5296 5300.output

* GB785703 (A)
Description: GB785703 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Hydrocarbon drying oil production
Description of GB785703 (A)
CGMPLETE SPECIFICATION Hydrocarbon Drying a roductlon
We, Esso RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING
COMPANY, formerly known as Standard Oil
Development Company, a Corporation duly organised and existing under
the Laws of the
State of Delaware, United States of America, having an office at
Elizabeth, New Jersey,
United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which
we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it
is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the
following statement:
This invention relates to a process for making a drying oil or varnish
by polymerization of a diolefin such as butadiene in the presence of
sodium.
Drying oils of excellent quality can be made by polymerizing 100 parts
of butadiene monomer, or particularly by copolymerizing from 75 to 85
parts of butadiene-1,3 and from 25 to 15 parts of styrene at 25 to 95"
C., preferably at 65 to 85" C., in the presence of from 50 to 500
parts of an inert hydrocarbon diluent boiling between about 0 and 250
C., or preferably between 50 and 200 C., such as pentane, benzene,
cyclohexane, naphtha or mineral spirits. Where low-boiling materials
are used, it is desirable to operate under sufficient pressure to
maintain the charge in liquid phase, e.g. under pressures ranging from
1 to 5 atmospheres. About 0.1 to 10 parts, preferably about 1 to 3
parts of finely divided sodium metal is used as catalyst. Certain
promoting agents, e.g. about 10 to 50 parts of dioxane and catalyst
activators, e.g.
1 to 20 per cent of isopropyl alcohol based on the weight of sodium,
are also preferably added to the reaction mixture to assure the
production of a colorless oil and to shorten the reaction time.

Throughout this specification, all references to proportions of
materials are expressed in parts by weight, unless stated otherwise.
When the reaction has reached the desired conversion, which may be
about 50, 80 or preferably 100%, the catalyst is destroyed and
converted into an easily filterable salt by addition of an essentially
anhydrous monobasic saturated C, to C organic acid which is soluble in
the hydrocarbon mixture. The acid, such as formic, acetic or
pentanoic, is added directly to the crude reaction product and the
resulting sodium salt is thereafter separated from the crude product
by filtration. Then the crude filtrate is fractionated to remove the
promoting and activating agents as well as any unreacted monomer and
promoter and also to adjust the concentration of the oily polymer in
the product to the desired level, which may be between about 30 and
99% non-volatile matter.
Unlike natural drying oils the resulting product is useful as a
varnish without requiring any further treatment for purposes of
bodying or the like, but nevertheless it is often desirable to subject
the product to a heating step for about 30 to 240 minutes at about 120
to 1800 C. whereby certain properties such as gloss of the oil are
improved. It is particularly advantageous to carry out the heating
step in the presence of a small amount of a polar compound such as
maleic anhydride, acrylonitrile or thioglycollic acid.
When the original work was carried out in small-scale batches, it
became apparent that a drying oil or varnish of excellent quality was
obtained. At the same time, however, it became apparent that the
translation of the process into a large-scale commercial operation
would involve serious difficulties. For example, the handling and
destruction of relatively large amounts of metallic sodium represents
a manifest fire and explosion hazard.
Secondly, whereas the initial induction period characteristic of the
reaction was not particularly detrimental in small scale batch opera
tion, since there it took up only a rather short time interval whereas
the overall average reaction rate was quite rapid, this poisoning
effect equivalent to the induction phenomenon became a problem of the
greatest magnitude in large-scale or continuous operation.
Heretofore, in a continuous process wherein the reagents were
continuously fed to a onestage equilibrium reactor and the polymerized
product continuously withdrawn therefrom after a certain residence
time, the unknown materials or conditions responsible for the
induction period poisoned the overall reaction rate to such an extent
that the required residence time became uneconomically long. The
separation of the various nonhydrocarbon constituents such as dioxane,
alcohol and acetic acid from the crude product also represented an
uneconomcal step when translated from experimental into large scale

production, inasmuch as normally at least three corrosion-resistant
distillation towers would be required. In such an experimental system
the first tower would serve to separate the crude product into a
bottom stream containing the oily polymer in solution in the
hydrocarbon solvent and an overhead stream containing excess of
hydrocarbon solvent unreacted monomer, ether promoter, alcohol and
acetic acid; this stream would be fractionated in a second tower to
give an overhead stream containing the ether promoter and alcohol and
a bottom stream containing the hydrocarbon solvent and acetic acid,
finally this bottom stream would be fractionated in a third tower to
give acetic acid in an overhead stream and hydrocarbon solvent in a
bottom stream, it being extremely important to keep any trace of acid
from being recycled to the reaction zone.
In accordance with the invention, there is provided a process for
removing metallic sodium from a polymer solution produced bv the
solution polymerisation of a diolefin in the presence of a sodium
catalyst, which process comprises treating the polymer solution with
an excess of an anhydrous organic acid in a polymerisation zone to
convert the sodium metal into a filterable salt.
The accompanying drawing schematically illustrates the preferred
equipment and flow sheet involved in carrying out the invention.
Referring to the accompanying drawing, the reaction mixture is
preterably made up in blending tank 1 into which butadiene, styrene,
isopropyl alcohol, dioxane and straight-run mineral spirits or other
hydrocarbon diluent are introduced in the desired proportions. The
reaction monomers and make-up quantities of th alcohol are introduced
to tank 1 from conventional storage facilities not shown, and further
amounts of the alcohol, dioxane and the hydrocarbon diluent are
introduced to tank 1 through recycle line 10 which leads from the
recovery equipment described later.
After the materials have been properly mixed in tank 1 by means of a
stirrer, a stream of the resulting mixture is withdrawn through line 3
to reactor 4. A suitable reactor arrangement is described in detail in
our copending Application No. 34045156 and comprises a first zone
comprising an elongated tube wherein the feed mizture is activated a
second zone in the form of a tank containing a liquid mixture of feed
and reaction product wherein considerable monomer conversion occurs,
and a third zone comprising an elongated tube, wherein substantially
complebe conversion of monomers is effected.
Prior to entering reactor 4 line 3 may be joined by line 5 through
which sodium catalyst is introduced into reactor 4 preferably in the
form of a slurry of finely divided catalyst particles in mineral
spirits or other suitable hydrocarbon liquid. Alternatively, catalyst
line 5 may enter the reactor separately. The average diameter of

catalyst particles useful in the present invention ranges between
about 1 and 100 microns, preferably between 10 and 50 microns.
Furthermore, instead of mixing the styrene monomer into the feed in
tank 1 it may be introduced directly into reactor 4 by a separate line
as will be described later.
instead of p-dioxane, which is by far the best promoter for the
purposes of the present invention, other mono or di-ethers of 2 to 8
carbon atoms, other than cyclic ai-ethers of the meta-dioxane type
charactsrizcd by an -O-C-O- ring structure, may be used likewise where
not quite as good product quality or lower reaction rate can be tower.
ated. Examples of such suitable ethers are diethyl ether, diisopropyl
ether, diethyl acetal.
ethylene glycol, diethyl ether, furane and the like.
After a reaction or residence time sufficient to allow for the desired
conversion of mono mers, which xime may range between about 10 minutes
and 10 hours depending principally on size and design of reactor,
reaction temperature, catalyst concentration and particle size, the
crude reaction product is withdrawn from reactor 4 through line 6
which leads to diluent treating drum 7 which contains stirrer 9 and a
suitable cooling device such as internal coil 8 capable of removing
any undue heat of reaction that may be gener ated in this zone. In
this drum the partially spent sodium catalyst contained in the
reaction mixture is utilized as a treating agent to remove or destroy
all water and other inhibiting impurities that are or may be present
in the make-up hydrocarbon and the other materials which are
introduced into drum 7 through line 11. Although the introduction of
the diluent and other materials at this point somewhat increases the
load on the fractionation equipment used in the recovery step
described later this or an equivalent pretreatment of the diluent with
sodium is one of the essen tial elements of the present process in
that it is surprisingly effective in improving the overall efficiency
of the system, as opposed to a process wherein untreated make-up
matenai.q are fed directly to the reactor. This is particularly true
as regards pre-treating the hyd rocarbon diluent, which constitutes
the predominant fraction of the make-up streams in view of the fact
that a substantial proportion of the diluent is eventually withdrawn
in the final product. Conversely, in view of the relatively minute
amount of dioxane required in the make-up stream solely to compensate
for losses it is feasible to introduce the latter into the reaction
without pre-treatment. The addition of the hydrocarbon diluent into
drum 7 has the further advantage of facilitating subsequent flow and
filtration of the crude polymerization product which is quite viscous
when cold, unless suitably diluted.
Water contained in the make-up diluent reacts with the sodium catalyst

