Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Ecofriendly Sugar Polymer based Toilet CleanersIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on developing eco-friendly sugar polymer-based toilet cleaners. Sugar, citric acid, and oxalic acid were used to synthesize polymers, which were then analyzed for characteristics. Sample S2 was selected for formulation based on acid value, viscosity, and other properties. Toilet cleaner samples containing 58-60% sugar polymer and other ingredients like SLES and borax were prepared and found to clean as well as or better than a commercial cleaner. Sample T3 is recommended for large-scale production due to its quick, complete cleaning and ability to provide shine to toilets. The research demonstrates the potential to replace corrosive hydrochloric acid in cleaners with sugar-based polymers
This document summarizes a study on optimizing the extraction of sandalwood oil using subcritical carbon dioxide compared to conventional techniques like steam distillation. Subcritical carbon dioxide extraction at 200 bars and 28°C yielded 4.11% oil in the first hour, higher than other methods and with higher quality as indicated by acid value and santalol content. Analysis found the oil extracted in each hour contained varying amounts of key constituents like α-santalene and β-santalol. The study demonstrates that subcritical carbon dioxide extraction is more efficient and yields higher quality sandalwood oil than conventional techniques like steam distillation.
Oily wastewater treatment using polyamide thin film composite membraneMedhat Elzahar
This document summarizes a study that used polyamide thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane filtration to treat edible oil wastewater emulsions. The membrane was characterized and its performance was tested for treating wastewater with oil concentrations between 3000-6000 mg/L. Experimental results showed that adding an activated carbon pre-treatment unit prior to the reverse osmosis membrane increased chemical oxygen demand removal from 94% to 99% and permeate flux from 34 L/m2hr to 75 L/m2hr. The reverse osmosis membrane filtration coupled with activated carbon was found to be an effective hybrid technique for removing over 99% of contaminants from high concentration edible oil wastewater.
Crimson Publishers-Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali ...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Microwave Flow System by Hamed Nayebzadeh in Research & Development in Material Science
Co2 gas flotation of waste activated sludge using weak vacuum pressure with t...Medhat Elzahar
The document describes an experimental study on using carbon dioxide gas flotation with thermal treatment to dewater waste activated sludge. Small amounts of vacuum pressure were applied along with CO2 bubbling and circulation of hot water around the flotation cell. This improved flotation efficiency, reducing the volume and moisture content of the sludge. The process concentrated the sludge 7-10 times within 40 minutes, with clear separated liquid and a final sludge moisture content of 96.3-98.6%. Thermal treatment at 40-50°C further improved dewaterability. This CO2 flotation process using low vacuum pressure shows potential for practical application in sewage treatment plants.
This document is a final project report submitted by a team of 4 students - Alan Tam, Yuanyuan Liu, Joseph Guarnes, and Thanh-Phuong Nguyen. The report details their project to optimize the removal of ammonium hydroxide from an ethanol waste stream using either a distillation column or a bubble bed/carbon bed system. It provides background on the Stober silica process that creates the waste stream, evaluates past research methods, outlines their design specifications for the two proposed methods, analyzes safety considerations, and estimates sizing and costs.
This document is a final project report submitted by a team of 4 students - Alan Tam, Yuanyuan Liu, Joseph Guarnes, and Thanh-Phuong Nguyen. The report details their project to optimize the removal of ammonium hydroxide from an ethanol solution waste stream using either a distillation column or a bubble bed/carbon bed system. It provides background on the Stober silica process that creates the waste stream, evaluates past research methods, outlines their design specifications for the two proposed methods, analyzes safety considerations, and estimates sizing and costs.
Treatment of aged transformer oil using dry sludge in lab-scale refining unitPremier Publishers
Experimental analysis of drinking water treatment sludge revealed that it is enriched with aluminum and silicon oxides which are the most metal oxides used in reclamation of transformer insulating oils. The potential use of inexpensive and available water treatment dry sludge as sorbent material for the removal of acidity, water content and some impurities from aged transformer oil by adsorption methodology was investigated using lab-scale refining unit. Dry sludge was found to improve the electrical and physical properties of aged transformer oils.High improvement of breakdown voltage occurs after using dry sludge reclaimed transformer oil and changed from 15 to 72 kV/ cm. Also some improvements have been achieved such as water content changed from 48 to 9 ppm and total acidity changed from 0.37 to 0.01mg KOH/g of oil.Viscosity, specific gravitywere improved. Also, some undesirable gases in aged oil(more than ten years in service) were removed. Furthermore the use of dry sludge as sorbent material renders the treated oil to some extent like new one. Also Dry sludge is available at any water treatment plant with no costs (waste product). Environmentally, after sludge reclamation process for the used transformer oil, the sludge can be recycled by ignition and used in further treatment processes.
Ecofriendly Sugar Polymer based Toilet CleanersIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on developing eco-friendly sugar polymer-based toilet cleaners. Sugar, citric acid, and oxalic acid were used to synthesize polymers, which were then analyzed for characteristics. Sample S2 was selected for formulation based on acid value, viscosity, and other properties. Toilet cleaner samples containing 58-60% sugar polymer and other ingredients like SLES and borax were prepared and found to clean as well as or better than a commercial cleaner. Sample T3 is recommended for large-scale production due to its quick, complete cleaning and ability to provide shine to toilets. The research demonstrates the potential to replace corrosive hydrochloric acid in cleaners with sugar-based polymers
This document summarizes a study on optimizing the extraction of sandalwood oil using subcritical carbon dioxide compared to conventional techniques like steam distillation. Subcritical carbon dioxide extraction at 200 bars and 28°C yielded 4.11% oil in the first hour, higher than other methods and with higher quality as indicated by acid value and santalol content. Analysis found the oil extracted in each hour contained varying amounts of key constituents like α-santalene and β-santalol. The study demonstrates that subcritical carbon dioxide extraction is more efficient and yields higher quality sandalwood oil than conventional techniques like steam distillation.
Oily wastewater treatment using polyamide thin film composite membraneMedhat Elzahar
This document summarizes a study that used polyamide thin film composite reverse osmosis membrane filtration to treat edible oil wastewater emulsions. The membrane was characterized and its performance was tested for treating wastewater with oil concentrations between 3000-6000 mg/L. Experimental results showed that adding an activated carbon pre-treatment unit prior to the reverse osmosis membrane increased chemical oxygen demand removal from 94% to 99% and permeate flux from 34 L/m2hr to 75 L/m2hr. The reverse osmosis membrane filtration coupled with activated carbon was found to be an effective hybrid technique for removing over 99% of contaminants from high concentration edible oil wastewater.
Crimson Publishers-Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali ...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Temperature Assessment and Process Optimization of Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Microwave Flow System by Hamed Nayebzadeh in Research & Development in Material Science
Co2 gas flotation of waste activated sludge using weak vacuum pressure with t...Medhat Elzahar
The document describes an experimental study on using carbon dioxide gas flotation with thermal treatment to dewater waste activated sludge. Small amounts of vacuum pressure were applied along with CO2 bubbling and circulation of hot water around the flotation cell. This improved flotation efficiency, reducing the volume and moisture content of the sludge. The process concentrated the sludge 7-10 times within 40 minutes, with clear separated liquid and a final sludge moisture content of 96.3-98.6%. Thermal treatment at 40-50°C further improved dewaterability. This CO2 flotation process using low vacuum pressure shows potential for practical application in sewage treatment plants.
This document is a final project report submitted by a team of 4 students - Alan Tam, Yuanyuan Liu, Joseph Guarnes, and Thanh-Phuong Nguyen. The report details their project to optimize the removal of ammonium hydroxide from an ethanol waste stream using either a distillation column or a bubble bed/carbon bed system. It provides background on the Stober silica process that creates the waste stream, evaluates past research methods, outlines their design specifications for the two proposed methods, analyzes safety considerations, and estimates sizing and costs.
