Overview of Mass Storage Structure
Disk Structure
Disk Attachment
Disk Scheduling
Disk Management
Swap-Space Management
RAID Structure
Disk Attachment
Stable-Storage Implementation
Tertiary Storage Devices
Operating System Issues
Performance Issues
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
2. STORAGE DEVICES
One of the widely used Hardware for
Storing Permanent Data is HARD
DISK DRIVE
It is used for Storing of DATA for long
term use.
3. Hard Disk Drive
Introduction
Hard Disk Drive is a
nonvolatile data
storage device, it
means that the
storage device retains
the data even when
no power is supplied
to the computer.
Some of the profound
changes in PC hard
disk storage are its
capacity, data transfer
rates from the media.
4. Topic 4 - Hard drive Interface
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)/EIDE
It is used to attach Mass Storage media devices to
the computer.
The next generations of IDE interface is Enhanced
IDE (EIDE)
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
It is capable of supporting up to 7 to 15 devices.
Serial ATA (SATA)
It is an internal or inside-the-box interface technology.
External SATA is commonly known as ESATA.
USB
It is an External , pocket Harddisk
5. Topic 1 - Features
Storage Capacity
The storage capacity of the hard disk refers to the amount of
disk space that can be used to store the user data.
Data Transfer Speed
There are two ways to measure the speed of the disk drive
Average seek time
Transfer rate
Stability
It has been measured by Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF).
8. IDE HARD DISK DRIVE
IDE Hard Disk is a 40 Pin Connector
Hard Disk and is Connected to IDE
connector on Motherboard
9. Motherboard Connections
Primary IDE controller is
usually faster – ATA/66, 100
or 133. Secondary controller
operates at ATA/33
Normally, the IDE controllers
Identified as IDE1 and IDE2
on the motherboard
Onboard Controllers
(2 x 40 pin male ports)
12. Topic 3 - Hard Disk Drive
Components
A flat, round disk called platters
is used in a hard disk
The platters are loaded on a
spindle.
Spindle motor spins the platters.
Electromagnetic read/write
devices called heads are mounted
onto sliders.
Each platter has two heads
13. Topic 3 - Hard Disk Drive
Components
Platters
This platter is made up of substrate material, which gives
structure and rigidity
Platters are physically connected in the middle and driven by
the spindle motor.
Hard Disk Read/Write Heads
The hard disk drive read/write heads act like an interface
between the magnetic media and the part of the hard disk.
Heads are joined to the head actuator move across the disk.
14. Topic 3 - Hard Disk Drive
Components
Types of Read or Write Heads
Ferrite Head – It is used for magnetic recording.
Metal in Gap Head (MIG) - A metal substance has been
filled in the gap, and increases the resistance of magnetic
saturation.
Thin Film Head - This head floats closer to the disk than
the other heads.
Magneto Resistive Head - The MR head can change
resistance.
15. Topic 3 - Hard Disk Drive
Components
Giant Magneto Resistive
Head (GMR) - It will work
on multilayer of materials
dumped in it.
Head Actuator
Mechanism
Stepper motor actuators
It is an electrical motor
that can step from location
to other, with click-stop
positions
Voice Coil Actuator
It is used to shift the head
arms in and out .
It has a special guidance
system
16. Topic 3 - Hard Disk Drive
Components
Spindle Assemble
Spindle Motor
The spindle motors are directly connected to the hard disk platter
spindle
The motor that spins the platters is called the spindle motor.
Logic Board (s)
The logic boards have electronics that control the drive’s spindle and
head actuator systems.
17. PLATTER
PLATTER IS A METALIC PLATE WHICH
IS USED TO STORE THE DATA IN THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC FORM.
THE
DATA
IS
SAVED
IN
TRACK,SECTOR & CLUSTER FORMAT
THERE CAN BE MORE THAN ONE
PLATTER IN A HARD DISK
18. SPINDLE MOTOR
SPINDLE MOTOR is used to revolve
the Platter to access the each and
every part of the HARD DISK
The revolving of the platter is
measured in RPM (RPM stands for
REVOLUTION PER MIN/ROTATIONS
PER MIN)
Current RPM ranges from 7,200 to
15,000
19. ACTUATOR
ACTUATOR is used to make access
the Read Write Head to the every
corner of the Platter
If we consider the live example for
the Actuator, it is like a CAR WIPER
which
moves
in
45
degree
approximately
20. READ AND WRITE HEAD
Read Write Head often refereed as
R/WHEAD
It is a Small Black Device which is
responsible for the Operation of
Reading and Writing.
It is used for Reading and Writing
operations from the HARD DISK
21. READ AND WRITE PROCESS
Platters are divided into 512 byte
sectors. These sectors are the area
on the platter that data is written to.
The platters have a magnetic coating
applied to them that is extremely
sensitive to magnetism.
22. LOGIC BOARD
IT is a Circuit Board which is used to
send
the
signals
and
logical
operations related to HARD DISK
23. WORKING
While the platters are rotating in a circle, the
read/write heads are moved over the disk
surface to the location where they need to
write (or save) information. The read/write
heads do not actually touch the surface of the
disk platters; instead, they “hover” about ten
micro-inches (or millionths of an inch) above
—that’s not even enough space to place a hair
between the read/write head and the platter’s
surface. This design helps improve disk
performance, because a read/write head that
made contact with the platter would cause
friction, slowing down the rotation speed of
the disk.
24. Hard Drive Controller
The controller allows
the hard drive to
send/receive data
using the external
data bus
Hard Drive
Controller
In IDE hard drives,
the contoller circuitry
is built into the drive
External Data Bus
26. TRACKS
Just as there are grooves, or tracks,
on a record or music CD, there are
also tracks on each platter. These
tracks are evenly spaced across the
platter’s surface.