in drum 7 and liberated hydrogen is withdrawn overhead through line
12. The crude product, diluted with an amount of make-up hydrocarbon
solvent approximately compensating for the amount of solvent contained
in the finished product, is withdrawn from drum 7 through line 13 to
another drum 79 provided with cooling device 15 and agitator 16. A
slight excess of anhydrous acetic acid is continuously introduced into
drum 79 through line 17 in order to react with the remaining sodium
catalyst and thereby convert it into sodium acetate which is an inert,
easily filterable salt.
Hydrogen gas produced in this reaction is removed from acid treating
drum 79 through line 18. From drum 79 the acidified crude product is
continuously transferred through line 19 to drum 20 also preferably
provided with a cooling device 21 and agitator. 22. In drum 20 the
small amount of excess free acid is neutralized with ammonia gas which
is bubbled in through line 28. A suitable filter aid such as
kieselguhr or fuller's earth is also introduced into ammonia-treating
drum 20 so as to facilitate subsequent filtration of the salts from
the product. It is particularly convenient to add the filter aid in
the form of a thick slurry, e.g. as a dispersion in the same kind of
hydrocarbon used as reaction diluent.
From drum 20 the crude product is withdrawn through line 24 and passed
through conventional filtration equipment such as a filter press or
even a continuous rotary vacuum filter 25. Efficient use of the latter
is possible due to the crystalline form of the filtrate obtained when
operating in accordance with the novel process. The filtered product
is then run off to storage drum 26 which serves to smooth out any
undue variations in flow rate. From drum 26 the filtered product is
fed continuously to distillation tower 27 which removes the excess of
ammonia as an overhead stream 28, concentrates a bottom stream 29
containing the oily polymer of the preferred concentration of about 50
to 70 /O polymer in hydrocarbon diluent, and allows the withdrawal of
a vapor side stream 47 which contains dioxane, any residual isopropyl
alcohol as well as excess hydrocarbon diluent. The vapor stream 47 is
condensed, passed to storage tank 48 and eventually recycled to
blending tank 1 through line 49.
The ammonia stream 28 is recycled to treating tank 2C after being
supplemented with fresh ammonia stream 23. Product stream 29 is
preferably passed through heat treating drum 0 where the drying oil is
kept for about 30 to 120 minutes at a temperature of about 120 to 250
C., preferably about 15 C., in order to improve the gloss of the oil,
and finally the product is passed through cooler 31 to storage tank
32. If desired, a small amount such as 0.01 to 1% /O (based on oily
polymer) of a polar compound such as maleic anhydride is also fed
continuously to tank 30 througb line 33 in order to further improve

the varnish properties of the product.
The storage tank is preferably provided with a steam coil or other
suitable heating device adapted to maintain the tank contents at a
temperature of about 400 C. or higher in order to maintain the viscous
product in a state sufficiently fluid for withdrawal.
Furthermore, all or a part of the product may be tapped off through
line 34 to be concentrated further to a concentration between 80 and
99%, preferably between 95 and 98%.
This can be done by any convenient means, as for example, by stripping
the hydrocarbon solvent from the more dilute product by circulation
through baffle drum 35, return line 36 and heater 82, at a temperature
of about 1500 C. to 2000 C. under reduced pressure of about 0.5 to 2
lbs./sq. inch absolute. The concentrated product is finally withdrawn
from the bottom of the tower through line 38 and cooler 39 to storage
tank 40, preferably maintained at about 90" G to maintain the
viscosity of the product in a range permitting easy pumping. The
hydrocarbon solvent stripped overhead is passed through line 41 and
water cooler 42 to separating drum 43 wherefrom the condensed, dry
hydrocarbon solvent is recycled either through lines 44, 44 and 11 to
solvent-treating drum 7, or through lines 44, 44b and 10 directly to
blending tank 1. The vacuum necessary for the stripping operation can
be obtained readily by means of the illustrated arrangement consisting
of aspirator line 45 connected to a suitable steam jet ejector 46
which in turn is connected to condenser 471
Alternatively, instead of concentrating the oily polymer in drum 35 as
described above, the drum may be replaced by a multiplate stripping
tower operated under proper conditions, .g. at a temperature of about
1500 C.
and a pressure of 0.5 to 2 lbs./sq. inch abso lute; the use of a
suitable stripping gas such as methane improves the efficiency of the
tower.
The hydrocarbon diluent, alcohol and dioxane-containing vapor side
stream 47 withdrawn from principal fractionation tower 27 is recycled
through storage tank 48 and return lines 49 and 10 to blending tank 1.
What we claim is : -
r. A process for removing metallic sodium from a polymer solution
produced by the solution polymerization of a diolefin in the presence
of a sodium catalyst, which process comprises treating the polymer
solution with an excess of an anhydrous organic acid in a
polymerization zone to convert the sodium metal into a filterable
salt.
2. A process as claimed in Claim 1, in which the diolefin is
1,3-butadiene.
3. A modification of the process claimed in

Claim 2, in which from 75 to 85 parts by weight of 1,3-butadiene is
copolymerized with from 25 to 15 parts by weight of styrene.
4. A process as claimed in any one of
Claims 1-3, in which the organic acid is a monobasic anhydrous organic
acid whose molecule contains from one to five carbon atoms.
5. A process as claimed in Claim 4, in which the acid is acetic add.
Claims 1-5, in which the polymer solution, after treatment with the
acid, is treated with an excess of ammonia gas to neutralize all acid,
filtered to separate solid salts, and fractionally distilled in a
distillation zone, an overhead stream of ammonia being withdrawn from
the distillation zone, a stream of hydrocarbon liquid and ether being
withdrawn from an upper portion of the distillation zone and recycled
to the polymerization zone, and a stream of polymer solution being
withdrawn from a bottom portion of the distillation zone.
7. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which
the polymerization comprises heating 100 parts by weight of monomer(s)
at from 50 to 95" C. in solution in from 50 to 500 parts by weight of
an inert hydrocarbon liquid boiling in the range 25--200" C. and in
the presence of from 10 t9 35 parts by weight of an ether whose mol.-
cule contains from 2 to 8 carbon atoms in the molecule which promotes
polymerization of butadiene, and from 1 to 10 parts by weight of
finely divided metallic sodium, until at least 80% by weight of the
monomers are pclymerized or copolymerized.
8. A process as claimed in Claim 7, in which the ether is p-dioxane.
9. A process as claimed in Claim 7 or 8, in which the temperature of
polymerization is from 65 to 85" C.
Claims 7-9, in which the hydrocarbon boils in the range 100-200' C.
and is used in an amount from 200 to 300 parts by weight per 100 parts
by weight of monomer(s).
Claims 7-10, in which the polymerization is also carried out in the
presence of from 10 to 20 wt. 4-O of an alcohol, based on the sodium.
12. A process as claimed in Claim 1, when carried out in apparatus
substantially as described with reference to the accompanying drawing.
13. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which
the polymerization is carried out by a method described and claimed in
the specification of our copending
Application No. 34045/56 (Serial No.
785,704).

* GB785704 (A)
Description: GB785704 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Hydrocarbon drying oil production
L ' - % lp
PATENT SPECIFICATION raventors: STANLEY EDWARD JAROS, ANTHONY HOWE
GLEASON and ROBERT FREDERICK LEARY 785,704
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification April 28, 1954.
No 34045/56.
(Divided out of No; 785,703).
Complete Specification Published Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 2 ( 6), P 2 (D 1 A: K 7), P 2 P( 1 B: 3: 4
C: 6 A: 6 B: 6 D), P 7 (D 2 Al: K 2), P 7 P( 1 B: 3: 4 C: 6 A: 6 B: 6
D).
International Classification: -CO 8 f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Hydrocarbon Drying Oil Production ERRATA SPECIFICATION No 785,704
Amendment No 1 Page 1, line 20, for " 80 " read " 85 " Page 2, line
41, after "from" insert "room" THE PATENT OFFICE 15th November 1965
styrene at 25 to 950 C, preferably at 65 to 850 C in the presence of
about 50 to 500 parts of an inert hydrocarbon diluent boiling within
the range of from about 0 to 2500 C, or preferably 50 to 2000 C, such
as pentane, benzene, cyclohexane, naphtha or mineral spirits.
For example from 200 to 300 parts of straightrun mineral spirits
boiling within the range 150 to 2000 C may be used Where low boiling
materials are used, it is desirable to operate under sufficient
pressure to maintain the charge in liquid phase, e g under pressures
ranging from 1 to 5 atmospheres About 0 1 to 10 parts, preferably
about 1 to 3 parts, of finely divided sodium metal is used as catalyst
Certain promoting agents, e g about 10 to 50 parts of dioxane and
catalyst activators, e g 1 to 20, preferably 10 to 20 per cent of
isopropyl alcohol based on the weight of sodium, are also preferably
added to the reaction mixture to assure the production of a colourless
oil and to shorten the reaction time Throughout the specification and
claims, all references to lPric ?s 6 d l aoout -iu anu vast Iu
II-VU'latlil LllaLL-X.