This document is a final project report submitted by a team of 4 students - Alan Tam, Yuanyuan Liu, Joseph Guarnes, and Thanh-Phuong Nguyen. The report details their project to optimize the removal of ammonium hydroxide from an ethanol solution waste stream using either a distillation column or a bubble bed/carbon bed system. It provides background on the Stober silica process that creates the waste stream, evaluates past research methods, outlines their design specifications for the two proposed methods, analyzes safety considerations, and estimates sizing and costs.
Treatment of aged transformer oil using dry sludge in lab-scale refining unitPremier Publishers
Experimental analysis of drinking water treatment sludge revealed that it is enriched with aluminum and silicon oxides which are the most metal oxides used in reclamation of transformer insulating oils. The potential use of inexpensive and available water treatment dry sludge as sorbent material for the removal of acidity, water content and some impurities from aged transformer oil by adsorption methodology was investigated using lab-scale refining unit. Dry sludge was found to improve the electrical and physical properties of aged transformer oils.High improvement of breakdown voltage occurs after using dry sludge reclaimed transformer oil and changed from 15 to 72 kV/ cm. Also some improvements have been achieved such as water content changed from 48 to 9 ppm and total acidity changed from 0.37 to 0.01mg KOH/g of oil.Viscosity, specific gravitywere improved. Also, some undesirable gases in aged oil(more than ten years in service) were removed. Furthermore the use of dry sludge as sorbent material renders the treated oil to some extent like new one. Also Dry sludge is available at any water treatment plant with no costs (waste product). Environmentally, after sludge reclamation process for the used transformer oil, the sludge can be recycled by ignition and used in further treatment processes.
Optimum Conditions for the Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution with Bamb...theijes
The performance of two varieties of Bamboo activated carbon (CABC washed and CABC unwashed), produced by chemical activation with ZnCl2, was evaluated through batch adsorption studies for the removal of Cadmium from aqueous solution. The effects of adsorbent dose, initial concentration of cadmium, agitation time, adsorbate p and, particle size were used as variables to obtain the optimum conditions for the removal of cadmium. Results obtained revealed that as the adsorbent dose increased, the amount adsorbed per unit mass decreased indicating that more active sites were utilized at smaller adsorbent dose. Also, the effects of initial cadmium concentration showed that percentage removal rate increased with increase in cadmium concentration due to availability of more metal ions at higher concentrations. Thus, all the carbons achieved at least 82.62% removal at initial Cadmium concentration of 50mg/l. The optimum pH was 5 and 7 for CABC unwashed and CABC washed respectively while the optimum particle size was 50μm for all the carbon tested. Furthermore, CABC unwashed performed better as an adsorbent because it achieved 71.48% removal of Cadmium in 60 minutes, while CABC washed achieved 69.46% removal in 120mins.
The document is a project report for manufacturing MEA TRIAZINE from paraformaldehyde and monoethanol amine. MEA TRIAZINE is used as H2S scavanger in crude oilfields.
Determination of the Optimal Process Conditions for the Acid Activation of Ng...ijceronline
In this work, the optimal adsorption parameters for the adsorption of Carotenoid in the bleaching of palm oil was investigated. Ngwo clay, a local adsorbent obtained from Ngwo town in the South-Eastern province of Nigeria, was used in the study. The palm oil used was also obtained from a local market in Enugu in the same region. The purpose of the work was to develop a model to optimize the efficiency of a local adsorbent that will be cheap and environmentally friendly, for the removal of pigments during refining of vegetable oils. The clay was first, acid activated and characterized, and used in the investigation. Central Composite Design (CCD) package was used to optimize the effects of process parameters of Temperature, Time and Clay Dosage on the bleaching efficiency of Palm Oil. A linear model was predicted and optimized based on BBD. This gave bleaching time of 40min., Temperature of 99.83oC, and Clay dosage of 4%, at a predicted bleaching efficiency of 83%. The optimum conditions were validated to obtain an experimental value of 82.5% with 1.7% error condition.
Creating a Method for Activating Alkaline Bentonite of Navbakhor to Justify t...ijtsrd
This article offers an optimal method of activation for industrial application of alkaline bentonite of Navbakhor and results of its testing. Bayjanov Islam | Kurambaev Sherzod | ?xmedova Shahlo"Creating a Method for Activating Alkaline Bentonite of Navbakhor to Justify the Local Plant Oils" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17159.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/17159/creating-a-method-for-activating-alkaline-bentonite-of-navbakhor-to-justify-the-local-plant-oils/bayjanov-islam
Floor Cleaner Based on Sugar Based PolymerIRJET Journal
The document describes the development of a sugar-based polymer floor cleaner that is synthesized using sugar, organic acids like citric acid, and polyethylene glycol 400. Various floor cleaner formulations were developed using the synthesized polymers and evaluated for properties like pH, viscosity, foaming ability, and cleaning performance. Formulations F4 and F5 containing 2-4% of the S1 polymer and ingredients like isopropyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol 400 performed the best, providing excellent cleaning and stain removal comparable to commercial floor cleaners.
This document describes gas sweetening processes used to remove acid gases like H2S and CO2 from natural gas. It focuses on chemical absorption processes using alkanolamine solvents like MEA, DGA, DEA, and MDEA in aqueous solutions. The general process involves absorbing acid gases from the feed gas in an absorber column, regenerating the solvent in a regenerator column, and recycling the regenerated solvent. Key unit operations discussed include the absorber, flash drum, amine/amine heat exchanger, regenerator, reboiler, and condenser. Process conditions and equipment details are provided for the typical operation of each unit.
The document summarizes the effluent treatment process at National Fertilizers Limited's Vijaipur Unit in India. It describes the implementation of a 300 cubic meter per day urea waste treatment plant that uses the bacteria Hafnia Alvie 1426 to break down urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. The system collects urea waste from the plant in buffer tanks and subjects it to 4-5 hours of residence time in the biohydrolizer. This allows 99% of the urea to be hydrolyzed by the bacteria. The biohydrolizer has low installation costs, no operating costs, and requires less space than conventional clarifiers. It provides an effective biological treatment of urea waste.
This document describes the process for manufacturing polyurethane foams. Flexible polyurethane foam is made using a continuous slab stock foaming method where raw materials like polyol, isocyanate, blowing agent, and catalysts are metered into a mixer. The mixed reactants are then poured into a moving paper mold to form a continuous foam block. Common raw materials include polyether polyols, toluene diisocyanate, carbon dioxide or other blowing agents, and tin and amine catalysts. The foam rises to its final volume through the reaction of isocyanate with water to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Heat is generated during fermentation that must be controlled. Common heat transfer configurations for bioreactors include jacketed vessels, internal coils, and external heat exchangers. External heat exchangers are best for heat transfer but require careful control of sterility and oxygen transfer. Internal coils can interfere with mixing and cleaning. Mass transfer in fermentation involves the diffusion of gases like oxygen across phase boundaries according to Fick's law and two-film theory. Downstream processing after fermentation includes steps like filtration, centrifugation, chromatography, and crystallization to isolate and purify products.
Ecofriendly Stain Remover Based on Sugar Based Polymeric SurfactantsIRJET Journal
1. Sugar-based polymers containing citric acid, maleic anhydride, and phthalic anhydride were synthesized to develop stain-removing surfactants.
2. Two polymers were analyzed and found to differ in acid value, viscosity, surface tension, and HLB ratio. Polymer P1 containing citric acid performed better in stain removal.
3. Stain removers were formulated using Polymer P1 and conventional surfactants. Analysis found the stain removers were comparable to a commercial brand in pH, viscosity, surface tension, and stain removal of soils, turmeric, and ink.
