The document discusses hard disk drives (HDDs), which are non-volatile storage devices that retain data even without power. It describes HDD components like platters, read/write heads, actuators, and logic boards. It explains how data is stored on HDDs using tracks, sectors, and clusters. It also covers HDD interfaces, controllers, partitioning, file systems, and the read/write process.

1. HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD)
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2. STORAGE DEVICES
 One of the widely used Hardware for
Storing Permanent Data is HARD
DISK DRIVE
 It is used for Storing of DATA for long
term use.

3. Hard Disk Drive
 Introduction
 Hard Disk Drive is a
nonvolatile data
storage device, it
means that the
storage device retains
the data even when
no power is supplied
to the computer.
 Some of the profound
changes in PC hard
disk storage are its
capacity, data transfer
rates from the media.

4. Topic 4 - Hard drive Interface
 Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)/EIDE
 It is used to attach Mass Storage media devices to
the computer.
 The next generations of IDE interface is Enhanced
IDE (EIDE)
 Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

It is capable of supporting up to 7 to 15 devices.
 Serial ATA (SATA)


It is an internal or inside-the-box interface technology.
External SATA is commonly known as ESATA.
 USB

It is an External , pocket Harddisk

5. Topic 1 - Features
 Storage Capacity

The storage capacity of the hard disk refers to the amount of
disk space that can be used to store the user data.
 Data Transfer Speed
 There are two ways to measure the speed of the disk drive

Average seek time

Transfer rate
 Stability

It has been measured by Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF).

6. TYPES OF HDD
HDD
PATA/IDE
(PARALLEL
ADVANCE
TECHNOLOGY
ATTACHMENT)
SATA
(PARALLEL
ADVANCE
TECHNOLOGY
ATTACHMENT)
USB/EXTERNAL
HARD DISK

7. Hard Drive Controllers




IDE (aka parallel ATA)
EIDE
SCSI
SATA

8. IDE HARD DISK DRIVE
 IDE Hard Disk is a 40 Pin Connector
Hard Disk and is Connected to IDE
connector on Motherboard

9. Motherboard Connections
Primary IDE controller is
usually faster – ATA/66, 100
or 133. Secondary controller
operates at ATA/33
Normally, the IDE controllers
Identified as IDE1 and IDE2
on the motherboard
Onboard Controllers
(2 x 40 pin male ports)

10. INTERNAL PARTS OF THE HDD

11. INTERNAL PARTS…









PLATTER
SPINDLE MOTOR
HEAD ACTUATOR
ACTUATOR
READ/WRITE HEAD
LOGIC BOARD
CONNECTOR
POWER SUPPLY CONNECTOR
OUTCASING BOX

12. Topic 3 - Hard Disk Drive
Components





A flat, round disk called platters
is used in a hard disk
The platters are loaded on a
spindle.
Spindle motor spins the platters.
Electromagnetic read/write
devices called heads are mounted
onto sliders.
Each platter has two heads

13. Topic 3 - Hard Disk Drive
Components
 Platters

This platter is made up of substrate material, which gives
structure and rigidity

Platters are physically connected in the middle and driven by
the spindle motor.
 Hard Disk Read/Write Heads

The hard disk drive read/write heads act like an interface
between the magnetic media and the part of the hard disk.

Heads are joined to the head actuator move across the disk.

14. Topic 3 - Hard Disk Drive
Components
 Types of Read or Write Heads




Ferrite Head – It is used for magnetic recording.
Metal in Gap Head (MIG) - A metal substance has been
filled in the gap, and increases the resistance of magnetic
saturation.
Thin Film Head - This head floats closer to the disk than
the other heads.
Magneto Resistive Head - The MR head can change
resistance.

15. Topic 3 - Hard Disk Drive
Components
 Giant Magneto Resistive
Head (GMR) - It will work
on multilayer of materials
dumped in it.
 Head Actuator
Mechanism


Stepper motor actuators
It is an electrical motor
that can step from location
to other, with click-stop
positions
 Voice Coil Actuator


It is used to shift the head
arms in and out .
It has a special guidance
system

16. Topic 3 - Hard Disk Drive
Components

Spindle Assemble


Spindle Motor


The spindle motors are directly connected to the hard disk platter
spindle
The motor that spins the platters is called the spindle motor.
Logic Board (s)

The logic boards have electronics that control the drive’s spindle and
head actuator systems.