that the required residence time became uneconomically long.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a process
in which a hydrocarbon drying oil is produced by the polymerization of
a diolefinic feed, containing finely divided sodium as a catalyst,
characterised in that the feed is continuously passed through a first
zone comprising an elongated tube, so that the feed is activated,
thence the activated feed is passed through a second zone under
reaction conditions, including residence time such that a monomer
conversion of at least 65 % is attained, said second zone being in the
form of a tank containing a liquid mixture of feed 1-, -,' r 1 PATENT
SPECIFICATION
Inventors: STANLEY EDWARD JAROS, ANTHONY HOWE GLEASON and ROBERT
FREDERICK LEARY 785304 Date of Application and filing Complete
Specification April 28, 1954.
No.34045/56.
(Divided out of No 785,703).
Index at Acceptance:-Class 2 ( 6), P 2 (D 1 A: K 7), P 2 P( 1 Q: 3: 4
C: 6 A: 6 B: 6 D), P 7 (D 2 A 1: K 2), P 7 P( 1 B: 3: 4 C: 6 A: 6 B: 6
D).
International Classification: -CO 8 f.
Hydrocarbon Drying Oil Production We, Esso RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING
COMPANY, a Corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of
the State of Delaware, United States of America, having an office at
Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States of America, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to a process for making a drying oil or varnish
by polymerization of diolefins such as butadiene, in the presence of
sodium.
As is well known, drying oils of excellent quality can be made as
described in the Specification of our copending Application No.
12331/54 (Serial No 785,703), by polymerizing 100 parts of butadiene
monomer, or particularly by copolymerizing about 75 to 80 parts of
butadiene-1,3 and about 25 to 15 parts of styrene at 25 to 950 C,
preferably at 65 to 850 C in the presence of about 50 to 500 parts of
an inert hydrocarbon diluent boiling within the range of from about 0

to 2500 C, or preferably 50 to 200 C, such as pentane, benzene,
cyclohexane, naphtha or mineral spirits.
For example from 200 to 300 parts of straightrun mineral spirits
boiling within the range 150 to 2000 C may be used Where low boiling
materials are used, it is desirable to operate under sufficient
pressure to maintain the charge in liquid phase, e g under pressures
ranging from 1 to 5 atmospheres About 0 1 to 10 parts, preferably
about 1 to 3 parts, of finely divided sodium metal is used as catalyst
Certain promoting agents, e g about 10 to 50 parts of dioxane and
catalyst activators, e g 1 to 20, preferably 10 to 20 per cent, of
isopropyl alcohol based on the weight of sodium, are also preferably
added to the reaction mixture to assure the production of a colourless
oil and to shorten the reaction time Throughout the specification and
claims, all references to lPtice S? 6 d l proportions of materials are
expressed in parts by weight, unless stated otherwise.
When the reaction has reached the desired conversion, which may be
about 50, 80 or preferably 100 %, then, in accordance with the
procedure claimed in the Specification of
Application No 12331/54 the catalyst is destroyed and converted into
an easily filtrable salt by addition of an essentially anhydrous
monobasic saturated organic acid that is soluble in the hydrocarbon
mixture A C 1-C, organic acid is preferred The acid, such as formic,
acetic or pentanoic, is added directly to the crude reaction product
and the resulting sodium salt is thereafter separated from the crude
product by filtration Then the crude filtrate is fractionated to
remove the promoting and activating agents as well as any unreacted
monomer and promoter and also to adjust the concentration of the oily
polymer in the product to desired level, which may be between about 30
and 99 % non-volatile matter.
that the required residence time became uneconomically long.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a process
in which a hydrocarbon drying oil is produced by the polymerization of
a diolefinic feed, containing finely divided sodium as a catalyst,
characterised in that the feed is continuously passed through a first
zone comprising an elongated tube, so that the feed is activated,
thence the activated feed is passed through a second zone under
reaction conditions, including residence time such that a monomer
conversion of at least 65 % is attained, said second zone being in the
form of a tank containing a liquid mixture of feed 785,704 and

reaction product, and the liquid mixture from said second zone is
passed through a third zone comprising an elongated tube, wherein
substantially complete conversion of monomers is effected.
This new process will now be further described with reference to the
single figure of the accompanying drawing which shows a flow sheet for
carrying out the process.
Referring to the figure, the reaction mixture is made up in blending
tank 1 into which butadiene, styrene, isopropyl alcohol, dioxane and
straight run mineral spirits or other hydrocarbon diluent are
introduced in the desired proportions The reaction monomers and makeup
quantities of the alcohol are introduced to tank 1 from conventional
storage facilities not shown and further amounts of the alcohol,
dioxane and the hydrocarbon diluent are introduced to tank 1 through
recycle lines 10 and 11 which lead from recovery equipment such as
described in the Specification of our copending
Application No 12331/54 (Serial No.
785,703) After the materials have been properly mixed in tank 1 by
means of stirrer 2, a stream of the resulting mixture is withdrawn
through line 3 to the reactor Prior to entering the reactor line 3 is
joined by line 5 through which sodium catalyst is introduced from
mixer 4, preferably in the form of a slurry of finely divided catalyst
particles in mineral spirits or other suitable hydrocarbon liquid.
The average diameter of catalyst particles useful in the present
invention ranges between about 1 and 100 microns, preferably between
and 50 microns.
The feed is now pumped through the externally cooled or heated coil 6
at such a rate that the average residence time is 5 to 60 minutes
Passing through the coil, the temperature of the feed is gradually
raised from temperature to 4 T O C to 85 C, and any feed impurities,
presumably responsible for the induction period of the polymerization
reaction, are destroyed, or the feed is activated by contact with the
catalyst.
From coil 6 the warm activated feed is continuously introduced into
the reaction tank 7 which may be agitated by the stirrer 9 Herein,
most of the reaction which is normally exothermic, takes place The
tank is provided with temperature control means, and the temperature
is maintained between 650 C and 850 C Allowing for a normal average
residence time of 1-10 hours, the monomer conversion in the tank will
be between 65 % and 90 %.
This partially polymerized mixture is continuously removed through the
coil 8, whose temperature again is maintained between 650 C.
and 850 C and whose length is such that substantially complete
polymerization occurs therein The average residence time for this
condition will be 5 to 30 minutes.

It will be observed that each part serves a distinct function, namely,
coil 6 serves to activate or decontaminate the feed, the tank 7 is
where the principal polymerization occurs and the coil 8 serves to
carry the reaction substantially to completion.
From the coil 8, the mixture is fed to a sol 70 vent tower (not shown)
and thence it is treated substantially as described in the
Specification of our copending Application 12331/54 (Serial No
785,703).
Although p-dioxane is the best promoter for 75 the polymerization, it
may be replaced by a CQ-C, mono or di-ether or a CO-C, cyclic di-ether
other than one containing an -G-C-0 group.
Where the process is used for the copoly 80 merization of
1,3-butadiene and styrene, the quality of the product is raised
slightly if the styrene, instead of being mixed in with the
1,3-butadiene in tank 1, is separately and continuously fed into the
polymerization tank 7, 85 by means not shown This avoids the formation
of polymers with a high styrene content, which fractions may be formed
in the first stage of the process in coil 6.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* Last updated: 08.04.2015
* Worldwide Database
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785705 (A)
Description: GB785705 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to sliding window constructions
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventor: THEODORE HAUCK "e Date of Application and filing Complete
Specification July 30, 1954.
No 22386154.

Index at Acceptance: -Classes 20 ( 3), D 2, J( 1 M: 2 D: 2 F: 2 J);
and 44, BE 3 (A 2 A: B 3: J).
International Classification: -A 45 c E 04 f.
Improvements in or relating to Sliding Window Constructions We,
GENERAL BRONZE CORPORATION, a Corporation organised under the Laws of
the State of New York, United States of America, of Stewart Avenue,
Garden City, Long Island, United States of America, do hereby declare
the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:This invention relates to
sliding window constructions The invention has particular application
to a practicable and relatively inexpensive arrangement of slidable
window sashes so constructed that the sashes may be wholly removed
from the frames to leave an unobstructed window opening without
disturbing the window frame In the exemplary form described herein the
invention is embodied in a window construction having a pair of
horizontally slidable sashes, one being an inner sash and the other
being an outer sash, each of a size to close approximately one half of
the window opening and with a lock mechanism at their meeting rails
whereby the sashes may be locked so as to seal completely the window
opening When unlocked either sash may be moved along individual sash
guiding channels in thbe window frame to adjusted, partially open
position and, as will be brought out more fully hereinafter, either
sash or both may be wholly removed from the frame by a simple lifting
operation to leave an unobstructed window opening It will of course be
apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention or certain
aspects of it may readily be adapted to and embodied in other window
constructions and units differing in various particulars from the one
set forth in detail hereinafter.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a
commercially-feasible low-cost window construction which will require
no special maintenance or attention and in which the sashes are easily
movable to adjusted posilPrir' tions or may even be completely removed
to leave a wholly unobstructed window opening.
A further objective is to provide a simple sliding window sash
arrangement which will form a complete bar to the entrance of weather
when in its closed position and which may be securely locked in any
one of several adjusted relationships A further objective resides in
the provision of a novel weather sealing relationship which promotes
easy window operation over a long period of use and at the same time
assures full protection against entrance of moisture and leakage of
cold air Other objects will in part be pointed out as the description