Urea Dust & Ammonia Emission Control Prill Tower Project at Al BayroniAli Akbar
This document summarizes a presentation given about a project to control urea dust and ammonia emissions from a prilling tower at an urea plant in Saudi Arabia. The project involved installing an air cleaning unit with acid wash scrubbers to absorb urea dust and ammonia from the exit air stream. The absorbed materials were then sent to a crystallization unit to produce ammonium sulfate as the final product. The project successfully reduced urea dust and ammonia emissions below international standards and produced a new fertilizer product. It provided lessons learned for other plants seeking to control emissions from prilling towers.
Compressive strength tests were carried out on five cement paste cubes with cement replaced by
rice husk ash (RHA) at four levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%). After the curing age of 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. The
compressive strengths of the cubes were increased with age of curing and replacement of RHA. The chemical
analysis of the rice husk ash revealed high amount of silica oxide (96.72%), calcium oxide (1.33%), potassium
dioxide (1.92%), and other (0.03). High amount of silica which is responsible for the strength. This result
indicated that RHA can be used as cement substitute at 10%, 20% of replacement cause of setting time stop
decrease after 10%wt.
This document describes a process for producing hydrocarbon drying oils through the polymerization of butadiene and styrene monomers in the presence of sodium catalyst. It discusses conducting the reaction in a reactor, then treating the product solution with an organic acid to convert the sodium into a filterable salt. The process aims to improve upon previous large-scale methods by addressing issues like sodium handling hazards and slow reaction rates due to induction periods through continuous treatment of the product solution directly in the reactor with excess acid.
This document describes a process for producing hydrocarbon drying oils through the polymerization of butadiene and styrene monomers in the presence of sodium catalyst. It discusses conducting the reaction in a reactor, then treating the product solution with an organic acid to convert the sodium into a filterable salt. The process aims to improve upon large-scale production by continuously feeding reagents to a reactor while removing the polymerized product, and pre-treating make-up materials to improve reaction efficiency.
Steps to boiler chemical cleaning and treatment selectionSanjana Khound
Chemical cleaning of boiler usually consists of a combination of the following stages.
Mechanical Cleaning: Mechanical cleaning and water flushing can remove loose scale and other debris from the boiler through wiping, brushing, blowing, and friction method.
Alkaline Treatment: This treatment usually removes oil and hydrocarbons that might interfere with the dissolution of the scale by an acid solvent.
Solvent Cleaning: This is the process in which inhibited acid is used to remove scale from the boiler.
Neutralization & Passivation: This is designed to remove any last traces of iron oxide. In Neutralization & Passivation is executed by replacing the active metal with a well-passivated surfaces layer.
The document discusses the role of laboratories in the petroleum industry. It outlines how laboratories ensure quality control through routine testing of raw materials, process streams, and finished products. This includes testing properties like density, salt content, water content, viscosity, sulfur content, and metals content. Laboratories also perform troubleshooting, process optimization, and product certification activities. Their work is important for monitoring performance, ensuring product specifications are met, and solving quality problems.
Reactor kinetics & ; different types of reactor traysPrem Baboo
1. High efficiency trays (HET) are designed to improve redistribution of unreacted carbon dioxide and reduce back mixing in urea reactors. They increase urea output and reduce steam consumption.
2. Siphon jet pump trays, a new generation of HET, improve mixing rates in reactor compartments through draft tubes that create a two-phase flow with lower density than the liquid outside, enhancing liquid circulation and mixing. This avoids issues with previous tray designs.
3. Installation of HET and siphon jet pump trays in several plants increased urea production capacity and reduced steam consumption compared to conventional reactor tray designs.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Optimum Conditions for the Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution with Bamb...theijes
The performance of two varieties of Bamboo activated carbon (CABC washed and CABC unwashed), produced by chemical activation with ZnCl2, was evaluated through batch adsorption studies for the removal of Cadmium from aqueous solution. The effects of adsorbent dose, initial concentration of cadmium, agitation time, adsorbate p and, particle size were used as variables to obtain the optimum conditions for the removal of cadmium. Results obtained revealed that as the adsorbent dose increased, the amount adsorbed per unit mass decreased indicating that more active sites were utilized at smaller adsorbent dose. Also, the effects of initial cadmium concentration showed that percentage removal rate increased with increase in cadmium concentration due to availability of more metal ions at higher concentrations. Thus, all the carbons achieved at least 82.62% removal at initial Cadmium concentration of 50mg/l. The optimum pH was 5 and 7 for CABC unwashed and CABC washed respectively while the optimum particle size was 50μm for all the carbon tested. Furthermore, CABC unwashed performed better as an adsorbent because it achieved 71.48% removal of Cadmium in 60 minutes, while CABC washed achieved 69.46% removal in 120mins.
The document is a project report for manufacturing MEA TRIAZINE from paraformaldehyde and monoethanol amine. MEA TRIAZINE is used as H2S scavanger in crude oilfields.
Determination of the Optimal Process Conditions for the Acid Activation of Ng...ijceronline
In this work, the optimal adsorption parameters for the adsorption of Carotenoid in the bleaching of palm oil was investigated. Ngwo clay, a local adsorbent obtained from Ngwo town in the South-Eastern province of Nigeria, was used in the study. The palm oil used was also obtained from a local market in Enugu in the same region. The purpose of the work was to develop a model to optimize the efficiency of a local adsorbent that will be cheap and environmentally friendly, for the removal of pigments during refining of vegetable oils. The clay was first, acid activated and characterized, and used in the investigation. Central Composite Design (CCD) package was used to optimize the effects of process parameters of Temperature, Time and Clay Dosage on the bleaching efficiency of Palm Oil. A linear model was predicted and optimized based on BBD. This gave bleaching time of 40min., Temperature of 99.83oC, and Clay dosage of 4%, at a predicted bleaching efficiency of 83%. The optimum conditions were validated to obtain an experimental value of 82.5% with 1.7% error condition.
Creating a Method for Activating Alkaline Bentonite of Navbakhor to Justify t...ijtsrd
This article offers an optimal method of activation for industrial application of alkaline bentonite of Navbakhor and results of its testing. Bayjanov Islam | Kurambaev Sherzod | ?xmedova Shahlo"Creating a Method for Activating Alkaline Bentonite of Navbakhor to Justify the Local Plant Oils" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17159.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/17159/creating-a-method-for-activating-alkaline-bentonite-of-navbakhor-to-justify-the-local-plant-oils/bayjanov-islam
Floor Cleaner Based on Sugar Based PolymerIRJET Journal
The document describes the development of a sugar-based polymer floor cleaner that is synthesized using sugar, organic acids like citric acid, and polyethylene glycol 400. Various floor cleaner formulations were developed using the synthesized polymers and evaluated for properties like pH, viscosity, foaming ability, and cleaning performance. Formulations F4 and F5 containing 2-4% of the S1 polymer and ingredients like isopropyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol 400 performed the best, providing excellent cleaning and stain removal comparable to commercial floor cleaners.
This document describes gas sweetening processes used to remove acid gases like H2S and CO2 from natural gas. It focuses on chemical absorption processes using alkanolamine solvents like MEA, DGA, DEA, and MDEA in aqueous solutions. The general process involves absorbing acid gases from the feed gas in an absorber column, regenerating the solvent in a regenerator column, and recycling the regenerated solvent. Key unit operations discussed include the absorber, flash drum, amine/amine heat exchanger, regenerator, reboiler, and condenser. Process conditions and equipment details are provided for the typical operation of each unit.
The document summarizes the effluent treatment process at National Fertilizers Limited's Vijaipur Unit in India. It describes the implementation of a 300 cubic meter per day urea waste treatment plant that uses the bacteria Hafnia Alvie 1426 to break down urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. The system collects urea waste from the plant in buffer tanks and subjects it to 4-5 hours of residence time in the biohydrolizer. This allows 99% of the urea to be hydrolyzed by the bacteria. The biohydrolizer has low installation costs, no operating costs, and requires less space than conventional clarifiers. It provides an effective biological treatment of urea waste.
