Volume of data available in the digital world is increasing every day at a greater speed. Due to enhancement of various technologies and new algorithms, extraction of essential data from huge volume of data is not a tough task nowadays but our goal is the extraction of patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data. Different sources are available for collecting the reviews about a product. To enhance the quality of the products and services these reviews provides different features of the products. Models can use one or more classifiers in trying to determine the probability of a set of data belonging to another set, say spam or 'ham'. Depending on definitional boundaries, modeling is synonymous with, the field of machine learning, as it is more commonly referred to in academic or research and development contexts. In this paper we identified and discussed about three algorithms which are efficient in identifying essential patterns in the available huge volume of data.
GA is a search technique that depends on the natural selection and genetics principles and which determines a optimal solution for even a hard issue.genetic algorithm crossover and genetic algorithm for optimization
Genetic algorithms are optimization techniques inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution. They use operations like selection, crossover and mutation to evolve solutions to problems by iteratively trying random variations. The document outlines the history, concepts, process and applications of genetic algorithms, including using them to optimize engineering design, routing, computer games and more. It describes how genetic algorithms encode potential solutions and use fitness functions to guide the evolution toward better outcomes.
This presentation is intended for giving an introduction to Genetic Algorithm. Using an example, it explains the different concepts used in Genetic Algorithm. If you are new to GA or want to refresh concepts , then it is a good resource for you.
Genetic programming is an evolutionary algorithm that uses principles of natural selection and genetics to automatically generate computer programs to solve problems. It works by generating an initial population of random programs, evaluating their performance on the task, and breeding new programs through genetic operations like crossover and mutation. The fittest programs are selected to pass their traits to the next generation, while less fit programs are removed. This process is repeated until an optimal program is found. Genetic programming represents programs as syntax trees and evolves these trees to find solutions without requiring the programmer to specify the form or structure of the solution.
This document provides an overview of genetic algorithms. It begins with an introduction to genetic algorithms, noting they were developed in the 1970s, inspired by Darwinian evolution. It then describes key features of genetic algorithms, including that they maintain a population of solutions, use reproduction, mutation and crossover to create new populations, and favor fitter solutions. The document discusses various methods for population selection, including roulette wheel selection, rank selection and tournament selection. It also covers the anatomy of a genetic algorithm and provides a simple example to maximize x2 to demonstrate the genetic algorithm process.
Genetic algorithms are inspired by Darwin's theory of natural selection and use techniques like inheritance, mutation, and selection to find optimal solutions. The document discusses genetic algorithms and their application in data mining. It provides examples of how genetic algorithms use selection, crossover, and mutation operators to evolve rules for predicting voter behavior from historical election data. The advantages are that genetic algorithms can solve complex problems where traditional search methods fail, and provide multiple solutions. Limitations include not guaranteeing a global optimum and variable optimization times. Applications include optimization, machine learning, and economic modeling.
Performance of genetic algorithm is flexible enough to make it applicable to a wide range of problems, such as the problem of placing N queens on N by N chessboard in order that no two queens can attack each other which is known as ‘n-Queens problem.
Lack of information about details of the problem made genetic algorithm confused in searching state space of the problem
GA is a search technique that depends on the natural selection and genetics principles and which determines a optimal solution for even a hard issue.genetic algorithm crossover and genetic algorithm for optimization
Genetic algorithms are optimization techniques inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution. They use operations like selection, crossover and mutation to evolve solutions to problems by iteratively trying random variations. The document outlines the history, concepts, process and applications of genetic algorithms, including using them to optimize engineering design, routing, computer games and more. It describes how genetic algorithms encode potential solutions and use fitness functions to guide the evolution toward better outcomes.
This presentation is intended for giving an introduction to Genetic Algorithm. Using an example, it explains the different concepts used in Genetic Algorithm. If you are new to GA or want to refresh concepts , then it is a good resource for you.
Genetic programming is an evolutionary algorithm that uses principles of natural selection and genetics to automatically generate computer programs to solve problems. It works by generating an initial population of random programs, evaluating their performance on the task, and breeding new programs through genetic operations like crossover and mutation. The fittest programs are selected to pass their traits to the next generation, while less fit programs are removed. This process is repeated until an optimal program is found. Genetic programming represents programs as syntax trees and evolves these trees to find solutions without requiring the programmer to specify the form or structure of the solution.