proceeds and will in part become apparent therefrom.
In this specification and the accompanying drawings we have shown and
described a preferred embodiment of the invention and suggested
various modifications thereof; but it is to be understood that these
are not intended to be exhaustive nor limiting of the invention, but,
on the contrary, are given for purposes of illustration in order that
others skilled in the art may fully understand the invention and the
principles thereof and the manner of applying it in various forms,
each as may be best suited to the conditions of a particular use.
In the drawings:Figure 1 is an elevation showing a window construction
embodying our invention; Figure 2 is an enlarged fragmentary cross
section taken along the lines 2-2 of Figure 1; Figure 3 is an enlarged
fragmentary cross section taken along the lines 3-3 of Figure 1;
Figure 4 is a sectional view taken along the lines 4-4 of Figure 3;
Figure 5 is a fragmentary sectional view on an enlarged scale taken
along the lines 5-5 of Figure 1; Figure 6 is a fragmentary view taken
along the lines 6-6 of Figure 5; Figure 7 is a view of a locking
construction illustrated in Figure 5 taken at right angles to the view
of Figure 5, and 39705 Figure 8 is a view of a catch mechanism taken
along the line 8-8 of Figure 2.
Figure 1 illustrates a window frame generally indicated at 20
consisting of a header 22, a sill 24 and jambs 26 and 28 In window
frame 20 are slidably mounted an inner sash and an outer sash 32 Sash
30 is an inner sash with respect to sash 32 in the sense that, as
viewed in Figure 1, when sash 30 is moved to the right as will be
developed more fully below, sash 30 lies inside of sash 32 (see
Figures 2 and 5) Sash 30 includes an upper rail 34, a lower rail 36, a
vertical rail 38 and a meeting rail 40 Sash 32 similarly includes an
upper rail 42, a lower rail 44, a vertical rail 46 and a meeting rail
48 In the form described herein these sash rails preferably are formed
from lengths of aluminium extrusions.
The cross section of each rail is such as to present an inwardly
directed glazing bead or pocket which, in the presently described
form, is seen to be filled with a rubber-like packing 49 encasing the
margins of the glass and effecting a tight and permanent seal between
the sash rails and the glass Packing 49 has sufficient resilience to
insulate and protect the glass against shocks such as may be imposed
upon the sash by slamming it against the frame when opening or closing
the window.
In the illustrative form frame 20 also is preferably fabricated from
extruded sections of aluminium of profiles as shown, for example, in
Figures 2 and 5 The frame is provided with an inner channel 50 and an
outer channel 52 which extend in side-by-side relationship around the
inner perimeter of the frame In the present embodiment channel 50 is

defined (see Figures 2 and 5) by an inner stop bead 54 embodying an
outwardly extending flange 56 and a parting bead 58 embodying an
inwardly extending flange 60 Channel 52 is defined by stop bead 58
including an outwardly extending flange 62 and an outer stop bead 64
embodying an inwardly extending flange 66.
Sash 30 is shown in Figure 1 to have its rails 34, 36 and 38 seated
within channel 50 and sash 32 has its rails 42, 44 and 46 seated
within channel 52 From the relationship illustrated in Figure 1 sash
30 may be moved to the right, its rails 34 and 36 sliding within
channel 50, to a position directly behind that occupied by sash 32
Similarly, sash 32 may be moved to the left, as viewed at Figure 1,
its rails 42 and 44 sliding within the guiding channels 52.
The lower rail 36 of sash 30 (see Figure 5) is provided with an
inwardly extending flange 68 and an outwardly extending flange 70 In
the normal position of sash 30 the extent to which the lower rail 36
of the sash can be seated in channel 50 of sill 24 is limited by the
downwardly facing abutment surfaces represented by flanges 68 and 70
Correspondingly, sash 32 is provided with an inwardly extending flange
72 and an outwardly extending flange 74 which flanges limit the extent
to which the lower rail 44 can be seated in channel 52 of sill 24.
In order to assure an easy sliding action of the sashes within the
frame members and to 70 prevent the passage of moisture and air around
the rails of the sashes each of the sashes is provided around its
upper, lower and vertical rails with a resilient hardened stainless
steel weather strip of channel-like cross sec 75 tion More
particularly, sash 30 has the outer edge of its upper rail 34 encased
by a weather strip 76 held in position by machine screws 78 threaded
directly into the upper rail As best shown in Figure 5, weather strip
76 is 80 U-shaped in cross section and each of its legs has an
inwardly turned flange 80 which is constrained by the natural
resilience of the strip itself in face-to-face relationship with the
side walls of rail 34 The intermediate leg portions 85 82 of the
weather strip are bowed outwardly away from the side walls of rail 34
and maintain yielding contact between the opposing surfaces presented
by flanges 56 and 60 Thus access of air or moisture from outside to
inside 90 around rail 34 is prevented by the sealing contact effected
by outer leg 82 and flange 60 and additionally by inner leg 82 and
flange 56 The double seal which results not only makes a lasting bar
against entrance of adverse 95 weather conditions but also promotes an
easy and silent resilient sliding action between the top rail of the
sash and the header of the frame when the sash is moved horizontally
from one position to another 100 As best shown in Figure 2, vertical
rail 38 of sash 30 is provided with a weather strip 76 which effects a
similar double seal between flanges 56 and 60 of jamb 26 In like

fashion (see Figures 5 and 2 respectively) the upper 105 rail 42 and
the vertical rail 46 of sash 32 are double sealed between the flanges
62 and 66 of channel 52 by like weather strips 76.
Tn order to prevent unintended entrance of adverse weather conditions
between sashes 30 110 and 32, meeting rail 40 is provided with an
outwardly extending flange 84 having a backwardly directed leg 86
presenting an inclined surface 88 facing toward the sash Meeting rail
48 is similar in cross section to the cross 115 section of meeting
rail 40 and both rails can be made from sections extruded by the same
die Meeting rail 48 includes an inwardly extending flange 90 provided
with a backwardly directed leg 92 presenting an inclined 120 surface
94 facing toward the sash When the sashes are in closed position, as
shown in Figure 2, surfaces 88 and 94 engage each other with a slight
wedging action which assures a firm and extensive surface to surface
contact 125 along the flange portions of the meeting rails so that the
weather is effectively barred.
The lower rail 44 of sash 32 (see Figure 5) has its lower portions
encased by a weatherstrip 96 of U -like cross section held in place by
130 785,705 to the position illustrated in Figure 5 where it enters
detent 114 of the keeper to lock the sashes in closed position The
sashes may readily be unlocked by lifting latch 106 and sliding sash
30 to an open position 70 It is desirable that the window be fashioned
so that one of the sashes may be opened slightly and there locked in
adjusted position so as to afford a controlled amount of ventilation
without rendering the sashes subject to 75 further opening by an
intruder To this end there is provided a series of notches 126 (see
Figures 2 and 5) in flanges 56 and 60 of inner still channel 50 The
lower end of meeting rail 40 (see Figures 3 and 4) is equipped with 80
a sliding latch 128 This latch is secured to the meeting rail by a
headed screw 130 threaded into the meeting rail and the latch is
constrained to vertical sliding movement by slot 132 (see Figure 5)
through which screw 85 passes and a slot 134 in which an elongated hub
136 formed on meeting rail 40 operates.
Latch 128 includes a finger piece 138 by which the latch may
conveniently be raised or 90 lowered The latch is wider as measured
transversely with respect to sill 24 than the opposing faces of
flanges 56 and 60 and accordingly the latch may be lowered through a
selected pair of opposing notches 126 to lock 95 the sash against
sliding movement in either direction Since the latch is located on the
meeting rail of the sash it is sufficiently remote from the window
opening as to be substantially inaccessible to an intruder on the 101
outside of the window Thus the window may be opened a matter of
several inches or some adjusted fraction thereof and there secured in
place by latch 128 and the sash 30 cannot later be further opened by

an unauthorized 105 person outside the window.
In order to prevent unintended opening of outer sash 32 when its
keeper 104 is released by latch 106 on the inner sash there is
provided a pivoted catch 140 (see Figures 2 and 110 8) secured by a
pivot screw 142 set in parting bead 58 Latch 140 includes a detent
portion 144 which in the locked position passes through a slot 146 in
a handle portion 148 centrally carried by vertical rail 46 When the
115 detent 144 is engaged with handle 148 sash 32 cannot be moved away
from the closed position illustrated in Figure 2.
Sash 30 is provided with a handle 150 ' centrally carried upon
vertical rail 38 for use 120 in facilitating opening or closing the
sash A catch corresponding to catch 140 may be employed with handle
150 ' in addition to, or as a substitute for, the locking mechanism on
the meeting rails 125 In warm weather it is usually desirable to
provide a large window opening and for this reason the larger the
opening that can be effected in any given window, the more
satisfactory the window is likely to be during warm 130 machine screws
98 Each of the legs 100 of weather strip 96 is provided with a flange
102.
The outer flange 102 is interposed between upper portions of flange 66
and lower portions of flange 74 The inner flange 102 is interposed
between upper portions of flange 62 and lower portions of flange 72.
The legs l MG also may make resilient lateral contact with the
opposing vertical faces of flanges 62 and 66 It will be appreciated
that most if not all of the weight of the sash will ordinarily be
imposed by flanges 72 and 74 upon flanges 62 and 66 and therefore that
weather strip 96 is maintained under some pressure in a position to
form a double seal along the inner and outer edges of rail 44 so as to
prevent entrance of moisture or cold air In addition, however, weather
strip 96 also functions to promote a smooth and silent sliding action
between the sash and the sill member since the coefficient of friction
between the hardened steel margins of the weather strip and the
underlying aluminum flanges 62 and 66 is relatively small Thus weather
strip 96 not only serves to maintain a complete weather bar but it
also eliminates surface to surface contact between the associated
aluminum parts and promotes an ease and quietness of operation not
commonly obtained in ordinary sliding windows The lower rail 36 of
sash 30 is also fitted with a weather strip 96 which operates along
with flanges 56, 60, 68 and 70 in the same manner as that described in
connection with the weather strip of rail 44 of sash 32 It will be
appreciated that the problems of forming an effective weather bar
along the bottom of a horizontally sliding window such as shown herein
are more substantial in some respects than those attending the sealing
at the sill line of a double hung window, for example, because the