This document describes the process for manufacturing polyurethane foams. Flexible polyurethane foam is made using a continuous slab stock foaming method where raw materials like polyol, isocyanate, blowing agent, and catalysts are metered into a mixer. The mixed reactants are then poured into a moving paper mold to form a continuous foam block. Common raw materials include polyether polyols, toluene diisocyanate, carbon dioxide or other blowing agents, and tin and amine catalysts. The foam rises to its final volume through the reaction of isocyanate with water to produce carbon dioxide gas.
Heat is generated during fermentation that must be controlled. Common heat transfer configurations for bioreactors include jacketed vessels, internal coils, and external heat exchangers. External heat exchangers are best for heat transfer but require careful control of sterility and oxygen transfer. Internal coils can interfere with mixing and cleaning. Mass transfer in fermentation involves the diffusion of gases like oxygen across phase boundaries according to Fick's law and two-film theory. Downstream processing after fermentation includes steps like filtration, centrifugation, chromatography, and crystallization to isolate and purify products.
Ecofriendly Stain Remover Based on Sugar Based Polymeric SurfactantsIRJET Journal
1. Sugar-based polymers containing citric acid, maleic anhydride, and phthalic anhydride were synthesized to develop stain-removing surfactants.
2. Two polymers were analyzed and found to differ in acid value, viscosity, surface tension, and HLB ratio. Polymer P1 containing citric acid performed better in stain removal.
3. Stain removers were formulated using Polymer P1 and conventional surfactants. Analysis found the stain removers were comparable to a commercial brand in pH, viscosity, surface tension, and stain removal of soils, turmeric, and ink.
Urea Dust & Ammonia Emission Control Prill Tower Project at Al BayroniAli Akbar
This document summarizes a presentation given about a project to control urea dust and ammonia emissions from a prilling tower at an urea plant in Saudi Arabia. The project involved installing an air cleaning unit with acid wash scrubbers to absorb urea dust and ammonia from the exit air stream. The absorbed materials were then sent to a crystallization unit to produce ammonium sulfate as the final product. The project successfully reduced urea dust and ammonia emissions below international standards and produced a new fertilizer product. It provided lessons learned for other plants seeking to control emissions from prilling towers.
Compressive strength tests were carried out on five cement paste cubes with cement replaced by
rice husk ash (RHA) at four levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%). After the curing age of 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. The
compressive strengths of the cubes were increased with age of curing and replacement of RHA. The chemical
analysis of the rice husk ash revealed high amount of silica oxide (96.72%), calcium oxide (1.33%), potassium
dioxide (1.92%), and other (0.03). High amount of silica which is responsible for the strength. This result
indicated that RHA can be used as cement substitute at 10%, 20% of replacement cause of setting time stop
decrease after 10%wt.
This document describes a process for producing hydrocarbon drying oils through the polymerization of butadiene and styrene monomers in the presence of sodium catalyst. It discusses conducting the reaction in a reactor, then treating the product solution with an organic acid to convert the sodium into a filterable salt. The process aims to improve upon previous large-scale methods by addressing issues like sodium handling hazards and slow reaction rates due to induction periods through continuous treatment of the product solution directly in the reactor with excess acid.
This document describes a process for producing hydrocarbon drying oils through the polymerization of butadiene and styrene monomers in the presence of sodium catalyst. It discusses conducting the reaction in a reactor, then treating the product solution with an organic acid to convert the sodium into a filterable salt. The process aims to improve upon large-scale production by continuously feeding reagents to a reactor while removing the polymerized product, and pre-treating make-up materials to improve reaction efficiency.
Steps to boiler chemical cleaning and treatment selectionSanjana Khound
Chemical cleaning of boiler usually consists of a combination of the following stages.
Mechanical Cleaning: Mechanical cleaning and water flushing can remove loose scale and other debris from the boiler through wiping, brushing, blowing, and friction method.
Alkaline Treatment: This treatment usually removes oil and hydrocarbons that might interfere with the dissolution of the scale by an acid solvent.
Solvent Cleaning: This is the process in which inhibited acid is used to remove scale from the boiler.
Neutralization & Passivation: This is designed to remove any last traces of iron oxide. In Neutralization & Passivation is executed by replacing the active metal with a well-passivated surfaces layer.
The document discusses the role of laboratories in the petroleum industry. It outlines how laboratories ensure quality control through routine testing of raw materials, process streams, and finished products. This includes testing properties like density, salt content, water content, viscosity, sulfur content, and metals content. Laboratories also perform troubleshooting, process optimization, and product certification activities. Their work is important for monitoring performance, ensuring product specifications are met, and solving quality problems.
Reactor kinetics & ; different types of reactor traysPrem Baboo
1. High efficiency trays (HET) are designed to improve redistribution of unreacted carbon dioxide and reduce back mixing in urea reactors. They increase urea output and reduce steam consumption.
2. Siphon jet pump trays, a new generation of HET, improve mixing rates in reactor compartments through draft tubes that create a two-phase flow with lower density than the liquid outside, enhancing liquid circulation and mixing. This avoids issues with previous tray designs.
3. Installation of HET and siphon jet pump trays in several plants increased urea production capacity and reduced steam consumption compared to conventional reactor tray designs.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document proposes a new algorithm for influence maximization in social networks that combines approaches from two previous works. It first assigns influence values between users based on an analysis of their past actions, rather than random assignment. It then detects communities in the network and applies influence maximization within communities to improve computational efficiency. The algorithm is expected to provide a more accurate and faster method for this problem by leveraging credit distribution models and the relationship between community detection and viral marketing.
This document discusses geometric shapes, tessellations, and STEM careers. It provides examples of shapes found in the classroom, community, and food. It also gives examples of natural and artistic tessellations. Finally, it describes the roles of a robotics engineer, video game designer, and veterinarian, explaining how each career incorporates mathematics.
This document summarizes recent developments in nanostructured paper for flexible energy applications. It discusses how cellulose fibers can be disintegrated into nano fibrillated cellulose (NFC) to create paper with a hierarchical structure at different length scales. Conductive materials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and conductive polymers can be integrated into the paper to enable applications in electrical energy storage. Specifically, CNTs and NFC can be uniformly mixed at the nanoscale to create highly conductive and porous composite electrodes. Conductive paper maintains good mechanical properties and flexibility compared to metal-coated papers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document discusses a proposed approach for multi-focus image fusion using a discrete cosine wavelet sharpness criterion. Multi-focus image fusion combines information from multiple images of the same scene to produce an "all-in-focus" image. The proposed approach uses a discrete cosine transform to calculate sharpness values for sub-blocks of the input images and selects the sharpest sub-blocks to include in the fused image. Experimental results on images of a clock, bottle, and book show the discrete cosine wavelet criterion produces fused images with higher quality than a bilateral gradient-based sharpness criterion, as measured by mutual information metrics.
[1] O batismo pode salvar uma pessoa do mundo condenado e levá-la para fora da posição errada diante de Deus. Salvação significa ser libertado do relacionamento impróprio com o mundo e da posição indevida nele.
[2] O batismo tem o significado de ser sepultado e ressuscitado com Cristo, morrendo para o velho eu e vivendo uma nova vida. Ao ser batizado, um cristão testemunha exteriormente a mudança interior que já ocorreu.