This document provides an overview of genetic algorithms. It begins with an introduction to genetic algorithms, noting they were developed in the 1970s, inspired by Darwinian evolution. It then describes key features of genetic algorithms, including that they maintain a population of solutions, use reproduction, mutation and crossover to create new populations, and favor fitter solutions. The document discusses various methods for population selection, including roulette wheel selection, rank selection and tournament selection. It also covers the anatomy of a genetic algorithm and provides a simple example to maximize x2 to demonstrate the genetic algorithm process.
Genetic algorithms are inspired by Darwin's theory of natural selection and use techniques like inheritance, mutation, and selection to find optimal solutions. The document discusses genetic algorithms and their application in data mining. It provides examples of how genetic algorithms use selection, crossover, and mutation operators to evolve rules for predicting voter behavior from historical election data. The advantages are that genetic algorithms can solve complex problems where traditional search methods fail, and provide multiple solutions. Limitations include not guaranteeing a global optimum and variable optimization times. Applications include optimization, machine learning, and economic modeling.
Performance of genetic algorithm is flexible enough to make it applicable to a wide range of problems, such as the problem of placing N queens on N by N chessboard in order that no two queens can attack each other which is known as ‘n-Queens problem.
Lack of information about details of the problem made genetic algorithm confused in searching state space of the problem
Application of Genetic Algorithm in Software TestingGhanshyam Yadav
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on using genetic algorithms for software testing. It discusses how genetic algorithms can be applied to generate test cases automatically by representing test paths as chromosomes that undergo processes of selection, crossover and mutation. The goal is to optimize test paths by focusing on the most critical ones first to improve testing efficiency. The presentation provides details on how the genetic algorithm would work by assigning weights to paths in a program's control flow graph and using the weights to select paths for reproduction and mutation over multiple iterations.
This document provides an introduction to genetic algorithms and genetic programming. It discusses how genetic algorithms are inspired by natural selection and genetics, using operations like crossover and mutation to evolve solutions to problems. It also outlines the basic steps of a genetic programming framework, including generating an initial population randomly, evaluating fitness, selecting parents, performing crossover and mutation to create offspring, and iterating until a solution is found. Representation using syntax trees and example genetic operators like single point crossover are described.
Class GA. Genetic Algorithm,Genetic Algorithmraed albadri
Genetic Algorithms are good at taking large, potentially huge search spaces and navigating them, looking for optimal combinations of things, solutions you might not otherwise find in a lifetime
Genetic Algorithm
This document discusses genetic algorithms and their components. It begins by explaining that genetic algorithms are a type of evolutionary algorithm inspired by biological evolution that uses techniques like inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover. It then defines the key terms used in genetic algorithms, such as individuals, populations, chromosomes, genes, and fitness functions. The rest of the document provides more details on genetic algorithm components like representation of solutions, selection of individuals, crossover and mutation operations, and the general genetic algorithm process.
Genetic algorithms are a type of evolutionary algorithm inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution. They use operations like selection, crossover and mutation to evolve solutions to problems over multiple generations. Genetic algorithms work on a population of potential solutions encoded as chromosomes, evolving them toward better solutions. They have been applied to optimization and search problems in various domains like robotics, engineering and bioinformatics.
This document provides an introduction to genetic algorithms. It describes genetic algorithms as probabilistic optimization algorithms inspired by biological evolution, using concepts like natural selection and genetic inheritance. The key components of a genetic algorithm are described, including encoding solutions, initializing a population, selecting parents, applying genetic operators like crossover and mutation, evaluating fitness, and establishing termination criteria. An example problem of maximizing binary string ones is used to illustrate how a genetic algorithm works over multiple generations.
This document discusses genetic algorithms and their applications. It explains key concepts like genetic crossover, genetic algorithm steps to solve optimization problems, and how genetic algorithms mimic biological evolution. Examples are provided of genetic algorithms being used for tasks like predicting protein structure, automotive design optimization, and generating musical variations. Advantages and limitations of genetic algorithms are also summarized.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses genetic algorithms, which are adaptive heuristic search algorithms based on natural selection and genetics. Genetic algorithms generate potential solutions and evaluate their fitness to determine which solutions are best suited for evolving toward an answer. Potential solutions are encoded as binary bit strings called chromosomes. The genetic algorithm operates by initializing a random population, determining fitness, selecting parents for reproduction, performing crossover and mutation on offspring, and evaluating the new population in an iterative process until a termination criteria is met.