sill does not part when the sash is moved, as in a double hung
construction, but on the contrary must be such as to permit an easy
initial sliding action so that the window may be opened without
application of undue force.
In order to lock the windows in the position illustrated in Figure 1,
outer sash 32 is provided centrally of its meeting rail with a keeper
104 and inner sash 30 is provided with a latch 106 Keeper 104 is a
dihedrally shaped plate having a short leg 108 secured by a machine
screw 110 to the face of meeting rail 48 and a long leg 112 passing
through a slot through the shank of flange 90 of the meeting rail to
present an interiorly accessible detent 114 (see Figure 7) Latch 106
is constrained to vertical sliding movement along meeting rail 40 by
means of latch portions 116 and 118 which embrace inner and outer
surfaces of meeting rail 40 along with a headed latch screw 120
threaded into the face of the meeting rail and passing through an
elongated vertical slot 122 in the latch The latch includes a dog
portion 124 which is normally biased by gravity 185,705 785,705
weather The invention makes it possibile for the ordinary home owner
to remove both of the sashes from the window frame thus creating a
window opening of maximum size It is also to be noted that the sashes
may be removed for cleaning purposes; a sash may be removed, carried
to a driveway or laundry tub, washed with soap and running water,
wiped like a large dish, and returned to place In Figure 1 a block 150
is shown secured by a screw 152 in the channel 50 of header 22.
Block 150 is one of a pair of blocks 150 and 154 the positions of
which in channel 50 are indicated in Figure 1 When sash 30 is
partially closed it cannot be bodily lifted sufficiently to unseat its
bottom rail 36 from channel 50 in sill 24 because blocks 150 and 154
make contact with the upper surfaces of the upper rail When sash 30 is
moved sub2 G stantially to the right, as viewed in Figure 1, however,
upper rail 34 may be relatively deeply recessed in channel 50 of the
header so as completely to unseat rail 36 from channel in the sill In
this fashion the sash 30 may readily be removed from the window
opening.
Similarly, channel 52 of header 22 is provided with blocks 156 and 158
positioned as indicated in Figure 1 so that when sash 32 is in
partially closed position its lower rail cannot be unseated from
channel 52 in sill 24 However, by moving sash 32 to the left, as
viewed in Figure 1, so that its vertical rail 46 has passed to the
left of block 156, the upper rail 42 of the sash may be deeply
recessed into channel 52 of header 22 so as to unseat lower rail 44
from channel 52 in sill 24 Thus sash 32 also may readily be bodily
removed from the window frame 20.
A weather block 160 is shown secured by a screw 162 in the

longitudinal centre of parting head 58 of header 22 Block 160 overlies
the upper ends of flanges 84 and 90 which form the weather seal
between the meeting rails.
Thus it becomes feasible to terminate the upper ends of the sealing
flanges of the meeting rails at the lowermost level reached by the
downwardly extending legs of weather strips 76 along upper rails 34
and 42 The frame is provided with weep holes, one of which is
indicated in Figure 2 at 164, as is conventional.
From the foregoing it will be seen that a sliding window construction
made in accordance with the present invention is well adapted to
attain the ends and objects hereinbefore set forth and to be
economically manufactured since both the assembled article and the
method of making it are suited to common production methods and are
susceptible to a wide latitude of variations as may be desirable in
adapting the invention to different applications.
As various embodiments may be made of the above invention and as
changes might be made in the embodiments above set forth, it is to be
understood that all matter hereinbefore set forth or shown in the
accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in
a limiting sense.
In the specification of our co-pending 70
Application No 705/57 (Serial No 785,706) there is described and
claimed a window construction incfuding a frame comprising
substantially vertical jambs, a substantially horizontal header and a
substantially horizontal 75 sill, each of said header and sill having
a sashreceiving channel therein, a sash slidably mounted in both of
said channels for horizontal movements, said sash comprising
substantially vertical stiles and upper and lower 80 substantially
horizontal rails, said sill including vertically extending spaced
flanges forming said channel in said sill and having their
longitudinal edges spaced from each other for the reception of the
lower rail of said sash, a 85 weather stripping element carried by
said lower rail of said sash and engaging and slidable on said flanges
on said sill with said sash, said weather stripping element being
disposed between said lower sash rail and the 90 adjacent edges of
said flanges on said sill to isolate said lower rail from said
flanges.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use

* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785706 (A)
Description: GB785706 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to sliding window construction
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventor: THEOD Of RE IHAUCK Date of Application and filing Complete
Specification: July 30, 1954.
No 705157.
(Divided out of No 785,705) Complete Specification Published: Nov 6,
1957.
785706 Index at acceptance:-Classes 20 ( 3), D 2, J( 1 M: 2 D: 2 F: 2
J); and 44, BE 3 (A 2 A: B 3: J).
International Classification:-A 45 c E 04 f.
COM 1 PLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Sliding Window Construction We, GENERAL
BRONZE CORPORATION, a corporation organized under the laws of the
State of New York, United States of America, of Stewart Avenue, Garden
City, Long Island, United States of America, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to 'be performed, to be particularly
described in and 'by the following statement:This invention relates to
sliding window constructions The invention has particular application
to a practicable and relatively inexpensive arrangement of slidable
window sashes so constructed that the sashes may be wholly removed
from the frames ito leave an unobstructed window opening without
disturbing the window frame In the exemplary form described herein the
invention is embodied in a window construction having a pair of
horizontally slidable sashes, one being ian inner sash iand the other
being an outer sash, each of la size to close approximately one half
of the window opening and with, a lock mechanism at their meeting
rails whereby the sashes may be locked so as to seal completely the
window opening When unlocked either sash may be moved along individual
sash guiding channels in the window frame to adjusted, partially open

position and, as will be brought out more fully hereinafter, either
sash or 'both may be wholly removed from the frame by a simple lifting
operation to leave an unobstructed window opening It will of course be
apparent to those skilled in, the art that the invention or certain
aspects of it may readily be adapted to and embodied in other window
constructions and units differing in various particulars from, the one
set forth in detail hereinafter.
It is an, object of the present invention to provide a
commercially-feasible low-cost window construction which will require
no special maintenance or attention and in which the sashes are easily
movable to adjusted positionas or may even, be completely removed to
leave la wholly unobstructed window opening.
A further objective is to provide a simple slidlPice 3 s 6 d l ing
window sash arrangement which will form a complete bar to the entrance
of weather when 50 in its iclosed position and which may be securely
locked in any one of several adjusted relationships A further object
resides in the provision of a, novel weather sealing relationship
which promotes easy window operation over a long 55 period of use and
at the same time assures full protection against entrance of moisture
and leakage of 'cold lair Other objects will in part be pointed out as
the description proceeds and will in part become apparent there 60
from.
In this specification and the accompanying drawings we have shown and
described a preferred embodiment of the invention and suggested
various modifications thereof; but it 65 is to be understood that
these are not intended to' be exhaustive nor limiting of the
invention, but on the contrary, are given for purposes of illustration
in' order that others skilled in, the art may fully understand the
invention and 70 the principles thereof and the manner of applying it
in various forms, each as may be best suited to the conditions of a
particular use.
In the drawings: 75 Fig 1 ' is an elevation showing la window
construction embodying our invention; Fig 2 is an enlarged
fragmentary, cross section taken along the lines 2-2 of Figure 1; Fig
3 ' is an enlarged fragmentary cross 80 section taken along the lines
3-3 ' of Figure 1; Figure 4 is a sectional view taken along the lines
4-4 of Figure 3; Figure 5 is a fragmentary sectional view on an
enlarged scale taken along the Dines 5-5 of 85 Figure 1; Figure 6 is a
fragmentary view taken along tht lines '6-6 of Figure 5; Figure '7 is
'a view of a locking construction illustrated in, Figure 5 taken at
right 90 angles to the view of Figure 5 '; and Figure '8 is a view of
a catch mechanism taken along the line 8-A 8 'of Figure 2.
Figure 1 illustrates a window frame generally indicated' 'at 20
consisting of a head 22, 95 a sill 24 and jambs 216 and 218 In window

