The nose has several functions including smelling, breathing, filtering air, and draining secretions. It is divided into the external nose and nasal cavity. The nasal cavity contains convoluted bones and cartilages that warm and humidify air before it reaches the lungs. It is lined with mucosa and divided by the nasal septum into left and right sides. The nasal cavity is further divided by projections called conchae into passages and recesses where various sinuses open. Infections can spread from the nasal cavity to nearby areas like the sinuses, ears, or eyes.
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
The outer ear
- pinna
- ear canal
- eardrum
2. The middle ear
- three ossicle bones;
(malleus, incus, stapes)
- two major muscles
(stapedial muscle, tensor
tympani)
- Eustachian tube
3. The inner ear
- cochlea (hearing)
- vestibular system (balance)
4. The central auditory system• PINNA: Important for sound
gathering and localization of
sound
• EAR CANAL or AUDITORY
MEATUS: important for
sound selection
• EARDRUM or TYMPANIC
MEMBRANE:
vibrates in response to
sound/pressure chan
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
The outer ear
- pinna
- ear canal
- eardrum
2. The middle ear
- three ossicle bones;
(malleus, incus, stapes)
- two major muscles
(stapedial muscle, tensor
tympani)
- Eustachian tube
3. The inner ear
- cochlea (hearing)
- vestibular system (balance)
4. The central auditory system• PINNA: Important for sound
gathering and localization of
sound
• EAR CANAL or AUDITORY
MEATUS: important for
sound selection
• EARDRUM or TYMPANIC
MEMBRANE:
vibrates in response to
sound/pressure chan
This is about the general physiology of sense organs for medical and paramedical professional beginners who choose pharmacy, nursing and physiotherapy to study.
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. ... Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
basics of skin, review of skin, Integumentary system, the structure of the skin, Functions of skin, skin appendages, Hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, Nails, dermis, epidermis,
subcutaneous tissue. anatomy and physiology
This is about the general physiology of sense organs for medical and paramedical professional beginners who choose pharmacy, nursing and physiotherapy to study.
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. ... Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
basics of skin, review of skin, Integumentary system, the structure of the skin, Functions of skin, skin appendages, Hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, Nails, dermis, epidermis,
subcutaneous tissue. anatomy and physiology
Dentist in pune.(BDS. MDS) - Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi. Nose & Paranasal sinuses.All Good Things
Dentist in pune. (BDS. MDS) - Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi. Seminar- Nose & Paranasal sinuses.
Email ID- amitsuryawanshi999@gmail.com
Contact -Ph no.-9405622455
Subscribe our channel on youtube - Copy and paste this URL. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_gylEXTrjmEbbOTSXjuZ4Q/videos?view_as=public
Follow us on slideshare
Uppermost parts of the respiratory tract and contain the olfactory receptors
Elongated wedge-shaped spaces with a large inferior base and a narrow superior apex
Skeletal framework consisting mainly of bone and cartilage
Nares – external opening of nose
Choanae - open into the nasopharynx
Bones that contribute to the skeletal framework of the nasal cavities include
Unpaired: ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal bone, and vomer;
Paired: nasal, maxillary, palatine and lacrimal bones, and inferior conchae
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. Nose
Introduction:
• The nose is the part of the respiratory tract superior to the hard palate
• It contains the peripheral organ of smell
Composition:
• external nose
• nasal cavity
the nasal cavity is divided into right and left cavities by the nasal
septum
Functions:
• olfaction (smelling)
• respiration (breathing)
• filtration of dust
• humidification of inspired air
• reception and elimination of secretions from the paranasal sinuses
and nasolacrimal ducts
3. External Nose
• is the visible portion that projects from the face
• its skeleton is mainly cartilaginous (small bony contributions are
present)
• The part of the external nose that extends from the root of the nose
to the apex (tip) of the nose is called the dorsum
• The inferior surface of the nose is pierced by two piriform
openings called nares (nostrils, anterior nasal apertures)
• The nares are bounded laterally by the alae (wings) of the nose
• The superior bony part of the nose, including its root, is covered by
thin skin
• The skin over the cartilaginous part of the nose is covered with
thicker skin, which contains many sebaceous glands
4.
5.