[3] Antes do batismo, um
Industri kreatif spesialis Merchandise USB Flash Disk Promosi dapatkan Harga terbaik untuk Barang Promosi Perusahaan. Hub: 021-288828-42 | 085837-288828 (NO SMS)
Este documento presenta láminas de diversas enfermedades hematológicas como leucemias, linfomas y mielopatías. Incluye fotos de células anormales en leucemia linfoblástica aguda, linfoma folicular, linfoma de Hodgkin, mieloma múltiple, tricoleucemia y mielopatía con megacariocitos multinucleados y neutrófilos anormales. El documento provee ejemplos de varios tipos de células cancerosas en sangre y tejido linfoide
Nouvelle version accessible à http://fr.slideshare.net/MichaelLaunay/20160911-novaideo-linnovation-participative-en-ligne
Manuel utilisateur de Nova-Ideo configuré en boite à idées.
Ce logiciel libre en AGPL V3 peut fonctionner aussi bien en boite à idées collaborative qu'en outil de co-création basé sur un mécanisme d'amendements non décrit ici.
Pour le mécanisme d'amendement, consultez les autres slides Nova-Ideo ou http://nova-ideo.com
מאחורי הקלעים של חוויית משתמש - איך מייצרים חוויית משתמש ממכרת?Alon Eini
בכל פעם שאנו נתקלים במוצר אנחנו מרגישים משהו...
מהם הפרטים הקטנים שמעוררים רגש ויוצרים חוויה ייחודית, ובכך הופכים את המוצר לכזה שנרצה לחזור אליו שוב ושוב?
בהרצאה נדגים איך מוצרים מובילים/ חדשניים מצליחים לעורר רגש אצל המשתמש וגורמים לו לתחושת סיפוק.
נציץ אל מאחורי הקלעים של עבודת המאפיין ונגדיר מספר כללים שיעזרו לנו ליצור חוויה שהמשתמש לא ישכח!
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Biodiesel (Caster-RICINUS COMMUNIS) ...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation of biodiesel produced from castor seeds (Ricinus communis) and tested in a variable compression ratio diesel engine. The study involved producing biodiesel via transesterification of castor oil with methanol using a base catalyst. Various blends of castor biodiesel and petroleum diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine to analyze performance and emission characteristics compared to pure petroleum diesel. The results provide information on the potential for castor biodiesel to be used as an alternative or additive to petroleum diesel fuel.
EXPERMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PEANUT OIL AS BIO-DIESEL ON CI ENGINEIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental analysis of using peanut oil biodiesel in a compression ignition (CI) engine. Peanut oil was converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process then blended with diesel fuel in ratios of B10 to B30. The biodiesel blends were tested in a CI engine and evaluated based on performance parameters compared to pure diesel. Key findings were that B20 biodiesel produced similar brake power but higher brake thermal efficiency than pure diesel. Overall, the results indicate that peanut oil biodiesel is a suitable alternative fuel for CI engines.
Biodiesel production from palm oil in minichannel reactorRavi Prakash
1. The document discusses biodiesel production from palm oil and soybean oil using transesterification in a minichannel and microreactor. Key factors investigated include temperature, residence time, catalyst concentration, and molar ratios.
2. For palm oil, temperatures of 60°C, residence times of 69 seconds, and 4% potassium hydroxide produced over 80% conversion. Flow patterns affected ester content.
3. For soybean oil, temperatures around 60°C, catalyst concentrations of 0.6-1.8%, and molar ratios above 3:1 methanol to oil optimized methyl ester production in the microreactor. Higher temperatures decreased ester yields due to soap formation from free
This document compares the characteristics of crude palm oil (CPO) and waste cooking oil for biodiesel production via transesterification. It discusses how reaction temperature, time, and stirring speed influence the yield. Testing showed higher temperatures increased fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content, with the highest yield at 60°C. Longer reaction times also increased FAME content by allowing more collisions between molecules. An optimal stirring speed of 500 rpm produced the highest FAME content by promoting homogenization, while speeds too high or low reduced yield. Variables of 60°C, 1.5 hours, and 500 rpm produced biodiesel meeting Indonesian and American standards for properties like density and flash point, though CPO
Due to increase demand of energy, increasing price
of petroleum fuels, depletion of petroleum fuels, and
environmental pollution by these fuel emissions, it is very
necessary to find the alternative fuels. This work focused on use
of hybrid blends of Karanja and Cottonseed oil Biodiesels. In this
work 20% and 25% blends are used and the performance and
emission tests were conducted on single cylinder, 4-stroke, water
cooled CI engine by running the engine at a speed of 1500rpm, at
a compression ratio of 16.5:1 and at an injection pressure of
205bar and performance parameters like BP, BSFC, BTE and
the emissions like CO, HC and NOx are compared. It was found
that the blends gave comparatively good results in respect of
performance and emissions.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
This document summarizes the process of manufacturing biodiesel from waste cooking oil. It involves analyzing the fatty acid content of the waste oil, performing a trans-esterification process using methanol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst to convert the oil to biodiesel and glycerol, separating the biodiesel and glycerol, washing the biodiesel, and testing the biodiesel properties including density, viscosity, copper corrosion, and flash point. Using waste cooking oil is beneficial as it reduces biodiesel production costs compared to using edible plant oils and helps manage waste oil.
This document describes a study on the production and characterization of biodiesel from cottonseed oil. The researchers investigated various parameters that affect biodiesel yield, including methanol to oil ratio, catalyst type and concentration, and reaction time. The highest biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained using a 1:1 methanol to oil ratio, 0.75% NaOH catalyst, and 150 minutes reaction time. The properties of the produced biodiesel, such as viscosity, flash point, carbon residue and specific gravity, were tested and found to meet ASTM standards for biodiesel.
The Investigation Of Utilizing Rapeseed Flowers Oil As A Reliable Feedstock T...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study investigating the production of biodiesel from rapeseed flower oil in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Rapeseed flowers grow wild in the spring and produce considerable amounts of oil. The study aims to optimize biodiesel production from this oil via transesterification. Parameters investigated include catalyst concentration, methanol to oil ratio, and reaction temperature. The optimum conditions found were 1.25% KOH catalyst, a 7:1 methanol to oil ratio, and a temperature of 60°C, yielding 96% biodiesel. Tests on the resulting biodiesel show it meets common standards. The study concludes rapeseed oil is a promising feedstock for biodiesel production in the region.
A Study On The Performance And Combustion Of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With B...theijes
This paper highlights the performance and combustion of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operated on blends of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil. An additive Diethyl ether (DEE) has been added in three different proportions to B20 blended fuel to study the effect of additive on the performance and combustion of the diesel engine. Our results conclude that the break thermal efficiencies of the diesel engine show an increasing trend with both blended fuels and additive mixed blended fuels, slightly higher than the case of pure diesel fuel.
Esterification Bio-oil using Acid Catalyst and EthanolDr. Amarjeet Singh
Fuel energy sources are limited. It is necessary to
obtain alternative energy that can be reached. Bio-oil is one
of the promising renewable energy that production of bio-oil
derived from agricultural wastes and industrial wastes by fast
pyrolysis process but the quality bio-oil is not good as bio-fuel
it needs upgrading method. One of the methods to upgrading
bio-oil is using esterification. Esterfication method reduces
viscosity, density, and ash. The purpose of this research was
to increasing bio-oil quality by type of acid catalyst. Catalyst
used was H2SO4, HCl and citric acid, concentration catalyst
was used according to free fatty acid (FFA) and free fatty
acid was 5.09 before esterification. The bio-oil after
esterification show FFA lower than 2.00 and indicate it
worked. Esterification with acid catalyst shows some critical
change like acid number, viscosity kinematic, density, pH,
and ash. The result found acid number 0.64, 1.02 and 3.39 Mg
of KOH/g, viscosity kinematic 11.61, 11.83, and 13.64 cSt
@40oC, density 1.11, 1.12 and 1.21 kg/dm3 @20oC, pH values
2.05, 2.33 and 3.06, ash 0.0003, 0 and 0.004. The
concentration catalyst according to FFA with esterification
process has a good impact on bio-oil characteristics according
to standards and its high activity.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Engine Characteristics of Diesel Engine ...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental investigation of engine characteristics when operating a diesel engine using blends of neem biodiesel and methanol at different injection pressures. A single cylinder diesel engine was tested using blends containing 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% neem biodiesel, along with blends containing 20% and 40% neem biodiesel with 5% and 10% methanol. The engine was operated at various loads at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and injection pressures of 180 bars and 200 bars. Test results showed that blends containing 40% neem biodiesel with 5% and 10% methanol (B40M5 and B40M10) had the best performance in terms of brake
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
Depleting nature of nonrenewable energy sources and continuous environmental tribulations make the mankind to think differently regarding alternative renewable energy sources. In this regard, present research investigation contributes biodiesel from canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD) using Lipase AY Amano 30 (Candida rugosa) and Novozyme 40013 (Candida antarctica) in the presence of methanol. Initially the neutral glycerides present in CODD were hydrolysed using lipase Amano AY 30 in the presence of water. The hydrolysed CODD was then esterified with methanol using non-specific immobilized enzyme NS 40013 for the production of biodiesel. The characteristics of final product were compared with diesel fuel and it showed good results. This bioprocess technology using biohydrolysis and bioesterification is a novel technology for biodiesel production from cheap raw materials like CODD.