frame 20 are slidably mounted an inner sash and an outer sash 32 Sash
30 is an inner sash with respect to sash 32 in the sense that, as
viewed in (Figure 1, when sash 30 is moved to the right as will be
developed more fully below, sash 30 lies inside of sash 32 (see
Figures 2 and 5) Sash 30 includes an upper rail 34, a lower rail 36, a
vertical rail 38 and a meeting rail 40 Sash 32 similarly includes an
upper rail 42, a lower rail 44,,a vertical rail 46 and a meeting rail
48 In the form described herein these sash rails preferably are formed
from lengths of aluminum extrusions.
The cross section of each rail is such as to present an inwardly
directed glazing bead or pocket which, in the presently described
form, is seen to be filled with a rubber-like packing 49 encasing the
margins of the glass and effecting a tight and permanent seal between
the sash rails and the glass Packing 49 has sufficient resilience to
insulate and protect the glass against shocks such as may be imposed
upon the sash by slamming it against the frame when opening or closing
the window.
In the illustrative form frame 20 also is preferably fabricated from
extruded sections of aluminum of profiles as shown, for example, in
Figures 2 and 5 The frame is provided with an inner channel 50 and an
outer channel 52 which extend in side-by-side relationship around the
inner perimeter of the frame In the present embodiment channel 50 is
defined (see Figures 2 and 5) by an inner stop bead 54 embodying an
outwardly extending flange 5,6 and a parting bead 58 embodying an
kiwardly extending flange 60 Channel 52 is defined by stop bead 58
including an outwardly extending flange 6,2 and an outer stop bead 64
embodying an inwardly extending flange 66.
Sash 30 is shown in Figure 1 to have its rails 34, 36 and 318 seated
within channel 50 and sash 32 has its rails 42, 44 and 46 seated
within channel 52 From the relationship illustrated in Figure 1 sash
30 may be moved to the right, its rails 34 and 36 sliding within
channel 50, to a position, directly behind that occupied by sash 32
Similarly, sash 32 may be moved to the left, as viewed at Figure 1,
its rails 42 and 44 sliding within the guiding channels 52.
The lower rail 36 of sash 30 (see Figure 5) is provided with an
inwardly extending flange 68 and an outwardly extending flange 70 In
the normal position, of sash 30 the extent to which the lower rail 36
of the sash can be seated in channel 50 of sill 24 is limited by the
downwardly facing abutment surfaces presented by flanges 68 and 70
Correspondingly, sash 32 is provided with an inwardly extending flange
72 and an outwardly extending flange 74 which flanges limit the extent
to which the lower rail 44 can be seated in channel 52 of sill 24.
In order to assure an easy sliding action of the sashes within the
frame members and to prevent the passage of moisture and air around

the rails of the sashes each of the sashes is provided around its
upper, lower and vertical rails with a resilient hardened stainless
steel 70 weather strip of channel-like cross section.
More particularly, sash 30 hag the outer edge of its upper rail 34
encased by a weather strip 76 held in position by machine screws 78
threaded directly into the upper rail As 75 best shown in Figure 5,
weather strip 76 is U-shaped in cross section and each of its legs has
an inwardly turned flange 880 which is constrained by the natural
resilience of the strip itself in face-to-face relationship with 80
the side walls of rail 34 The intermediate leg portions 82 of the
weather strip are bowed outwardly away from the side walls of rail 34
and maintain yielding contact between the opposing surfaces presented
by flanges 5,6 and 85 Thus access of air or moisture from outside to
inside around rail 34 is prevented by the sealing contact effected by
outer leg 82 and flange 60 and additionally by inner leg 82 and flange
56 The double seal which results 90 not only makes a lasting bar
agalnst entrance of adverse weather conditions but also promotes an
easy and silent resilient sliding action between the top rail of the
sash and the header of the frame when the sash is moved hori 95
zontally from one position to another.
As best shown in Figure 2, vertical rail 38 or sash 30 is provided
with a weather strip 76 which effects a similar double seal between
flanges 56 and 60 of jamb 256 In like fashion 100 (see Figures 5 and 2
respectively) the upper rail 42 and the vertical rail 46 of sash 32
are double sealed between the flanges 62 and 66 of channel 52 by like
weather strips 76.
In order to prevent unintended entrance of 105 adverse weather
conditions between sashes 30 and 32, meeting rail 40 is provided with
an outwardly extending flange 84 having a backwardly directed leg 86
presenting an inclined surface 88 facing toward the sash Meeting rail
110 48 is similar in cross section to the cross section of meeting
rail 40 and both rails can be made from sections extruded by the same
die Meeting rail 48 includes an inwardly extending flange 90 provided
with a back 115 wardly directed leg 92 presenting an inclined surface
94 facing toward the sash When the sashes are in closed position, as
shown in Figure 2, surfaces 8,8 and 94 engage each other with a slight
wedging action which assures a 120 firm and extensive surface to
surface contact along the flange portions of the meeting rails so that
the weather is effectively barred.
I The lower rail 44 of sash 32 (see Figure 5) has its lower portions
encased by a weather 125 strip 96 of U-like cross section held in
place by machine screws 98 Each of the legs 100 of weather strip 96 is
provided with a flange 102 The outer flange 102 is interposed between
upper portions of flange '66 and lower 130 7185,706 755 706 3 portions

of flange 74 The inner flange 102 is interposed between upper portions
of lange 62 and lower portions of flange 72 The legs also may make
resilient lateral contact with the opposing vertical faces of flanges
62 and 66 It will be appreciated that most if not all of the weight of
the sash willg ordinarily 'be imposed by flanges 72 and; 74 upon
flanges 62 and, '66 and therefore that weather strip 9,6 is maintained
under some pressure in a position to form a double seal along the
inner and outer edges of rail 44, so as to prevent entrance of
moisture or cold air In addition, however, weather strip 96 also
functions to promote a smooth and silent sliding action between the
sash and the sill member since the coefficient of friction between the
hardened steel margins of the weather strip and the underlying
aluminumn flanges '62 and 66 is relatively small Thus weather strip 96
not only serves to maintain a complete weather bar but it also
eliminates surface to surface contact between the associated aluminum
parts and promotes an ease and quietness of operation not commonly
obtained in ordinary sliding windows The lower rail 36 of sash 30 is
also fitted with a weather strip 916 which eoperwtes along with
flanges 516, 60, 68: land 70 in the same manner as that described in
'connection with the weather strip of rail 44 of sash 32 It will be
appreciated that the problems of forming an effective weather bar
along the bottom of a horizontally sliding window such as shown herein
are more substantial in some respects than those attending the sealing
at the sill line of a double hung window, for example, because the
sill does not part when the sash is moved, as in a double hung
'construction, but on the contrary must be such as to permit an easy
initial sliding action so that the window may be opened without
application of undue force.
In order to lock the windows in the position illustrated in Figure 1,
outer sash 32 is provided centrally of its meeting rail with a keeper
104 and inner sash 30 is provided with a latch 106 Keeper 104 is a
dihedrally shaped plate having a short leg 108 secured by a machine
screw 110 to the face of meeting rail 48 ' and a long leg 1121 passing
through a slot through the shank of flange 90 of the meeting rail to
present an, interiorly accessible detent 1.14 (see Figure J 7) Latch
106 is constrained to vertical sliding movement along meeting rail 40
by means of latch portions 116 and irl$ 8 which embrace inner and
outer surfaces of meeting rail 40 along with a headed latch screw 120
threaded into the face of the meeting rail and passing through an
elongated vertidal slot 122 in the latch The latch includes ai dog
portion 124 which is normally biased by gravity to the position
illustrated in Figure ' where it enters detent 114 of the keeper to
lock the sashes in closed position The sashes may readily be unlocked
by lifting latch 106 and sliding sash 30 to an open position.

It is desirable that the window be fashioned so that one of the sashes
miay be opened slightly and there locked in adjusted position so as to
afford a controlled amount of ventilation with 70 out rendering the
sashes subject to further opening by an intruder To this end there is
provided a series of notches 126 (see Figures 2 and 5 ') in flanges 56
and 60 of inner sill channel 50 The lower end of meeting rail 40 75
(see Figures 3 ' and 4) is equipped with a sliding latch 1 i 28 This
latch is secured to the meeting rail by a headed screw 130 threaded
into the meeting rail and the latch is constrained to vertical sliding
movement by slot 80 132 i(see Figure 5 ') through which screw 130
passes and a Sot 134 in which an elongated hub 13 16 formed on meeting
rail 40 operates.
Latch 1258 includes a finger piece 13 '8 by which the 'latch may
conveniently be raised or 85 lowered The latch is wider as measured
transversely with respect to sill 24 than the opposing faces of
flanges 56 'and '60 and accordingly the latch may be lowered through a
selected pair of opposing notches 1216 to lock 90 the sash against
sliding movement in either direction Since the latch is located on the
meeting rail of the sash it is sufficiently remote from the window
opening as to be substantially inaccessible to an intruder on the
outside of 95 the window Thus the window may be opened a matter of
several inches or some adjusted fraction thereof and there secured in
place by latch 128 and the sash 30 cannot later 'be further opened by
an unauthorized person out 100 side the window.
In order to prevent unintended opening of outer sash 32 when its
keeper 1104 is released by latch 106 on, the inner sash there is
provided a pivoted catch 140 '(see 'Figures 2 and 105 8)' secured by a
pivot screw 142 set in parting bead 518 Latch 1,40 includes a detent
portion 144 which in the locked position passes through a slot 1416
in, a handle portion 148 centrally carried by vertical rail 46 When
the 110 detent 144 is engaged with handle 148 sash 32 cannot be moved
away from the closed position illustrated in Figure 2.
Sash 30 is provided with a handle 1501 centrally carried upon vertical
rail 318 for use 115 in facilitating opening or closing the sash A
catch corresponding to catch 1140 may be employed with handle 1501 in
addition to, or as a substitute for, the locking mechanism on the
meeting rails 120 in warmn weather it is usually desirable to provide
a large window opening and for this reason the larger the 'opening
that can 'be effected in any given window, the more satisfactory the
window is likely to be during warm 125 weather The invention makes it
possible for the ordinary home owner to remove both of the sashes from
the window frame thus creating a window opening of maximum size It is
also to be noted that the sashes may be re 130 785 J 06 moved for
cleaning purposes; a sash may be removed, carried to a driveway or

