, including the muscles of facial expression and their functions. It describes the six groups of facial muscles and their actions, as well as the common facial expressions produced by certain muscle combinations. It also summarizes the cutaneous and motor innervation of the face, focusing on the trigeminal nerve (CN V) and facial nerve (CN VII) as the main sources of sensory and motor innervation, respectively. Clinical implications of injuries to these nerves are mentioned.
This document summarizes the muscles of the face. It describes the 6 groups of muscles: muscles of the scalp, eyelids, nose, mouth, auricle, and neck. For each muscle it provides the origin, insertion, and main action. Some key facial expressions are also listed along with the muscles involved, such as smiling which involves the zygomaticus major muscle. The document provides an overview of the major facial muscles, their anatomical locations, and functions in facial expressions.
The gross anatomy of the head and neck lecture 3Lucidante1
The document provides an overview of the gross anatomy of the head and neck, focusing on the osteology of the skull. It describes the two main parts of the skull - the neurocranium and viscerocranium. The neurocranium comprises the bones that form the brain case and calvarium. The viscerocranium comprises the facial bones. It provides detailed descriptions of the individual skull bones and their features, including landmarks, foramina, and sutures. It also discusses variations in skull anatomy between infants and adults, common fractures, and other clinical considerations.
The trachea develops from the endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm. It is a flexible pipe supported by cartilage rings that prevents collapse and allows continued breathing during neck movement. The inner lining contains cilia covered in mucus that traps particles and is pushed toward the mouth and nose, keeping the lungs clean. Tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus resulting from improper foregut division, associated with esophageal atresia and polyhydramnios.
The axilla is a pyramidal space bounded by bones and muscles that provides a passage for vessels and nerves to the upper limb. It contains the brachial plexus, axillary artery and vein, lymph nodes, and connective tissue. The axillary artery gives off branches including the thoracoacromial, lateral thoracic, anterior and posterior circumflex humeral, and subscapular arteries. The axillary vein receives tributaries that generally follow the arterial branches. Axillary lymph nodes are arranged in five groups - apical, pectoral, subscapular, humeral, and central - that drain lymph from different regions.
The arm extends from the shoulder to the elbow. It contains two main compartments - anterior and posterior. The anterior compartment contains the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles which flex the forearm. The posterior compartment contains the triceps brachii muscle which extends the forearm. The elbow joint is a complex joint formed between the humerus, ulna, and radius bones. It allows flexion-extension between the forearm and arm and pronation-supination of the forearm. Blood supply is provided by branches of the brachial artery and its profunda branch with rich anastomoses around the elbow.
The document summarizes the major muscles of the shoulder region. It describes four anterior thoracoappendicular muscles - pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and serratus anterior - that move the pectoral girdle. It also discusses the trapezius and deltoid muscles that provide contour to the shoulder region and attach the scapula, clavicle, and humerus. Posterior muscles of the scapular region include the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and teres major that stabilize the glenohumeral joint.
This document outlines the anatomy and physiology of the neuromuscular junction, factors that affect neuromuscular transmission, characteristics of ideal muscle relaxants, and classifications of neuromuscular blocking drugs. It then provides details on specific neuromuscular blocking agents including suxamethonium, d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, vecuronium, rocuronium, and others. It discusses the differences between depolarizing and non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. Finally, it covers the reversal of neuromuscular blockade using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like neostigmine and atropine or glycopyrrolate.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the lower extremities. It describes the bones and regions of the lower limb, including the pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot. It outlines the bones that make up the pelvis (hip bones, sacrum, coccyx), and provides details on the ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum, and other structures of the hip bone. It also describes the femur, including the head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters. The document emphasizes the anatomical landmarks and functional aspects of the lower extremity bones.
This document provides an overview of upper limb anatomy, beginning with a general description of its divisions into shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. It then describes the anatomy of specific regions in more detail, including the bones, joints, muscles, and other structures of the shoulder, arm, and forearm. The shoulder region contains the clavicle, scapula, and proximal humerus. Key details are provided on the anatomy of these bones, including their processes, tubercles, fossae, and other features. The document concludes with a description of the shaft and distal end of the humerus.
The document discusses biostatistics, which is the application of statistics to health-related fields. It defines key terms like data, variables, and levels of measurement. The document also outlines common descriptive statistics used to summarize data, such as measures of central tendency, variability, and relative standing.