This document discusses biofuels and provides details about biodiesel. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from biomass feedstocks like plant oils, animal fats, and algae. Biodiesel is the most common liquid biofuel, produced through a process called transesterification that converts oils into fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters. The document outlines biodiesel production methods including use of homogeneous catalysts like sodium hydroxide or heterogeneous catalysts like metal oxides. It also discusses another biofuel called Hydrogenation Derived Renewable Diesel produced through hydrotreating of oils.
Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by using an ultrasonic tabular re...BabluShaikh3
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using an ultrasonic tubular reactor. It introduces biodiesel and describes its properties and production methods. It outlines the procedure used, including heating the oil, mixing it with methanol and sodium hydroxide, and separating the biodiesel and glycerin layers. Local survey data shows the potential biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in one city. Advantages include using renewable resources and reducing emissions and foreign oil dependence, while disadvantages include potential quality variations and emissions increases. The conclusion states that ultrasonic tubular reactors produce biodiesel more efficiently than conventional methods.
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESEL ON A 4 STROKE DIESEL EN...NAGADARSHAN REDDY
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS ON A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE BY USING BIODIESEL BLENDS AS FUEL
SV UNIVERSITY, TIRUPATI
Determination of physico chemical properties of castor biodiesel a potentialIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that determined the physicochemical properties of castor biodiesel as a potential alternative to conventional diesel. Castor oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction. The oil was then transesterified to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) using methanol and a base catalyst. Physicochemical properties of the castor oil and biodiesel were analyzed and found to exhibit properties suitable for biodiesel, with improved properties compared to the original oil. Thermal stability tests also showed satisfactory results, indicating castor biodiesel's potential as an alternative fuel.
This research article discusses bio-diesel production from waste cooking oil through a double stage trans-esterification process. The researchers produced a B20% biodiesel blend (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) that allowed the engine to run without modifications and improved performance over conventional diesel. Testing found the B20% blend increased brake thermal efficiency by 1.5% and decreased emissions of CO, HC and smoke compared to sole diesel fuel, with a slight increase in NOx. The article also reviews different methods for reducing the viscosity of vegetable oils to enable use in diesel engines, focusing on transesterification as the most effective method.
Similar to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 8 (August 2014), PP.38-44
The Influence Of Pump Rotation Speed, Time, Amounts Of
Nozzles Hole During The Spray Water Washing Process In
Determining Characteristics Of Cpo In Biodiesel Production
Hanric Muharka 1), Sadar Wahjudi 2), Nanik Hendrawati 3)
1,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering
3 Department of Chemical Engineering
Politeknik Negeri Malang Jln. Soekarno-Hatta No. 9, PO.BOX 004 Malang 65141
Telp. (0341) 404424, 404425, Fax.(0341) 404420
Abstract:- The analysis on Crude Palm Oil (CPO) resulted the amount of substance of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) is
0.13%, in which the analysis done through a transesterification reaction using Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) as
the catalyst, therefore this relatively low amount allows the biodiesel-making to get processed without
esterification reaction. High amounts of water and FFA might cause saponification reaction that produces soap
and water that could result the low amount of methyl ester. The transesterification reaction is processed with 90
minutes of stirring time, 500 rpm speed of stirrer and 60º Celcius temperature. The CPO then washed using a
designed equipment with the following specifications; 1) wash tank in a form of 20 cm diameter cylindric tube,
30 cm height, acrylic based with 5 mm thickness 2) 20 mm diameter pipe, 110 cm in length, 30 cm thickness 3)
Centrifugal pump with 1400 rpm rotation speed, a motor with 0.37 horsepower and pulley ratio between the
motor and the engine shaft is 1:6. The washing time for CPO are 5 minutes and 10 minutes. The amounts of
nozzle hole ranging from 3, 4 and 5, each is distanced in 24 mm, and each of them has 0.7 mm diameter. The
nozzles are 10 cm away from the biodiesel surface. The desired speed of pump rotation are 2000, 3000 and to
4000 rpm. The ratio between biodiesel and water is 1:3, with the washing process carried out twice. The result
of the first washing with 5 minutes time, is the yield decreased 20% from the initial volume. The second
washing that carried out using speed of stirrer 4000 rpm, resulted the first washing’s yield decreased 6.25% and
pH of wastewater of washing process decreased 0.7%. On the other hand, the washing process carried out in 10
minutes, using five nozzle hole, showed the pH decrease as well. The characteristics of the biodiesel from the
first washing process had surpassed the SNI and ASTMD 6751 standards in terms of density, viscosity, cetane
number and flash point.
Keywords:- Transesterification reaction, CPO, speed of stirrer, time, washing, nozzels, characteristics
I. INTRODUCTION
This document is a template. An electronic copy can be downloaded from the conference website. For
questions on paper guidelines, please contact the publications committee as indicated on the website.
Information about final paper submission is available from the website. Biodiesel is an alternative renewable
energy sources; a solution that deemed right for depleting non-renewable energy sources like oil, particularly
diesel fuel. In general, biodiesel is vegetable oil based fuel for diesel machine, specifically, it consists of alchyl
esters that processed through alcoholysis (transesterification) between tryglicerida and methanol with Potassium
Hydroxide (KOH) as the catalyst. The results of such reaction are alchyl ester and glicerol. During the biodiesel
production, the washing process is one of the phases that determine the required quality of biodiesel’s yield.
Within the washing process there would be several problems that could affect biodiesel quality, the primary one
and frequently exist is emulsification. Such problem possibly would appear when the transesterification is
processed improperly, in which if there are substances like monoglyceride and diglyceride still exist that could
emulsify water, hence it could decelerate the separation process between water and biodiesel and decreasing the
amounts of biodiesel’s yield. Emulsification could happen because of two factors; the poor quality of the
biodiesel and the overly vigorous speed during the stirring process.
Several studies has been done by Pramudita, et al (2009), in which the studies were focused in terms of
how the effect of washing method could determine the quality of biodiesel. In the study, the method used for
biodiesel production was bubble washing spray and stirring, the aim of the study was to determine biodiesel
with characteristics that meets ASTM 6751’s required standards. Variables used in the study are; washing
method, in which bubble washing spray was chosen as the method; stirring process and the required time; 0 hour,
0.5 hour, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours. The biodiesel resulted from the process has met the ASTM 6751’s
required standards, in which the best biodiesel was carried out through using bubble washing method in 4 hours.