Genetic algorithms (GAs) are optimization algorithms inspired by Darwinian evolution. They use techniques like mutation, crossover, and selection to evolve solutions to problems iteratively. The document provides examples to illustrate how GAs work, including finding a binary number and fitting a polynomial to data points. GAs initialize a population of random solutions, then improve it over generations by keeping the fittest solutions and breeding them using crossover and mutation to produce new solutions, until finding an optimal or near-optimal solution.
This document provides an overview of genetic algorithms. It discusses that genetic algorithms are a type of evolutionary algorithm inspired by biological evolution that is used to find optimal or near-optimal solutions to problems by mimicking natural selection. The document outlines the basic concepts of genetic algorithms including encoding, representation, search space, fitness functions, and the main operators of selection, crossover and mutation. It also provides examples of applications in bioinformatics and highlights advantages like being easy to understand while also noting potential disadvantages like requiring more computational time.
This document provides information about genetic algorithms including:
1. Definitions of genetic algorithms from Grefenstette and Goldberg that describe genetic algorithms as search algorithms based on biological evolution and natural selection.
2. An overview of genetic algorithms including the basic concepts of populations, chromosomes, genes, fitness functions, selection, crossover, and mutation.
3. Examples of genetic representations like binary encoding and permutation encoding.
4. Descriptions of genetic operators like selection, crossover, and mutation that maintain genetic diversity between generations.
This course basically deals with the algorithms of genetic part and further deals with how it is formed and what are its techniques and how it can be used in Power
Genetic algorithms are well-suited for optimization problems with large search spaces and few feasible solutions. They use techniques inspired by biological evolution, such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover. The algorithm initializes a population of solutions and then iteratively applies genetic operators to generate new populations until a termination condition is reached, such as a fixed number of generations.
This document discusses genetic algorithms. It introduces genetic algorithms as global search heuristics inspired by evolutionary biology concepts like inheritance, mutation, and crossover. It describes the key genetic algorithm operators of reproduction, crossover, and mutation. Reproduction selects above-average solutions for breeding, crossover combines parts of parent solutions, and mutation randomly changes parts of a solution. The document outlines the genetic algorithm process of initializing a random population, evaluating via a fitness function, selecting parents, applying operators, and iterating until termination criteria is met. Genetic algorithms are advantageous for complex problems as they use populations to search in parallel and only require objective function values rather than derivatives.
Presentation is about genetic algorithms. Also it includes introduction to soft computing and hard computing. Hope it serves the purpose and be useful for reference.
This document summarizes an introduction to evolutionary algorithms and their potential applications. It discusses how genetic algorithms are inspired by biological evolution through natural selection and genetic recombination/mutation. An example is provided of how a genetic algorithm could be used to evolve the color blue. The author's research involves using genetic algorithms to evolve mathematical disease models to fit epidemiological data. Open questions are raised about using genetic algorithms to inform parameter selection for models. Collaboration is sought on this open problem.
Genetic algorithms (GA) are a class of optimization algorithms inspired by biological evolution. GAs use concepts like natural selection and genetic inheritance to evolve solutions to problems by iteratively selecting better solutions. A GA encodes potential solutions as strings called chromosomes and uses genetic operators like crossover and mutation to generate new solutions, evaluating them to select the fittest ones. This process is repeated until a termination condition is reached, such as a solution meeting criteria or a fixed number of generations. GAs are well-suited for complex problems where little is known about the search space.
The mergence of Marketing and eMarketing - Dan RoseCorporate College
Dan Rose, President of Precision Dialogue, discusses the mergence between traditional marketing and eMarketing at the eMarketing Techniques Series at Corporate College. Brought to you by the Key Entrepreneur Development Center.
Data mining is the analysis of (often large) observational data sets to find unsuspected relationships and to summarize the data in novel ways that are both understandable and useful to the data owner.
Application of Genetic Algorithm in Software TestingGhanshyam Yadav
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on using genetic algorithms for software testing. It discusses how genetic algorithms can be applied to generate test cases automatically by representing test paths as chromosomes that undergo processes of selection, crossover and mutation. The goal is to optimize test paths by focusing on the most critical ones first to improve testing efficiency. The presentation provides details on how the genetic algorithm would work by assigning weights to paths in a program's control flow graph and using the weights to select paths for reproduction and mutation over multiple iterations.
This document provides an introduction to genetic algorithms and genetic programming. It discusses how genetic algorithms are inspired by natural selection and genetics, using operations like crossover and mutation to evolve solutions to problems. It also outlines the basic steps of a genetic programming framework, including generating an initial population randomly, evaluating fitness, selecting parents, performing crossover and mutation to create offspring, and iterating until a solution is found. Representation using syntax trees and example genetic operators like single point crossover are described.