27. SECTORS
The platter is divided into pie slices,
thus dividing the tracks into 512-byte
sectors. Sectors are the actual
storage areas for data, and each has
an address that is made up of the
platter side number, the track
number, and the sector number on
that track.
29. CLUSTERS
A group of any number of sectors can
make up a cluster. When a partition
is formatted, the file system will
determine the cluster size based off
the partition size. For example, a
partition that is 2GB in size formatted
as FAT will use a 32K-cluster size.
That same 2GB partition formatted as
FAT32 will use only a 4K-cluster size.
30. Topic 2 - Geometry of Hard
Drive
Cylinders
It is a set of all platters.
Heads
It is used to read data from the
hard disk drive’s disk platters
Sectors per Track
A track is a one ring of data on
single side
Tracks are divided into many
sectors.
Write pre-compensation
Used to adjust the smaller tracks
31. Topic 2 - Geometry of Hard
Drive
Landing-Zone
When the system is turned off, the BIOS should send the
heads of hard disk to the cylinder where there is no data.
Modes
Three methods available for data addressing
CHS (Cylinder Head Sector)
LBA (Logical Block Address)
ECHS (Extended Cylinder Head Sector)
43. Configuring a Hard Disk
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Connect data cable and power cable
Power up PC, enter BIOS
Standard CMOS settings
Auto detect or enter CHS values
Create partitions
Format each drive
Install O.S.
46. A+ Partition Facts
A maximum of 4 primary partitions per
disk
Up to 24 logical drives per disk
Each partition must be formatted
A PC must have at least 1 primary
partition
The primary partition is where the O.S.
is stored
Extra partitions are optional
48. Topic 9- File System
The file system decides the manner in which data is
accurately arranged on a hard disk drive.
The main function of the FAT is to give the mapping
between clusters and the physical location of data in
terms of cylinders, tracks, and sectors.
FAT 12
FAT 16
FAT 32
NTFS
49. Windows File Systems
File System is created when you
format the drive. The types are
FAT 16
FAT 32
NTFS
Formatting also creates the boot
record, the root directory, the File
Allocation Table and the data area
50. FAT 16
File Allocation Table 16-bit
A max of 216 = 65,536 addressable
sectors
Max partition capacity of 65,536 x 512 =
33Mb
Does not support disks larger than 2.1
Gb
Used up to Win95 release 1
1.44 Mb floppy disks, zip disks and USB
memory sticks are formatted using FAT
51. FAT 32
File Allocation Table 32 bit
A max of 232 = 4 billion addressable sectors
Grouped 4 512 byte sectors together = a
cluster
1 cluster = 2048 bytes or 2Kb
Max hard disk size = 2 Tb
Max partition size of (4 billion x 512 bytes)
= 32Gb
Allows for up to 24 logical drives
Windows 95 release 2 onwards
No mechanism for file security
52. NTFS
New Technology File System
64 bit file system
Windows NT, 2000, XP
Main Advantage = Security
(encryption)
Supports partition sizes up to 2048
Gb or 2Tb
53. Topic 5 - Data Organization in
Hard Disk
The data is recorded on the magnetic tracks of a
hard disk drive.
Each track is divided into number of sectors.
Data is pressed on each sector.
Microcomputers’ hard disk drives are following the
soft sector format.
In the latest soft sector format, the track number,
head number and sector number is written on
each sector’s ID field.
54. Topic 6 - Data Read and Write
Operation
Hard disk heads convert electrical signals to
magnetic signals and magnetic signals to electrical
signals.
By using encoding method, the stored data has
been recorded onto the hard disk.
This encoding method translates zeros and ones
into patterns of magnetic flux reversals.
55. Topic 7 - Hard Disk Drive
Configuration
Cable (Data and Power)
Power Cable
Interface Cable
Jumper Settings (Master/ Slave/ Cable Select)
They are sets of pins with caps placed in various
arrangements.
In some drives manufacturers have cryptic MS, SL, CS initials
BIOS settings
The BIOS made after 1996 will support a drive larger than
4GB.
56. Topic 7 - Hard Disk Drive
Configuration
IO Address
Devices use memory location for interfacing with the computer.
A typical hard disk controller uses 1F0-1F7h I/O port.
Interrupt Request Line (IRQ)
It permits a hardware device to look inside the computer.
When the device need attention, IRQ makes direct line to the
microprocessor
DMA Channel
Without CPU interference, the DMA controller transfers data
from a drive to the computer’s memory.
57. Topic 8 - Hard Disk Drive Setup
Low level formatting
The disk’s tracks are divided into a specific number of sectors.
LLF is most important for the proper operation of the drive.
Partitioning
The hard disk drive can support separate file systems by
creating a partition on a hard disk drive.
High level formatting
The operating system marks the structures essential for
managing files .
High-level formatting is the creation of a table of contents for
the disk
58. Topic 8 - Hard Disk Drive Setup
FDISK
For example: 4 gig hard drives, divided it into 4
partitions.
The four independent drives are ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘E’, and ‘F’.
'C' partition = 2 Giga Bytes
'D' partition = 1 Giga Bytes
'E' partition = 500MB
'F' partition = 500MB
59. Topic 10 - Sector Organization
Cluster
Grouping sectors into larger blocks are called
clusters .
Master Boot Record (MBR)
The location of the master boot record is cylinder
0, head 0, and sector 1.
DOS Boot Record (DBR)
In the beginning of the boot drive the DOS boot
record will load .
Boot Sector
The two tasks of boot sector is to load in the
operating system and to inform the user
information about the disk.
60. Topic 10 - Sector Organization
File Allocation Table
The FAT has entry for each cluster, which describes how
the file has been used, and which files are free for use.
Root Directory
FAT file system uses root directory to format disk.
Data Area
The content of the files are stored in data area.