38
2. The Influence Of Pump Rotation Speed, Time, Amounts Of Nozzles Hole During The Spray Water
Other studies about biodiesel carried out by Berrios and Skelton (2008), Predojevic (2008) and Atadashi et al
(2011), were comparing three purification methods to determine the most optimized one that could completely
diminish all contaminants within. The biodiesel purification using water washing process done by Atadashi et al
(2011) was assumed to be the most effective to diminish remnants of glycerol and methanol within biodiesel.
But the problem occurred in such method was the stirring process could create emulsion. It goes the same for
Berrod and Skelton study (2008), in which it was concluded that biodiesel washing method using water could
significantly diminish methanol compared to other washing methods, but it couldn’t diminish the glycerol
significantly. On the other hand, the study by Predojevic (2008) stated that biodiesel washing method using
water spray at 50º C temperature could determine 97.92% FAME substance and specifications that meet EN
14214’s required standards that suggest minimum 96.5% of FAME substance. The previous studies showed
biodiesel washing process must be carried out precisely and cautiously. Biodiesel washing could be carried out
using an engine and spray water method, in which the washing is carried out by circulating water using a pump,
and spraying it through different nozzles, each with particular different conditions within the biodiesel. It also
used varied height of water spray within the oil, therefore the water get spread in the oil before eventually went
down and getting through the biodiesel while washing it at the same time[1]-[5].
II. METHODOLOGY
39
2.1 Material
Materials used for this study are; Crude Palm Oil (CPO), made of palm oil, as the main source for
biodiesel production. Methanol (90 %) as reactant and KOH as catalyst during transesterification reaction. A
reactor with following specifications; 5 liter capacity, 1000 watt heater, stirrer motor with 0.7395 horsepower
capacity, temperature controller with measurement numbers up to 100 OC, washing equipment consist of stirrer
motor armed with a 0.37 kW capacity pump, 1400 rpm rotation capacity, 1.905 cm diameter pump, 20 cm
diameter washing tube with 30 cm height and acrylic based material, 20 mm diameter and 150 cm length tubing
made of acrylic, flowmeter equipped with ballast that had been calibrated from 5.4 gr to 1.7 gr.
2.2 Transesterification reaction and washing equipment
This is an experimental study, in which the experiment equipments were made of several components
such as; combustion furnace with two burners, each has 1000 to 1200 watt capacity, stirrer that equipped with
electrical motor with 0.7395 horsepower capacity, in which the rotation could be adjusted using a rotation
inverter, this stirrer also equipped with a panel control to adjust the temperature using thermocouple,
temperature sensors and a temperature controller OMRON that works by halting the burner and rotation when
the desired temperature had gained, but would carry out again afterwards. The stirrer consists of blades, each
has particular angle degree. The oil material would get inserted into reactor and the controller would seal the
reactor throughout the stirring process, so that it would prevent a saponification reaction. The washing process
carried out by circulating the water using a pump and spraying it with nozzles. There are variables used in such
process; rotation pump, spraying time and the specification of the nozzles.
2.3 Transesterification reaction
The transesterification reaction used methanol and oil as reactants with molar ratios 1:5. A 5.3
gram/liter oil potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst. Afterward, a preheating process is carried out to diminish
all remnants of water within the oil, because the presence of water in the oil could trigger hydrolysis that would
produce soap substance. The soap might be in semi-massive or massive form, and it would be very difficult to
cope with. To make the methoxide solution, 20 % methanol of the used oil is mixed with 5.3 gram/liter oil KOH.
The mixing is carried out in secluded medium and would produce potassium methoxide later on. If the
methoxide had formed and the amount of water is under 1 %, oil would be moved into the reactor to get
processed through transesterification reaction, using the said methoxide with varied temperatures, time and
speed of stirrer. The result of the transesterification then would be precipitated for less or more 24 hour, this
aimed to solve glycerine from methyl ester (biodiesel) entirely.
2.4 Washing spray water unified
3 liter of water is put into a washing tube, then, the resulted biodiesel from transesterification process
mixed with the water. The washing process used following equipment; pump, tube, tubing, pump motor,
flowmeter and nozzles. The chosen speed of stirrer are 2000, 3000 and 4000 rpm. The chosen time are 5 and 10
minutes. The chosen amounts of nozzles are 3, 4 and 5. The washing is carried out twice; the first consists of
solving the water from biodiesel manually. This is carried out after measuring the pH of water, yields and
biodiesel. The second process consists of mixing the water and biodiesel in 1:3 ratio, then the biodiesel would
get tested in laboratory in order to find particular characteristics; flash point, viscosity, density and cetane
number.
3. The Influence Of Pump Rotation Speed, Time, Amounts Of Nozzles Hole During The Spray Water
40
2.5 Biodiesel analysis
Identifying the amounts of FAME in biodiesel could be done through gas chromatography (GC) method.
The procedure consists of [4]; 1 gram biodiesel was taken as a sample, benzene-alcohol is added into the sample
with mass ratios 1:1 between the biodiesel and the benzene-alcohol, mix them until they became a homogenous
mixture. Afterwards, take a 0,5 μl from the mixture to get analyzed with GC equipment.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Characteristics of CPO
The chosen method for washing process is washing spray water, in which the water is sprayed into oil.
The oil was CPO that resulted through transesterification reaction using a reactor, processed in 1.5 hours, using
500 rpm speed of stirrer and 60ºC temperature. The ratios between oil and water during washing process are 3:1.
Water and biodiesel would get inserted into tube. Ǿ 0.7 mm nozzle was chosen, with amounts of holes ranging
from 3, 4 and 5, each has 24 mm distance from each other. The time for the washing process 5 and 10 minutes.
The chosen speed of stirrer are 2000, 3000 and 4000 rpm. The process was carried out twice. The identified
results would be described in graphics. Figure 1 shows the amounts of CPO yield.
Fig 1. The results of biodiesel yield
PH in the wastewater of washing process could be used to determine efficiency of the washing process
itself. It could be seen in the amounts of remnants of KOH catalyst and the contaminants that still remain in
biodiesel. The washing process is carried out until the amounts of pH in the said wastewater nearing the neutral
value (pH 7), which is a sign that all the catalyst remnants and contaminants had washed properly. The pH of
wastewater of CPO washing process is showed in Figure 2.
Fig 2. The influence of the variables (time, speed of pump rotation and amounts of nozzles hole)
to the resulted pH of wastewater from biodiesel washing process
4. The Influence Of Pump Rotation Speed, Time, Amounts Of Nozzles Hole During The Spray Water
Main characteristics of oil fuel are density. In terms of substance, density is its mass per unit volume. The CPO
mass per unit volume is showed in Figure 3.
Fig 3. The influence of the variables (time, speed of pump rotation and amounts of nozzles hole)
To the density of biodiesel
Viscosity is a physical properties that has strong influence to atomization patterns, heat conduction and
performances of oil fuels. Viscosity is determined based on the required time (in second) for a fuel with
particular volume, to pass a certain medium in particular condition (ASTM 2002), those characteristics on CPO
is showed in figure 4.
Fig 4. The influence of the variables (time, speed of pump rotation and amounts of nozzles)
to the resulted viscosity from biodiesel washing process
41
5. The Influence Of Pump Rotation Speed, Time, Amounts Of Nozzles Hole During The Spray Water
Flash point is the lowest temperature in oil or fuel where it can vaporize to flash for a moment when
ignited. Figure 5 shows the influence of the variables (time, speed of pump rotation and amounts of nozzles) to
the resulted flash point from biodiesel washing process.
Fig 5. The influence of the variables (time, speed of pump rotation and amounts of nozzles)
to the resulted flash point from biodiesel washing process
Cetane number is a measurement of the combustion quality of fuel during compression ignition.