17. PLATTER
 PLATTER IS A METALIC PLATE WHICH
IS USED TO STORE THE DATA IN THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC FORM.
 THE
DATA
IS
SAVED
IN
TRACK,SECTOR & CLUSTER FORMAT
 THERE CAN BE MORE THAN ONE
PLATTER IN A HARD DISK

18. SPINDLE MOTOR
 SPINDLE MOTOR is used to revolve
the Platter to access the each and
every part of the HARD DISK
 The revolving of the platter is
measured in RPM (RPM stands for
REVOLUTION PER MIN/ROTATIONS
PER MIN)
 Current RPM ranges from 7,200 to
15,000

19. ACTUATOR
 ACTUATOR is used to make access
the Read Write Head to the every
corner of the Platter
 If we consider the live example for
the Actuator, it is like a CAR WIPER
which
moves
in
45
degree
approximately

20. READ AND WRITE HEAD
 Read Write Head often refereed as
R/WHEAD
 It is a Small Black Device which is
responsible for the Operation of
Reading and Writing.
 It is used for Reading and Writing
operations from the HARD DISK

21. READ AND WRITE PROCESS
 Platters are divided into 512 byte
sectors. These sectors are the area
on the platter that data is written to.
The platters have a magnetic coating
applied to them that is extremely
sensitive to magnetism.

22. LOGIC BOARD
 IT is a Circuit Board which is used to
send
the
signals
and
logical
operations related to HARD DISK

23. WORKING
 While the platters are rotating in a circle, the
read/write heads are moved over the disk
surface to the location where they need to
write (or save) information. The read/write
heads do not actually touch the surface of the
disk platters; instead, they “hover” about ten
micro-inches (or millionths of an inch) above
—that’s not even enough space to place a hair
between the read/write head and the platter’s
surface. This design helps improve disk
performance, because a read/write head that
made contact with the platter would cause
friction, slowing down the rotation speed of
the disk.

24. Hard Drive Controller
The controller allows
the hard drive to
send/receive data
using the external
data bus
Hard Drive
Controller
In IDE hard drives,
the contoller circuitry
is built into the drive
External Data Bus

25. THE STORAGE MEATHOD
 THE DATA IS STORED IN THE FORM
OF TRACKS SECTOR AND CLUSTERS

26. TRACKS
 Just as there are grooves, or tracks,
on a record or music CD, there are
also tracks on each platter. These
tracks are evenly spaced across the
platter’s surface.

27. SECTORS
 The platter is divided into pie slices,
thus dividing the tracks into 512-byte
sectors. Sectors are the actual
storage areas for data, and each has
an address that is made up of the
platter side number, the track
number, and the sector number on
that track.

28. SECTOR

29. CLUSTERS
 A group of any number of sectors can
make up a cluster. When a partition
is formatted, the file system will
determine the cluster size based off
the partition size. For example, a
partition that is 2GB in size formatted
as FAT will use a 32K-cluster size.
That same 2GB partition formatted as
FAT32 will use only a 4K-cluster size.

30. Topic 2 - Geometry of Hard
Drive
 Cylinders

It is a set of all platters.
 Heads

It is used to read data from the
hard disk drive’s disk platters
 Sectors per Track

A track is a one ring of data on
single side

Tracks are divided into many
sectors.
 Write pre-compensation

Used to adjust the smaller tracks

31. Topic 2 - Geometry of Hard
Drive
 Landing-Zone
 When the system is turned off, the BIOS should send the
heads of hard disk to the cylinder where there is no data.
 Modes
 Three methods available for data addressing
 CHS (Cylinder Head Sector)
 LBA (Logical Block Address)
 ECHS (Extended Cylinder Head Sector)

32. MOUNTING A DRIVE IN CABINET

33. Connecting an IDE drive
4 prong Molex Connector
40-pin IDE ribbon cable
Red line aligned with pin 1

34. IDE Cables





Ribbon
Rounded
No twist!
40 pin
Max speed = 33Mb/sec
40 pin/80 wires
Max speed = 133Mb/sec

35. 40 wire IDE ribbon cable
33 Mb/sec max
80 wire IDE ribbon cable
133Mb/sec max

36. SATA Cable
4-wire data cable
7 pin connector
Motherboard SATA socket

37. BASIC CONNECTION

38. IDE1 and IDE2 at Startup

39. PATA Design
Primary IDE
Channel
Secondary
IDE Channel
Max of 133 Mb/sec
Master
Slave
Max of 133 Mb/sec
Master
Slave

40. SATA Design
Drive 2
150 Mb/sec
150 Mb/sec
Drive 1
SATA
Controller
Drive 3
150 Mb/sec
150 Mb/sec
Drive 4

41. MASTER/SLAVE SETTINGS

42. MASTER/SLAVE

43. Configuring a Hard Disk
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Connect data cable and power cable
Power up PC, enter BIOS
Standard CMOS settings
Auto detect or enter CHS values
Create partitions
Format each drive
Install O.S.