6. • The skin extends into the anterior part of the nasal cavity called the
vestibule of the nose
• The vestibule of the nose has a variable number of stiff hairs called
vibrissae
• These hairs are usually moist and these help to filter dust particles
from air entering the nasal cavity
Skeleton of the External Nose
composed of:
I. bones
II. cartilages
The bony part consists of the:
nasal bones
frontal processes of the maxillae
nasal part of the frontal bone
nasal spine
bony parts of the nasal septum
7.
8.
9. •
The cartilaginous part of the nose consists of five main cartilages and
small minor cartilages:
two lateral cartilages,
two alar cartilages,
and one septal cartilage
3 or 4 minor alar cartilages
The U-shaped alar cartilages are free and movable; they dilate or
constrict the nares when the muscles acting on the nose contract
Nasal Septum
• It divides the chamber of the nose into two nasal cavities
• It has a:
bony part
a soft mobile cartilaginous part
The components of the nasal septum are
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Vomer bone
10.
septal cartilage
nasal crest of the maxillary bone
nasal crest of palatine bone
The perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, nasal crests of maxillary
and palatine bones form the bony part of nasal septum
While the septal cartilage forms the cartilagenous part
The thin perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone:
• forming the superior part of the nasal septum
• descends from the cribriform plate
• and is continued superior to this plate as the crista galli
The vomer: a thin flat bone, forms the posteroinferior part of the nasal
septum, with some contribution from the nasal crests of the maxillary
and palatine bones
The septal cartilage has a tongue-and-groove articulation with the edges
of the bony septum
11.
12.
13. CLINICAL ANATOMY
Nasal Fractures
• Because of the prominence of the nose, fractures of the nasal bones are
common facial fractures in automobile accidents and sports (unless face
guards are worn)
• Epistaxis (nosebleed) usually occurs
• In severe fractures, disruption of the bones and cartilages results in
displacement of the nose.
• When the injury results from a direct blow, the cribriform plate of the
ethmoid bone may also fracture
Deviation of the Nasal Septum
• The nasal septum is usually deviated to one side or the other
• This could be the result of a birth injury, but more often the deviation results
during adolescence and adulthood from trauma (e.g., during a fist fight)
• Sometimes the deviation is so severe that the nasal septum is in contact with
the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and often obstructs breathing or
exacerbates snoring
• The deviation can be corrected surgically
14. Nasal Cavity
• Divided into right and left halves by the nasal septum
• The nasal cavity is entered anteriorly through the nares
• It opens posteriorly into the nasopharynx through the choanae
• Mucosa lines the nasal cavity, except for the nasal vestibule, which is
lined with skin
• The superior one third of the nasal mucosa forms the olfactory area
• The inferior two thirds of the nasal mucosa forms the respiratory area
• The olfactory area contains the peripheral organ of smell; sniffing
draws air to the area
• Air passing over the respiratory area is warmed and moistened before
it passes through the rest of the upper respiratory tract to the lungs
15.
16.
17.
18. Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity
The nasal cavity has a:
roof
floor
medial wall
lateral wall
The roof :
• is curved and narrow, except at its posterior end
• it is divided into 3 parts
frontonasal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
• They are named from the bones forming each part
The floor:
• is wider than the roof
• is formed by the;
palatine processes of the maxilla
horizontal plates of the palatine bone
19.
20. The medial wall :
formed by the nasal septum
The lateral walls :
• are irregular owing to three bony plates, the nasal conchae, which
project inferiorly, somewhat like louvers
Features on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
• There is the presence of nasal conchae and they curve inferomedially
• The nasal conchae include;
Superior nasal concha
middle nasal concha
inferior nasal concha
• The conchae or turbinates of many mammals (especially running
mammals and those existing in extreme environments) are highly
convoluted, scroll-like structures that offer a vast surface area for
heat exchange
• Underneath each choncha in both humans with simple nasal conchae
and animals with complex turbinates is a recess or meatus
{passage(s) in the nasal cavity}
21.
22.