The document discusses implantation, placenta formation, and the role of the placenta. It describes how the blastocyst implants in the endometrium, leading to formation of the trophoblast and decidua. This allows establishment of the uteroplacental circulation. It then details the development of the primary, secondary, and tertiary villi to form the chorionic frondosum and definitive placental villi. The placenta connects the fetus to the uterine wall, allowing for nutrient/gas exchange without mixing of maternal and fetal blood. After birth, the placenta separates from the uterine wall as the afterbirth.
The hip joint is a ball and socket synovial joint that connects the lower limb to the pelvis. It is formed by the spherical head of the femur articulating with the acetabulum of the pelvis. Strong ligaments including the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments reinforce the joint capsule to provide stability while allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation movements. The hip joint has an extensive blood supply and is innervated by nerves from the lumbar plexus and sacral plexus.
The document discusses the anatomy of the gluteal region. It describes that the gluteal region lies between the iliac crest and gluteus maximus muscle, and contains gluteal muscles, ligaments, vessels and nerves. The gluteal muscles are divided into a superficial group including the gluteus maximus, medius and minimus, and a deep group including the piriformis, obturator internus and quadratus femoris muscles. Several important nerves pass through the gluteal region including the superior and inferior gluteal nerves. The safest site for intramuscular injections in the gluteal region is the upper outer quadrant to avoid injuring the sciatic nerve
The glenohumeral joint, or shoulder joint, is a ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. It allows a wide range of motion but has relatively little stability. Stability is provided by surrounding muscles like the rotator cuff as well as ligaments. The joint is innervated by nerves from the brachial plexus and its movement involves many muscles like the deltoid and rotator cuff muscles. Anatomical structures like bursae help reduce friction near the joint.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
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In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
2. The neck is a tube providing continuity
from the head to the trunk.
It extends anteriorly from the lower
border of the mandible to the upper
surface of the manubrium of sternum.
Posteriorly from the superior nuchal line
on the occipital bone of the skull to the
intervertebral disc between the CVII and
TI vertebrae.
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4. • Within the tube four compartments provide
longitudinal organization.
the visceral compartment is anterior and
contains parts of the digestive and respiratory
systems, and several endocrine glands;
the vertebral compartment is posterior and
contains the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord,
cervical nerves, and muscles associated with the
vertebral column;
the two vascular compartments are lateral and
contain the major blood vessels and the vagus
nerve [X].
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6. • For descriptive purposes the neck is divided
into anterior and posterior triangles.
• Anterior triangle; its boundaries are the
anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
muscle, the inferior border of the mandible,
and the midline of the neck;
• Posterior triangle; its boundaries are the
posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
muscle, the anterior border of the trapezius
muscle, and the middle one-third of the
clavicle.
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8. ANTERIOR TRIANGLE OF THE NECK
• The anterior triangle of the neck is outlined by
the anterior border of the
sternocleidomastoid muscle laterally, the
inferior border of the mandible superiorly, and
the midline of the neck medially.
It is further subdivided into several smaller
triangles as follows:
the submandibular triangle is outlined by the
inferior border of the mandible superiorly and
the anterior and posterior bellies of the
digastric muscle inferiorly;
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9. • the submental triangle; outlined by the hyoid
bone inferiorly, the anterior belly of the digastric
muscle laterally, and the midline;
• the muscular triangle is outlined by the hyoid
bone superiorly, the superior belly of the
omohyoid muscle, and the anterior border of the
sternocleidomastoid muscle laterally, and the
midline;
• the carotid triangle is outlined by the superior
belly of the omohyoid muscle anteroinferiorly,
the stylohyoid muscle and posterior belly of the
digastric superiorly, and the anterior border of
the sternocleidomastoid muscle posteriorly.
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11. • Each of these triangles contains numerous
structures that can be identified as being
within a specific triangle, passing into a
specific triangle from outside the area,
originating in one triangle and passing to
another triangle, or passing through several
triangles while passing through the region.
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12. Muscles in anterior triangle
• The muscles in the anterior triangle of the
neck can be grouped according to their
location relative to the hyoid bone:
muscles superior to the hyoid are classified as
suprahyoid muscles and include the
stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, and
geniohyoid;
muscles inferior to the hyoid are infrahyoid
muscles and include the omohyoid,
sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, and sternothyroid.
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13. Suprahyoid muscles
The four suprahyoid muscles are in the
submental and submandibular triangles.
They pass in a superior direction from the
hyoid bone to the skull or mandible and raise
the hyoid, as occurs during swallowing.
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14. 1. Stylohyoid; innervated by the facial nerve
[VII], it pulls the hyoid bone
posterosuperiorly during swallowing.
2. Digastric; has 2 bellies (anterior and
posterior) connected by a tendon which
attaches to the body of the hyoid bone.