Class GA. Genetic Algorithm,Genetic Algorithmraed albadri
Genetic Algorithms are good at taking large, potentially huge search spaces and navigating them, looking for optimal combinations of things, solutions you might not otherwise find in a lifetime
Genetic Algorithm
This document discusses genetic algorithms and their components. It begins by explaining that genetic algorithms are a type of evolutionary algorithm inspired by biological evolution that uses techniques like inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover. It then defines the key terms used in genetic algorithms, such as individuals, populations, chromosomes, genes, and fitness functions. The rest of the document provides more details on genetic algorithm components like representation of solutions, selection of individuals, crossover and mutation operations, and the general genetic algorithm process.
Genetic algorithms are a type of evolutionary algorithm inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution. They use operations like selection, crossover and mutation to evolve solutions to problems over multiple generations. Genetic algorithms work on a population of potential solutions encoded as chromosomes, evolving them toward better solutions. They have been applied to optimization and search problems in various domains like robotics, engineering and bioinformatics.
This document provides an introduction to genetic algorithms. It describes genetic algorithms as probabilistic optimization algorithms inspired by biological evolution, using concepts like natural selection and genetic inheritance. The key components of a genetic algorithm are described, including encoding solutions, initializing a population, selecting parents, applying genetic operators like crossover and mutation, evaluating fitness, and establishing termination criteria. An example problem of maximizing binary string ones is used to illustrate how a genetic algorithm works over multiple generations.
This document discusses genetic algorithms and their applications. It explains key concepts like genetic crossover, genetic algorithm steps to solve optimization problems, and how genetic algorithms mimic biological evolution. Examples are provided of genetic algorithms being used for tasks like predicting protein structure, automotive design optimization, and generating musical variations. Advantages and limitations of genetic algorithms are also summarized.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses genetic algorithms, which are adaptive heuristic search algorithms based on natural selection and genetics. Genetic algorithms generate potential solutions and evaluate their fitness to determine which solutions are best suited for evolving toward an answer. Potential solutions are encoded as binary bit strings called chromosomes. The genetic algorithm operates by initializing a random population, determining fitness, selecting parents for reproduction, performing crossover and mutation on offspring, and evaluating the new population in an iterative process until a termination criteria is met.
Genetic algorithms (GAs) are optimization algorithms inspired by Darwinian evolution. They use techniques like mutation, crossover, and selection to evolve solutions to problems iteratively. The document provides examples to illustrate how GAs work, including finding a binary number and fitting a polynomial to data points. GAs initialize a population of random solutions, then improve it over generations by keeping the fittest solutions and breeding them using crossover and mutation to produce new solutions, until finding an optimal or near-optimal solution.
This document provides an overview of genetic algorithms. It discusses that genetic algorithms are a type of evolutionary algorithm inspired by biological evolution that is used to find optimal or near-optimal solutions to problems by mimicking natural selection. The document outlines the basic concepts of genetic algorithms including encoding, representation, search space, fitness functions, and the main operators of selection, crossover and mutation. It also provides examples of applications in bioinformatics and highlights advantages like being easy to understand while also noting potential disadvantages like requiring more computational time.
This document provides information about genetic algorithms including:
1. Definitions of genetic algorithms from Grefenstette and Goldberg that describe genetic algorithms as search algorithms based on biological evolution and natural selection.
2. An overview of genetic algorithms including the basic concepts of populations, chromosomes, genes, fitness functions, selection, crossover, and mutation.
3. Examples of genetic representations like binary encoding and permutation encoding.
4. Descriptions of genetic operators like selection, crossover, and mutation that maintain genetic diversity between generations.
This course basically deals with the algorithms of genetic part and further deals with how it is formed and what are its techniques and how it can be used in Power
Genetic algorithms are well-suited for optimization problems with large search spaces and few feasible solutions. They use techniques inspired by biological evolution, such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover. The algorithm initializes a population of solutions and then iteratively applies genetic operators to generate new populations until a termination condition is reached, such as a fixed number of generations.
This document discusses genetic algorithms. It introduces genetic algorithms as global search heuristics inspired by evolutionary biology concepts like inheritance, mutation, and crossover. It describes the key genetic algorithm operators of reproduction, crossover, and mutation. Reproduction selects above-average solutions for breeding, crossover combines parts of parent solutions, and mutation randomly changes parts of a solution. The document outlines the genetic algorithm process of initializing a random population, evaluating via a fitness function, selecting parents, applying operators, and iterating until termination criteria is met. Genetic algorithms are advantageous for complex problems as they use populations to search in parallel and only require objective function values rather than derivatives.