laundry tub, washed with soap and running water, wiped like a large
dish, and returned to place In Figure 1 a block 150 is shown secured
by a screw 152 in the channel 50 of header 22.
Block 150 is one of a pair of blocks 150 and 154 the positions of
which in, channel 50 are indicated in Figure 1 When sash 30 is
partially closed it cannot be bodily lifted sufficiently to unseat its
bottom' rail 36 from channel 50 in sill 24 because blocks 150 and 154
make contact with the upper surfaces of the upper rail When sash 30 is
moved substantially to the right, as viewed in Figure 1, however,
upper rail 34 may be relatively deeply recessed in channel 50 of the
header so as completely to unseat rail 316 from channel in the sill In
this fashion the sash 30 may readily be removed from the window
opening Similarly, channel 521 of header 22 is provided with blocks
156 and 158 positioned as indicated in Figure 1 so that when sash 32
is in partially closed position its lower rail cannot be unseated from
channel 52 in sill 24.
However, by moving sash 32 to the left, as viewed in Figure 1, so that
Its vertical rail 46 has passed to the left of block 156, the upper
rail 42 of the sash may be deeply recessed into channel 52 of header
22 so as to unseat lower rail 44 from channel 52 in sill 24 Thus sash
32 also may readily be bodily removed from the window frame 20.
A weather block 1 r 60 is shown secured by a screw 1:62 in the
longitudinal centre of parting bead 58 of header 22 Block 1 ^ 60
overlies the upper ends of flanges 84 and 90 which form the weather
seal between the meeting rails Thus it becomes feasible to terminate
the upper ends of the sealing flanges of the meeting rails at the
lowermost level reached by the downwardly extending legs of weather
strips 76 along upper rails 34 and 42 The frame is provided with weep
holes, one of which is indicated in Figure 2 at 164, as is
conventional.
From the foregoing it will be seen that a sliding window construction
made in accordance with the present invention is well adapted to
attain the ends and objects hereinbefore set forth and to be
economically manufactured since both the assembled article and the
method of making it are suited,to common production methods and are
susceptible to a wide latitude of variations as may be desirable in
adapting the invention' to different applications.
As various embodiments may be made of the above invention and as
changes might be made in the embodiments above set forth, it is to 'be
understood that all matter hereinbefore set forth or shown in the
accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in
a limiting sense.
In the Specifcation of our co-pending Application No 223 '816/54
(Serial No.

785,705) there is described and claimed a window construction
including a pair of oppositely-disposed parallely-extending
sashguiding frame members, and a sash slidably mounted therein for
movement therebetween 70 in the plane of the sash; the members each
having an elongated channel formed therein and opening toward the
opposing member, the sash having a pair of parallely-extending
opposite rails, one rail being received along its 75 length by the
channel of one member and the other rail being received along its
length by the channel of the other member, the one rail having flange
portions extending therefrom substantially perpendicular to the plane
of the 80 sash and limiting ithe extent to which such rail can enter
the channel of the one member, the other rail having side walls
adapted for relatively deep reception by the channel of the other
member, the last mentioned rail being 85 normally spaced from the base
of said last mentioned channel, and the sash being biased foxvard the
one member, whereby the one rail ordinarily is seated in the one
channel as deeply as the flange portions will permit and 90 the sash
may be raised to disengage it from said last mentioned channel.
There is also described and claimed in the said Specification a window
construction including a pair of oppositely-disposed parallely 95
extending sash-guiding frame members, and inner and outer sashes
slidably mounted therein for movement therebetween each in its own
plane; the members each having inner and outer closely spaced
elongated channels 100 formed therein and opening toward the opposing
member, each sash having a pair of parallely-extending opposite rails,
one rail of the inner sash being received along its length by the
inner channel of one member and the 105 other rail of the inner sash
being received along its length by the inner channel of the other
member, one rail of the outer sash being received along its length by
the outer channel of the one member and the other rail of the 110
outer sash being received along its length by the outer channel of the
other member, the one rail of each sash having flange portions
extending therefrom perpendicular to the plane of the sash and
limiting the extent to which 115 such rail can enter its channel in
the one member, the other rail of each sash having side walls adapted
for relatively deep reception by its channel in the other member, and
each sash being biased toward the one member, whereby 120 the one rail
of each sash ordinarily is seated in its channel as deeply as the
flange portions will permit.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use

* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785707 (A)
Description: GB785707 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Radio beacons
Radio Beacons
WN e, STRXDRD TELEPHONES AND CABLES
LIMITED, a British Company of Connaught
House, 63 Aldsvyeh, London, W.C.2, Eneglands do hereby declare the
invention (communicated by International Telephone and Telegraph
Corporation, a Corporation of the State of tRIar,yland, United
States of America, of 67 Broad Street,
New York, New York, United States of America), for which we pray that
a patent may be granted to us, and the method bv which it is to be
performed, to he particularly described in and by the following
statement
This invention relates to radio beacons and more particularly to a
responder type of beacon for assistance in making distance and azimuth
measurements at an interrogating device.
Distance measuring interrogating svstems provide means for an
aircraft, for example, to determine its distance to a responding type
of ground beacon. One type of distance measuring system in common use
which provides continuous distance readings employs a transmitter and
receiver as parts of the beacon and a transmitter and receiver in the
aircraft. A distance measurement is initiated by having the craft's
transmitter radiate coded interrogation pulses to be received by the
beacon's receiver. The received signal actuates the beacon's
transmitter which responds with pulses according to the craft's coded
interrogation so that the crafts receiver may identify responses to
its interrogations. The distance to the responder beacon is determined
in the eraft's receiver as a function of the time necessary to receive

a response from the beacon.
Beacons heretofore used for distance measuring purposes usually have
provisions for automatically preventing responses to an excessive
number of interrogations. Such provisions are necessary in order to
avoid over-loading the beacon transmitter when a large number of craft
are interrogating the beacon at the same time. This proteetion against
overloading has in the past been achieved by preventing the beacon
from responding to pulses which are spaced closer than a predetermined
time interval.
This placed a definite limit on the number of pulses to which the
beacon could respond in a given period of time. In responder beacons
heretofore used, it has also been necessary to carefully set the gain
of the receiver so that the noise generated by the receiver does not
result in an excessive number of spurious transmitted pulses which
would overload the beacon's transmitter. This setting is extremely
critical if good sensitivity is required and cannot, in fact, be done
by purely manual means but must depend to some extent on an automatic
noise or "grass" control of some sort. Further, the variable duty
cycle of beacons heretofore known requires the use of fixed bias
operation in substantially all the video amplifiers and modulators,
necessitating bias supplies having fairly low impedance, and in
addition, protection against failure of these bias supplies is
necessary. Also, due to the varying duty cycle, the
transmitter-oscillator temperature tends to fluctuate over a wide
range causing frequency shifts if no automatic frequency control is
used, or undue wear on the automatic frequency control mechanism if
one is used.
The aircraft's distance measuring receiver for use with a variable
duty cycle beacon receives a variable number of pulses per second and
therefore cannot make use of a simple automatic gain control system.
This complicates the design of the aircraft receiver.
One of the objects of this invention therefore is to provide a beacon
which overcomes the aforementioned objections.
Another object of this invention is to provide a responder beacon in
which the duty cycle, as measured by the beacon pulse recurrence
frequency averaged over a few seconds, is automatically maintained
substantially constant.
A further object of this Invention is to provide a responder beacon
which can have a high pulse repetition frequency during search and a
fairly low repetition frequency during tracking, and still further,
which may also be used as an omnidirectional range beacon.
An important feature of this invention is the manner by which the duty
cycle of the beacon is maintained substantially constant regardless of
the absence or presence of interrogation signals. An amplifier of the

beacon circuit or of the interrogation signal receiver associated
therewith is provided with a gain control circuit which makes the
amplifier sensitivity sufficiently high in the absence of
interrogation signals as to supply enough thermal pulse noise to pulse
modulate the r-f energy of the beacon transmitter for an average
spurious operation equivalent to a desired constant duty cycle. The
control circuit includes means to integrate pulse signals, taken
either from the receiver circuit or from the transmitter circuit of
the beacon to produce a bias voltage in accordance with the rate of
occurrence of the received pulse signals.
The bias voltage thus produced is applied to the amplifier to control
the sensitivity thereof so as to change the amount of thermal pulse
noise inversely proportional to the rate of occurrence of the
interrogation pulse signals. Thus, as interrogation pulse signals are
received at an increasing rate, a corresponding reduction is made of
spurious pulse operation thereby by resulting in a substantially
constant duty cycle.
The invention will be better understood by reference to the following
description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in
which:
Fig. 1 shows block diagrams of a distance measuring system comprising
a beacon and a beacon interrogatinas device for use on a craft, the
location of which is to be determined with respect to such beacon; and
Fig. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of a control circuit for use in
the beacon of
Fig. 1.
Referring to Fig. 1. a typical distance measuring system is shown
comprising a beacon 1 having a receiver 2 and a transmitter 3 and a
mobile unit 4 including a receiver 5 and a transmitter 6, such as mag
be located on an aircraft or other vehicle. A distance measurement is
obtained by transmission by transmitter 6 of interrogation pulse
signals to which beacon 1 responds. The interrogation pulses are coded
to identify the craft.
When coded signals are received by the beacon antenna 7. they are fed
to the usual receiver frequency converting circuits which include an
i.-f amplifier @, a local oscillator 9. a mixer 10, an i-f amplifier
11 and a detector 12. The output of detector 10 triggers the modulator
13 of the beacon transmitter 3 to which is coupled r-f source 14. The
pulsed r-i signal is fed through an r-f amplifier 15 to antenna 16
which preferably is of the type adapted to radiate omnidirectional
pattern distorted so as to provide a null in one direction. The
antenna may be be the type requiring either mechanical or electronic
rotation, the rotating control being represented at 17 to which is
also coupled a direction pulse signal 18. The output of the generator