Innervation of the digastric muscle is from
two different cranial nerves.
• Posterior belly is by facial nerve (CN VII)
• Anterior belly is by trigeminal nerve (CN V)
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15. 3. Mylohyoid; It is innervated by the trigeminal
nerve [CN V]. It supports and elevates the floor of
the mouth and elevates the hyoid bone.
4. Geniohyoid; is innervated by a branch from the
anterior ramus of C1 carried along the hypoglossal
nerve [XII].
• It has two functions depending on which bone is
fixed:
fixation of the mandible elevates and pulls the
hyoid bone forward;
fixation of the hyoid bone pulls the mandible
downward and inward.
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17. • Infrahyoid muscles;
The four infrahyoid muscles are in the
muscular triangle.
They attach the hyoid bone to inferior
structures and depress the hyoid bone.
They also provide a stable point of attachment
for the suprahyoid muscles.
Because of their appearance, they are
sometimes referred to as the 'strap muscles'.
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18. Sternohyoid; is innervated by the anterior
rami of C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis.
It depresses the hyoid bone
Omohyoid; Lateral to the sternohyoid muscle,
This muscle consists of two bellies with an
intermediate tendon in both the posterior and
anterior triangles of the neck.
It is innervated by the anterior rami of C1 to
C3 through the ansa cervicalis.
The omohyoid depresses and fixes the hyoid
bone
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19. Thyrohyoid; is located deep to the superior
parts of the omohyoid muscle. It is innervated
by fibers from the anterior ramus of C1 that
travel with the hypoglossal nerve [XII].
Sternothyroid; the last of the infrahyoid group
of muscles. is innervated by the anterior rami
of C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis.
The sternohyoid muscle draws the larynx
(thyroid cartilage) downward
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21. Vessels in the anterior triangle
Passing through the anterior triangle of the
neck are the common carotid arteries and
their branches, the external and internal
carotid arteries.
These vessels supply all structures of the head
and neck.
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22. • The common carotid arteries are the beginning
of the carotid system.
• the right common carotid artery originates from
the brachiocephalic trunk;
• the left common carotid artery begins in the
thorax as a direct branch of the arch of the aorta.
• They both ascend through the neck, lateral to the
tracheal and oesophagus not giving any branch in
the neck.
• Near the superior edge of the thyroid cartilage
each common carotid artery divides into its two
terminal branches-the external and internal
carotid arteries
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24. • The superior part of each common carotid
artery and its division into external and
internal carotid arteries occurs in the carotid
triangle.
• At the bifurcation, the common carotid artery
and the beginning of the internal carotid
artery are dilated.
• This dilation is the carotid sinus and contains
receptors that monitor changes in blood
pressure and are innervated by a branch of
the glossopharyngeal nerve [IX].
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26. • Another accumulation of receptors in the area
of the bifurcation is responsible for detecting
changes in blood chemistry, primarily oxygen
content.
• This is the carotid body and is innervated by
branches from both the glossopharyngeal [IX]
and vagus [X] nerves.
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28. Internal carotid arteries
• After its origin, the internal carotid artery
ascends toward the base of the skull.
• It gives off no branches in the neck and enters
the cranial cavity through the carotid canal in
the petrous part of the temporal bone.
• The internal carotid arteries supply the
cerebral hemispheres, the eyes and the
contents of the orbits, and the forehead.
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30. External carotid arteries & its branches
Branch
Supplies
Superior thyroid artery
Thyrohyoid muscle, internal structures of
the larynx, sternocleidomastoid and
cricothyroid muscles, thyroid gland
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Pharyngeal constrictors and
stylopharyngeus muscle, palate, tonsil,
pharyngotympanic tube, meninges in
posterior cranial fossa
Lingual artery
Muscles of the tongue, palatine tonsil,
soft palate, epiglottis, floor of mouth,
sublingual gland
Facial artery
All structures in the face from the inferior
border of the mandible anterior to the
masseter muscle to the medial corner of
the eye, the soft palate, palatine tonsil,
pharyngotympanic tube, submandibular
gland
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31. External carotid arteries & its branches
Branch
Supplies
Occipital artery
Sternocleidomastoid muscle, meninges in
posterior cranial fossa, mastoid cells,
deep muscles of the back, posterior scalp
Posterior auricular artery
Parotid gland and nearby muscles,
external ear and scalp posterior to ear,
middle and inner ear structures
Superficial temporal artery
Parotid gland and duct, masseter muscle,
lateral face, anterior part of external ear,
temporalis muscle, parietal and temporal
fossae
Maxillary artery
External acoustic meatus, lateral and
medial surface of tympanic membrane,
temporomandibular joint, dura mater on
lateral wall of skull and inner table of
cranial bones, trigeminal ganglion and
dura in vicinity, mylohyoid muscle,
mandibular teeth, skin on chin, temporalis
muscle, outer table of bones of skull in 31
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32. Veins
• Collecting blood from the skull, brain, superficial
face, and parts of the neck, the internal jugular
vein begins as a dilated continuation of the
sigmoid sinus, which is a dural venous sinus.