Presentation is about genetic algorithms. Also it includes introduction to soft computing and hard computing. Hope it serves the purpose and be useful for reference.
This document summarizes an introduction to evolutionary algorithms and their potential applications. It discusses how genetic algorithms are inspired by biological evolution through natural selection and genetic recombination/mutation. An example is provided of how a genetic algorithm could be used to evolve the color blue. The author's research involves using genetic algorithms to evolve mathematical disease models to fit epidemiological data. Open questions are raised about using genetic algorithms to inform parameter selection for models. Collaboration is sought on this open problem.
Genetic algorithms (GA) are a class of optimization algorithms inspired by biological evolution. GAs use concepts like natural selection and genetic inheritance to evolve solutions to problems by iteratively selecting better solutions. A GA encodes potential solutions as strings called chromosomes and uses genetic operators like crossover and mutation to generate new solutions, evaluating them to select the fittest ones. This process is repeated until a termination condition is reached, such as a solution meeting criteria or a fixed number of generations. GAs are well-suited for complex problems where little is known about the search space.
The mergence of Marketing and eMarketing - Dan RoseCorporate College
Dan Rose, President of Precision Dialogue, discusses the mergence between traditional marketing and eMarketing at the eMarketing Techniques Series at Corporate College. Brought to you by the Key Entrepreneur Development Center.
Data mining is the analysis of (often large) observational data sets to find unsuspected relationships and to summarize the data in novel ways that are both understandable and useful to the data owner.
This document discusses computer forensics and the use of Linux as a forensic tool. It defines computer forensics as the preservation, identification, extraction, documentation and interpretation of computer media for evidentiary purposes. It describes the skills required of forensic analysts, such as technical, investigative and legal skills. It also lists some computer forensics training programs and certifications. The document emphasizes that Linux is a powerful free and open source tool for computer forensics due to its versatility and ability to image any media in a forensically-sound manner. It describes some common Linux forensic tools like dd, The Sleuth Kit and Autopsy.
Data mining is one of the most talked about topics today, yet many companies are only scratching the surface of what it can mean for their business. In this talk, Dr. Bikram Ghosh will discuss:
What data mining is
How it is used
Techniques you can leverage
Implementation strategies to increase differentiation for your brand
This document discusses the Excel add-in for data mining. It allows users to mine data with a few clicks using advanced algorithms without needing experience in data mining or SQL server configuration. The add-in contains sections for data preparation, modeling, accuracy validation, and connection. Data can be explored, cleaned, and prepared for modeling. Common modeling techniques like classification, estimation, clustering and association are supported. Accuracy of models can be validated against real data.
To develop and maximize my potential in my chosen area Designing by working in an organization that provides me with both challenges and opportunities to exercise them. To extract maximum job and career satisfaction from work.
- The document provides an outlook and analysis of Vietnam's economy and stock market for Q3 2016.
- Key points discussed include expectations for GDP growth of 6.3-6.4% in 2016, stable interest rates and USD/VND exchange rate, positive impacts from foreign trade agreements and foreign direct investment, and opportunities in the real estate, privatization and restructuring sectors.
- The stock market outlook is positive, with the VN-Index expected to reach 699-880 by the end of 2017, driven by earnings growth of around 8% and stable or flat valuation multiples. Risks include slower global and domestic growth.
The document discusses the key components of a company's external environment: customers, suppliers, competitors, marketing intermediaries, and the public. It provides details on each component, including the types of customers a company may have (consumer, business, reseller, government, international) and the roles that suppliers, competitors, various marketing intermediaries (resellers, distributors, agencies), and the public play in a company's operations and relationships.
Data mining refers to analyzing data sets to discover hidden patterns and trends. This information can help companies improve strategies for marketing, analyzing customers and markets, increasing revenue, and forecasting sales. Data mining has proven useful in business, computing, biotechnology, and analyzing stock markets. While a relatively new term, data mining has long been used by large corporations to analyze large data sets and draw conclusions. Microsoft has introduced the SQL Server Data Mining Add-ins for Office 2007 to make data mining accessible through a familiar Microsoft Office environment. It connects Excel to the powerful data mining algorithms in SQL Server Analysis Services. The add-in allows users to perform tasks like data preparation, modeling, and validating models with just a few clicks.