23. • The nasal cavity is thus divided into 5 passages:
1) a posterosuperiorly placed sphenoethmoidal recess
3 laterally located nasal meatus:
II) superior
III) middle
IV) inferior
V) and a medially placed common nasal meatus into which the four
lateral passages open
The inferior concha
• is the longest and broadest and is formed by an independent bone (of
the same name, inferior concha) covered by a mucous membrane that
contains large vascular spaces that can enlarge to control the caliber
of the nasal cavity
• When infected or irritated, the mucosa may swell rapidly, blocking the
nasal passage(s) on that side
24.
25.
26. The sphenoethmoidal recess :
• lying superoposterior to the superior concha,
• receives the opening of the sphenoidal sinus, an air-filled cavity in the
body of the sphenoid.
The superior nasal meatus :
• is a narrow passage between the superior and the middle nasal
conchae
• The posterior ethmoidal sinuses open into this superior nasal meatus
through one or more orifices
The middle nasal meatus:
• is longer and deeper than the superior one
• The anterosuperior part of this passage leads into a funnel-shaped
opening, the ethmoidal infundibulum through which it communicates
with the frontal sinus through a passage known as the frontonasal
duct
• the anterior ethmoidal cells opens on the ethmoidal infundibulum
directly or opens indirectly on the frontonasal sinus
27.
28.
29. • The ethmoidal infundibulum leads inferiorly into a semicircular groove
called the semilunar hiatus
• The maxillary sinus opens into the semilunar hiatus
• superior to the semilunar hiatus is a rounded elevation called the ethmoidal
bulla
• The ethmoidal bulla is only visible when the middle concha is removed
• The bulla is a swelling formed by middle ethmoidal cells that form the
ethmoidal sinuses
• Anterior and inferior to the semilunar hiatus is a hooklike process called the
uncinate process of the ethmoid bone
• This process articulates with the inferior nasal concha
The inferior nasal meatus :
• is a horizontal passage inferolateral to the inferior nasal concha
• The nasolacrimal duct, which drains tears from the lacrimal sac, opens into
the anterior part of this meatus
The common nasal meatus :
• is the medial part of the nasal cavity between the conchae and the nasal
septum, into which the lateral recesses and meatus open
30.
31.
32. The arterial supply
The arterial supply of the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavity is
from five sources:
• Anterior ethmoidal artery (from the ophthalmic artery)
• Posterior ethmoidal artery (from the ophthalmic artery)
• Sphenopalatine artery (from the maxillary artery)
• Greater palatine artery (from the maxillary artery)
• Septal branch of the superior labial artery (from the facial artery)
The anterior part of the nasal septum is the site (Kiesselbach area) of
an anastomotic arterial plexus involving all five arteries supplying the
septum
The external nose also receives blood from the 1st and 5th arteries
listed above plus
• nasal branches of the infraorbital artery
• lateral nasal branches of the facial artery
33.
34. Venous drainage
• A rich submucosal venous plexus deep to the nasal mucosa drains into
the sphenopalatine, facial, and ophthalmic veins
Innervation
• olfactory nerve
• branches of the ophthalmic [V1] which include the anterior and
posterior ethmoidal nerves
• maxillary [V2] nerves which include;
posterior superior lateral nasal nerves
posterior superior medial nasal nerves
nasopalatine nerve
posterior inferior nasal nerves
35.
36. CLINICAL ANATOMY
Epistaxis
• Epistaxis (nosebleed) is relatively common because of the rich blood
supply to the nasal mucosa
• In most cases, the cause is trauma and the bleeding is from an area in
the anterior third of the nose (Kiesselbach area)
• Epistaxis is also associated with infections and hypertension
• Spurting of blood from the nose results from rupture of arteries
• Mild epistaxis may also result from nose picking, which tears veins in
the vestibule of the nose
Rhinitis
• The nasal mucosa becomes swollen and inflamed (rhinitis) during
severe upper respiratory infections and allergic reactions
(e.g., hayfever)
• Swelling of the mucosa occurs readily because of its vascularity
37. Infections of the nasal cavities may spread to the:
• Anterior cranial fossa through the cribriform plate
• Nasopharynx and retropharyngeal soft tissues
• Middle ear through the pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube), which
connects the tympanic cavity and nasopharynx
• Paranasal sinuses
• Lacrimal apparatus and conjunctiva