(Anonym, 1994). High cetane number shows that the fuel could ignite in relatively low temperature. The usage
of fuel with high cetane number could prevent detonation or knocking, because when it’s put into combustion
chamber it would immediately combusted and not accumulated. The influence of the variables (time, speed of
pump rotation and amounts of nozzles) to the resulted cetane number from biodiesel washing process would be
explained in figure 6.
Fig 6. The influence of the variables (time, speed of pump rotation and amounts of nozzles)
to the resulted cetane number from biodiesel washing process
42
6. The Influence Of Pump Rotation Speed, Time, Amounts Of Nozzles Hole During The Spray Water
43
3.2 Discussion
Figure 1, the initial volume of biodiesel yield is 20% decreased in first washing process and 25%
decreased in second washing process. This showed there was a 6.25% amount of reduction between the first and
second washing process, this means there was a very few reduction of the yield in the CPO from the second
washing process, hence this oil’s quality was still suitable for biodiesel.
Figure 2 shows that during the first washing process, pH of wastewater would increase nearing alkali
(greater than 7), but on the second washing process the initial pH of wastewater equals the initial pH of water
before the washing process. This means the remnants of KOH in biodiesel was strongly bounded with water
during the washing process. Pelly (2005) stated, the faster pH increase in the wastewater means the more
efficient the washing process itself [6]. A pH in wastewater of the washing process that nears initial pH of water
indicated that biodiesel has no remnants of catalys (KOH), methanol and glycerin within. CPO has pH value
nearing pH in water. With 2000 rpm until 3000 rpm speed of pump for the washing process, showed that in
between, there was 0.3 % pH reduction in CPO. Meanwhile with 2000 rpm until 4000 rpm speed of pump
showed that there was 0.7% pH reduction. With amounts of nozzles ranging from 3 to 4, there was 0.6% pH
reduction and 1% reduction for amounts of nozzles hole from 4 to 5. For the washing process that carried out in
10 minutes, there was 0.09% pH reduction, which showed that the pH reduction was not significant in this
variable.
Figure 3, a graphic of density in CPO is showed. With washing process that carried out in 10 minutes,
there was a 0.04% density reduction from its initial value, 0.8766 gr/cm³. With 3000 rpm speed of pump, there
was a 0.05% density reduction from its initial value 0.8767 gr/cm³ that would increase 0,0023% with 4000 rpm
speed. With amounts of nozzles hole from 4 to 5, there was an insignificant density reduction, with each nozzle
usage resulted 0,87634 gr/cm3 and 0,87629 gr/cm3. SNI standards for density are 0,850 to 0,890 gr/cm3 and
ASTM standards are 0,8566 to 0,8815 gr/cm3.
Figure 4, a graphic of viscosity of CPO is showed. For the washing process that carried out in 5
minutes, there was a 5,65 cSt viscosity reduction. For the washing process that carried out in 10 minutes there
was a 3,84 % viscosity reduction from its initial value, 5,437cSt. For the washing process that carried out on
2000 rpm speed of pump rotation, the resulted viscosity is 5,416 cSt, this number increased in 3% on 3000 rpm
speed of pump rotation and on 4000 rpm, there was a 2.1% increase. With 4 nozzles hole, the resulted viscosity
was the closest to the standard value, 5.4 cSt, if compared to the usage of amounts of nozzles hole. SNI
standards for viscosity are 2,3 to 6,0 cSt and ASTM standards are 1,9 to 6,0 mm2/s.
Figure 5, there is a graphic explaining the influence of the chosen variables to the resulted flash point
for biodiesel washing process. With the process carried out in 10 minutes, the resulted flash point in CPO shows
there was a 3,94 % reduction from the result of 5 minutes’ process, from 135,44 OC to 130,11 OC. With the
process carried out on 3000 rpm speed of pump rotation, there was a 2,96 % reduction of the resulted flash point,
meanwhile on 4000 rpm speed of pump rotation, there was a 0,26 % reduction from 131,33 OC to 131,67 OC.
With 3 nozzles hole, the highest flash point was 134,33 OC, mean while with 4 and 5 nozzles hole, there were
0,75% and 2,7% reduction from its initial flash point. SNI standard for flash point is minimum 100 OC and
ASTM standard is minimum 130 OC.
Figure 6, there is a graphic explaining the influence of the chosen variables to the resulted cetane
number for biodiesel washing process. With the process carried out in 5 minutes, the resulted cetane number
was 51,73, mean while with the process carried out in 10 minutes the resulted cetane number was 0.81%
decreased. With the process carried out on 2000 rpm speed of pump rotation, the resulted cetane number was
51,94, mean while there was a 1,58 % reduction on 3000 rpm speed of pump rotation and 0,43 % increase on
4000 rpm. With 3 nozzles hole the resulted cetane number was 52,42, while there was 2,12 % and 3.03 %
reduction on usage of 4 and 5 nozzles hole. SNI standard for cetane number is minimum 48 and ASTM standard
is minimum 47.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Analysis resulted the amounts of FFA in CPO was 0.13%. During biodiesel production process, a
transesterification reaction with KOH as catalyst could be carried out right away without going through
esterification first, it has to be stirred in 1.5 hours with 500 rpm speed of the pump rotation and 60º C
temperature. The result of the washing process showed there was a 20% reduction of yield from its initial
volume. During the second washing, there was a 6.25% reduction from the first washing’s result. pH in the
waste water lowered in 0.7% with the process carried out in 4000 rpm speed of pump rotation and in 10 minutes.
With the process carried out using 5 nozzles hole, there was also a pH reduction. As a result of the washing
process, the biodiesel has these following characteristics; 1) With the process carried out in 5 minutes, the
resulted density is 0,8766 gr/cm3 gr/cm3; with 2000 rpm speed of pump rotation, the resulted density is 0,8767
gr/cm3; with 3 nozzles hole, the resulted density is 0,8767 gr/cm3, 2) With the process carried out in 10 minutes,
the resulted viscosity is 5,45 cst; with 4000 rpm speed of pump rotation, the resulted viscosity is 5,65 cst ; with
7. The Influence Of Pump Rotation Speed, Time, Amounts Of Nozzles Hole During The Spray Water
4 nozzles hole, the resulted viscosity is 5,46 cst, 3) With the process carried out in 5 minutes, the resulted flash
point is 135,44 OC; with 2000 rpm speed of pump rotation, the resulted flash point is 135,33 OC; with 3 nozzles
hole, the resulted flash point is 134,33 OC, 4) With the process carried out in 5 minutes, the resulted cetane
number is 51,73; with 2000 rpm speed of rotation pump, the resulted cetane number is 51,94; and with 3 nozzles
hole, the resulted cetane number is 52,43
REFERENCES
[1]. Mahfud, Muharto, Pramudhita, danMarwoto. 2007. Pengaruh Metode Pencucian pada Pembuatan
44
Biodiesel Jarak Pagar.ITS. Surabaya.
[2]. Berrios, M. and Skelton, R.L.. 2008. Comparison of Purification Methods for Biodiesel. Chemical
Engineering Journal 144: 459 – 465
[3]. Predojevic, ZlaticaJ.. 2008. The Production of Biodiesel from Waste Frying Oils: A Comparison of
Different Purification Steps. Fuel 87: 3522 – 3528
[4]. Atadashi, I.M., Aroua, M.K., and Abdul Aziz, A. 2011.Biodiesel Separation and Purification: A
Review. Renewable Energy 36: 437 – 443
[5]. Atadashi, I.M., Aroua, M.K., Abdul Aziz, A., and Sulaiman, N.M.N.. 2011. Refining Technologies for
The Purification of Crude Biodiesel. Applied Energy 88: 4239 – 4251
[6]. Ayu, Dyahdan Ali Zibbeni. 2011. Pengaruh Stir Washing, Bubble Washing, dan Dry Washingterhadap
Kadar Metil Ester dalam Biodiesel dari Biji Nyamplung (Calophylluminophyllum). ITS. Surabaya