44. Hard Drive Partitioning




What is it?
Primary Partition
Extended Partition
Logical Drives

45. Partitions
Primary Partition
Extended Partition
Primary Partition
Logical
Drive 1
Drive Letter = c:
Drive Letter = d:
Set to “Active”
Stores O.S.
Logical
Drive 2
Drive Letter = e:
Hard Disk

46. A+ Partition Facts
 A maximum of 4 primary partitions per
disk
 Up to 24 logical drives per disk
 Each partition must be formatted
 A PC must have at least 1 primary
partition
 The primary partition is where the O.S.
is stored
 Extra partitions are optional

47. Disk Management

48. Topic 9- File System
 The file system decides the manner in which data is
accurately arranged on a hard disk drive.
 The main function of the FAT is to give the mapping
between clusters and the physical location of data in
terms of cylinders, tracks, and sectors.

FAT 12

FAT 16

FAT 32

NTFS

49. Windows File Systems
 File System is created when you
format the drive. The types are
FAT 16
FAT 32
NTFS
 Formatting also creates the boot
record, the root directory, the File
Allocation Table and the data area

50. FAT 16
 File Allocation Table 16-bit
 A max of 216 = 65,536 addressable
sectors
 Max partition capacity of 65,536 x 512 =
33Mb
 Does not support disks larger than 2.1
Gb
 Used up to Win95 release 1
 1.44 Mb floppy disks, zip disks and USB
memory sticks are formatted using FAT

51. FAT 32
 File Allocation Table 32 bit
 A max of 232 = 4 billion addressable sectors
 Grouped 4 512 byte sectors together = a
cluster
 1 cluster = 2048 bytes or 2Kb
 Max hard disk size = 2 Tb
 Max partition size of (4 billion x 512 bytes)
= 32Gb
 Allows for up to 24 logical drives
 Windows 95 release 2 onwards
 No mechanism for file security

52. NTFS
New Technology File System
64 bit file system
Windows NT, 2000, XP
Main Advantage = Security
(encryption)
 Supports partition sizes up to 2048
Gb or 2Tb





53. Topic 5 - Data Organization in
Hard Disk
 The data is recorded on the magnetic tracks of a
hard disk drive.
 Each track is divided into number of sectors.
 Data is pressed on each sector.
 Microcomputers’ hard disk drives are following the
soft sector format.
 In the latest soft sector format, the track number,
head number and sector number is written on
each sector’s ID field.

54. Topic 6 - Data Read and Write
Operation
 Hard disk heads convert electrical signals to
magnetic signals and magnetic signals to electrical
signals.
 By using encoding method, the stored data has
been recorded onto the hard disk.
 This encoding method translates zeros and ones
into patterns of magnetic flux reversals.

55. Topic 7 - Hard Disk Drive
Configuration
 Cable (Data and Power)

Power Cable

Interface Cable
 Jumper Settings (Master/ Slave/ Cable Select)

They are sets of pins with caps placed in various
arrangements.

In some drives manufacturers have cryptic MS, SL, CS initials
 BIOS settings

The BIOS made after 1996 will support a drive larger than
4GB.

56. Topic 7 - Hard Disk Drive
Configuration
 IO Address


Devices use memory location for interfacing with the computer.
A typical hard disk controller uses 1F0-1F7h I/O port.
 Interrupt Request Line (IRQ)

It permits a hardware device to look inside the computer.

When the device need attention, IRQ makes direct line to the
microprocessor
 DMA Channel

Without CPU interference, the DMA controller transfers data
from a drive to the computer’s memory.

57. Topic 8 - Hard Disk Drive Setup
 Low level formatting

The disk’s tracks are divided into a specific number of sectors.

LLF is most important for the proper operation of the drive.
 Partitioning

The hard disk drive can support separate file systems by
creating a partition on a hard disk drive.
 High level formatting

The operating system marks the structures essential for
managing files .

High-level formatting is the creation of a table of contents for
the disk

58. Topic 8 - Hard Disk Drive Setup
 FDISK
 For example: 4 gig hard drives, divided it into 4
partitions.
 The four independent drives are ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘E’, and ‘F’.




'C' partition = 2 Giga Bytes
'D' partition = 1 Giga Bytes
'E' partition = 500MB
'F' partition = 500MB

59. Topic 10 - Sector Organization
 Cluster
 Grouping sectors into larger blocks are called
clusters .
 Master Boot Record (MBR)
 The location of the master boot record is cylinder
0, head 0, and sector 1.
 DOS Boot Record (DBR)
 In the beginning of the boot drive the DOS boot
record will load .
 Boot Sector
 The two tasks of boot sector is to load in the
operating system and to inform the user
information about the disk.

60. Topic 10 - Sector Organization
 File Allocation Table
 The FAT has entry for each cluster, which describes how
the file has been used, and which files are free for use.
 Root Directory
 FAT file system uses root directory to format disk.
 Data Area
 The content of the files are stored in data area.

61. Topic 11- Common Errors &
Troubleshooting