• The paired internal jugular veins join with the
subclavian veins posterior to the sternal end of
the clavicle to form the right and left
brachiocephalic veins.
• Tributaries to each internal jugular vein include
the inferior petrosal sinus, and the facial, lingual,
pharyngeal, occipital, superior thyroid, and
middle thyroid veins.
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33. Nerves
• Numerous cranial and peripheral nerves:
pass through the anterior triangle of the neck
as they continue to their final destination;
send branches to structures in or forming
boundaries of the anterior triangle of the
neck;
while in the anterior triangle of the neck, send
branches to nearby structures.
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34. The cranial nerves in these categories include:
the facial [VII], glossopharyngeal [IX], vagus
[X], accessory [XI], and hypoglossal [XII].
The peripheral nerves in these categories
include the transverse cervical nerve from the
cervical plexus and the upper and lower roots
of the ansa cervicalis.
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35. Cranial nerves & its branches
Nerve
Innervation
Facial nerve [VII]
the posterior belly of the digastric;
stylohyoid.
Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
stylopharyngeus muscle, sends a branch
to the carotid sinus, and supplies sensory
branches to the pharynx.
Vagus nerve [X]
Gives a motor branch to the pharynx, a
branch to the carotid body, the superior
laryngeal nerve (which divides into
external and internal laryngeal branches),
and possibly a cardiac branch.
Accessory nerve [XI]
No branches in the anterior triangle but
innervates the trapezius
Hypoglossal nerve [XII]
No branches in the anterior triangle but
innervates the tongue
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38. Peripheral nerves & its branches
Nerve
Innervation
Transverse cervical nerve
provides cutaneous innervation to this
area
Ansa cervicalis
innervates the inferior belly of the
omohyoid, and the lower parts of the
sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles.
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41. • They are both endocrine glands positioned
anteriorly in the neck.
• Both glands begin as pharyngeal outgrowths
that migrate caudally to their final position as
development continues.
• The thyroid gland is a large, unpaired gland,
while the parathyroid glands, usually four in
number, are small and are on the posterior
surface of the thyroid gland.
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42. Thyroid gland
• The thyroid gland is anterior in the neck below
and lateral to the thyroid cartilage.
• It consists of two lateral lobes (which cover
the anterolateral surfaces of the trachea, the
cricoid cartilage, and the lower part of the
thyroid cartilage).
• It also has the isthmus that connects the
lateral lobes and crosses the anterior surfaces
of the second and third tracheal cartilages.
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43. • It lies deep to the sternohyoid, sternothyroid,
and omohyoid muscles.
• It is in the visceral compartment of the neck.
• This compartment also includes the pharynx,
trachea, and esophagus and is surrounded by
the pretracheal layers of fascia.
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45. Arterial supply
• Two major arteries supplies the thyroid gland;
• The superior thyroid artery and the inferior
thyroid artery.
The superior thyroid artery is the first branch of
the external carotid artery, it descend along the
lateral margin of thyrohyoid muscle and divides
into an anterior and a posterior glandular
branch at the superior pole of the gland.
Anterior glandular-supplies superior pole and
anastomose with the opposite anterior glandular.
Posterior glandular- passes posterior, may
anastomose with inferior thyroid artery
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47. Inferior thyroid artery
The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the
thyrocervical trunk, which arises from the first
part of the subclavian artery.
At the thyroid gland the inferior thyroid artery
divides into an:
inferior branch, which supplies the lower part of
the thyroid gland and anastomoses with the
posterior branch of the superior thyroid artery;
an ascending branch, which supplies the
parathyroid glands.
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49. Nerve supply
• The thyroid gland is closely related to and
supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerves.
• After branching from the vagus nerve [X] and
looping around the subclavian artery on the
right and the arch of the aorta on the left, the
recurrent laryngeal nerves ascend in a groove
between the trachea and esophagus.
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Occasionally, a small thyroid ima artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk or the arch of the aorta and ascends on the anterior surface of the trachea to supply the thyroid gland.