18 is applied over connection 19 to the modulator 1:3 for radiation
of a eroded pulse signal when the null is in a given direction. This
directional signal provides Tar omnidirectional range use.
The mobile unit 4 is of a known forci adapted for transmission of a
coded Interrogation pulse signal which when received by the beacon
receiver 2 is applied there-through to the modulator 13 of transmitter
3 for transmission over the beacon antenna 16. When the receiver 5 of
the unit 4 receives this response. the signal is applied to a strobe
circuit 20 to which is also applied a signal corresponding to the
transmission of the interrogation pulse signal from transmitter 6
whereby the time interval between the Interrogation pulse signal and
the responder signal may he determined and the distance of the
aircraft from the beacon is indicated on meter 21.
In order for the beacon to supply signals at a desired constant dutv
cycle, which preferably is at a maximum or near maximum repetition
rate, we provide for the control of the bias of one of the amplifiers
such as amplifier 11, which is thereby automatically varied in
accordance with the rate of reception of the interrogation pulse
signals. This control circuit includes a rate-of-occurence pulse
signal integrator 22 and a bias voltage circuit 23 for controlling the
gain of i-f amplifier 11. The rate-of-occurrence integrator has an
input switch 24 capable of connecting output enelow- from any one of a
number of points in the beacon circuit, whichever is most suitable. As
shown in Fig. 1, the switch 24 has three input connections, the first
connection 26 leading from the output of i-f amplifier 11, a second
connection 27 from the output detector 12, and a third connection 28
from the output modulator 13. By selectively conneeting movable
contact 29 with respect to these connections, the received, detected,
or total transmitted pulse signals may be integrated at 22 to produce
a bias voltage for application through circuit 93 to the amplifier 11.
preferring to Fig. 2. the rate-of-oeeur- rence integrator 22 and the
circuit 23 for applying bias to the amplifier are shown.
The energy from switch 24 is applied to the strapped grid and anode
electrodes of an electron discharge device 30 through a variable
resistor 31 and a coupling condenser 32. The strapped electrodes have
connected thereto a resistor 33, and the cathode 34 has a resistor 35
connected to it. A souree of negative voltage 36 is eolmeeted to a
common point connecting resistors 33 and 35. An output connection 37
is connected to the cathode 34 and applied to the grid 38 of an
electron dis
charge tube 39. The anode of the tube
39 is connected through a resistor 40 to one of the screen grids of
the i-f amplifier 11 and also through a variable resistor 41 to a 'B"
supply, the usual decoupling condenser associated with the screen grid

serving also as the integrator storage element. By adjusting the
variable resistor 41, a desired adjustment can be made of the gain
amplifier 11 which in the present embodiment is to provide the
amplifier with a high sensitivity such that it produces enough noise
pulses to continually but spuriously trigger the modulator 13.
During operation of the beacon, the control circuit illustrated in
Fig. 2 continues to supply a bias voltage such as to maintain the i-f
amplifier at the desired sensitivity for spurious pulse operation of
the transmitter 3 which when averaged over a few seconds is equal to
an equivalent desired constant duty cycle. When an interrogation
series of pulses is received, the pulses being slightly greater in
amplitude than most of the noise pulses always operate to trigger the
modulator for transmission operation. These additional pulse signals
are added to the noise pulses fed to the integrator 22 so that an
output voltage over and above the average produced by the noise pulses
is obtained over connection 37 which produces an increased flow in the
electron discharge device 39. This increased flow corresponds directly
to the increased rate of occurrence of the pulse signals and operates
to reduce the sensitivity of the amplifier 11 a proportional amount
thereby reducing the noise pulses generated thereby. This reduction of
noise pulses is inversely proportional to the rate of oceurrence of
the pulse signals received. As mpre and more interrogation pulses are
received from different craft, the bias voltage produced by the
integrator 22 is increased proportionally thereby decreasing still
further the sensitivity of amplifier 11. There is no critical
adjustment of the amplifier 11, the only adjustment necessary is to
turn up the gain - of the amplifier to a level which assures
sufficient pulse noise or ' grass" for the average constant operation
desired.
One of the advantages of the constant duty cycle beacon is that the
pulse repetition frequency of interrogation pulses may be increased
during the seareh for a beacon and then reduced, once response signals
are received from a beacon. This stepping up of the frequency rate for
search purposes might be argued as a disadvantage such as where the
beacon may have a temporarv fault thereby cansing all aircraft to
simultaneouslv start searching. It would thus be argued that the
simultaneous searching at a high repetition rate would hopelessly
overload the beacon, and no aircraft would receive service. The
present system, however. is not subject to this disadvantage since any
momentarv beacon fault causing all aircraft to start searching
simultaneously would cause the beacon sensitivity to decrease
immediately. This decrease in sensitivity would render service only to
those aircraft nearest the beacon which would have the strongest
signals. Such aircraft would, therefore, continue to receive full

service and their ranging circuit would again start tracking at a low
repetition rate after an interval of five to fifteen seconds. When
this tracking occurs, the beacon sensitivity would start to increase
thereby extending its service to a larger area until full sensitivity
is restored. It is estimated that this restoration would take less
than one minute.
It has been determined by experiment that a desired high duty cycle
can be maintained substantially constant for service to a variable
number of aircraft interrogation units. The duty cycle remained
substantially constant until the number of interrogation signals
reached a certain saturation point beyond which the beacon receiver
became less and less sensitive to additional interrogations.
Since the duty cycle of the beacon is constant, a simple AGC system in
the aircraft distance measuring equipment will produce a voltage
proportional C average amplitude of the received pulses transmitted bv
the beacon. and this voltage will undego a sharp dip in amplitude only
when the null of the beacon antenna faces the aircraft. By radiating a
coded train of pulses from generator 18 whenever the null faces a
given direction such as north, the beacon becomes a suitable source
for intelligence for determining azimuth.
What we claim is:
1. A radio beacon comprising an r-f transmitter, a source of pulse
signals, means responsive to pulse signals from said source for
modulating the r-f amplifier of said transmitter, an amplifier for
amplifying said pulse signals. the pain of said amplifier being
adjustable to a sensitivity sufficient in the absence of pulse signals
to supply thermal noise to pulse modulate the r-f energy of said
transmitter for an average spurious operation equivalent to a desired
average pulse recurrence frequency, means responsive to pulse signals
from said souree to produce a bias voltage in accordance with the rate
of occurrence of said pulse signals, and means for appying said bias
voltage to said amplifier to control the sensitivity thereof in a
manner to produce a change in said thermal noise inversely
proportional to the rate of occurrence of said pulse signals.
2. A radio beacon acocrding to Claim 1. wherein said source of pulse
signals comprises a receiver associated with said transmitter for
reception of interrogation pulses.
3. A radio beacon according to Claim 2. wherein said amplifier is an
amplifier iu said receiver.
4. A radio beacon according to Claim 2, wherein the means responsive
to pulse signals is adapted to derive its input from the signal output
of said receiver.
to pulse signals is adapted 1 to derive its input from; the r-f output

of said transmitter.
to pulse signals is adapted to derive its means to input from the
output of said modulating means.
7. A radio beacon according to any one of the preceding claims wherein
the transmitter includes means to rotating a radiation pattern
has~illg a null. and tile source of said pulse signals includes means
for applying a predetermined pulse signal for transmission when said
null is in a given direction.
8. X radio beacon according to any one of the preceding claims wherein
the means responsive to pulse signals includes an electron discharge
device having anode and cathode electrodes, means to apply energy of
said pulse signals across said electrodes, said last named means
ineludlug a first resistor connected to said anode.
a second resistor connected to said cathode.
and a source of negative voltage connected to said first and second
resistors, and a voltage output circuit connected to said cathode
electrode for output of said bias voltage.
9. A radio beacon according to Claim 8, wherein the means to apply
bias voltage to said amplifier includes an electron discharge device
having anode. cathode.
and grid electrodes. a resistor coupled to said anode for controlling
the gain of said amplifier. and means coupling said voltage output
circuit to said grid electrode.
10. A radio beacon substantially as hereinbefore described with
reference to the accompanying drawing.

5296 5300.output

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (9)

Similar to 5296 5300.output

Similar to 5296 5300.output (20)

More from Иван Иванов

More from Иван Иванов (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

5296 5300.output