Data mining was developed to enable businesses to make useful discoveries for decision making by exploring and analyzing large quantities of data to discover meaningful patterns. It works with data warehousing, which provides enterprise memory, and provides intelligence. Data mining is quicker and easier than traditional analysis methods and has applications in industries like finance, insurance, and telecommunications for tasks like credit card analysis, fraud analysis, and call record analysis.
Come cambiano le abitudini del consumatore quando la tecnologia incontra il lusso?
Il mondo dell’hi fi è caratterizzato oggigiorno da alta specializzazione, alte prestazioni e, soprattutto, forte competizione. Le aziende più forti che producono e commercializzano Luxury Headphones sono poche e, di anno in anno, cercano di aggiudicarsi nuovi vantaggi competitivi e fette di mercato. Ciò che le differenzia, aldilà degli attributi tecnici e le prestazioni, è sostanzialmente il posizionamento del loro brand sul mercato e, di conseguenza, nella mente del consumatore.
The document discusses the growth journey and tasks of Peshwa Acharya at Housing, including expanding to non-metro areas through a new asset-light and risk-mitigated business model. As Chief Growth Officer, Acharya recommended setting up sales and marketing teams, building a business partner network, devising customer acquisition and monetization models, and conceptualizing the Housing Look Up brand with a UK agency. Specific steps taken included adopting a franchise business model for non-metros, setting up housing centers in 12 tier 2/3 cities, and designing marketing campaigns to generate leads and engage brokers and the real estate ecosystem. Housing is now poised to become India's largest omni-channel real estate platform through online and offline touch
International health agencies & current global health issuesAmrut Swami
This document provides an overview of international health agencies and their roles in global health. It discusses the history of international health cooperation beginning in the 14th century and the establishment of the World Health Organization in 1948. It then summarizes the objectives and structure of WHO and describes some of its current global health initiatives. It also briefly outlines the roles of other UN agencies like UNICEF, FAO, ILO, and regional health organizations in promoting public health internationally.
Jeffrey Ballom has over 25 years of experience in academic advising and counseling roles at various community colleges in Texas. He currently works as a Counselor and Academic Advisor at Trinity Valley Community College, where he counsels students and processes applications for health science programs. Prior to this, he held Director roles involving advising, counseling, budget management, and supervising staff. He has a Master's degree in Counseling and Guidance from Texas A&M University-Commerce and is a National Certified Counselor.
Booth's multiplication algorithm was invented by Andrew D. Booth in 1951 while studying crystallography at Birkbeck College in London. It improves the speed of computer multiplication by reducing the number of additions or subtractions needed. The algorithm uses a grid with the multiplicand in the top row, the negative multiplicand in the middle row, and the multiplier in the bottom row. It then iteratively shifts and adds or subtracts based on the last two bits of the product to build up the final result in fewer steps than standard addition methods. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how the algorithm works.
The document discusses evolutionary algorithms and genetic algorithms. It defines evolutionary algorithms as computational models of natural selection and genetics that simulate evolution through processes of selection, mutation and reproduction to find optimal solutions to problems. Genetic algorithms are described as a class of stochastic search algorithms inspired by biological evolution that use concepts of natural selection and genetic inheritance to search for solutions. The key steps of a genetic algorithm are outlined, including initializing a population, evaluating fitness, selecting parents, performing crossover and mutation to produce offspring, and iterating over generations until a termination condition is met.
Genetic algorithms are heuristic search methods inspired by natural selection that can be used to find optimized solutions to problems. They work by generating an initial random population of solutions and then applying genetic operations like selection, crossover and mutation to produce new solutions over multiple generations. The fittest solutions survive and weaker ones die out, causing the overall population to become better adapted to the problem being solved. Genetic algorithms are well-suited for searching large, complex datasets and problems with multimodal or n-dimensional search spaces.
Genetic algorithms are a type of evolutionary algorithm that mimics natural selection. They operate on a population of potential solutions applying operators like selection, crossover and mutation to produce the next generation. The algorithm iterates until a termination condition is met, such as a solution being found or a maximum number of generations being produced. Genetic algorithms are useful for optimization and search problems as they can handle large, complex search spaces. However, they require properly defining the fitness function and tuning various parameters like population size, mutation rate and crossover rate.
A Review On Genetic Algorithm And Its ApplicationsKaren Gomez
This document provides an overview of genetic algorithms and their applications. It begins with an introduction to genetic algorithms, explaining that they are inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution and use techniques like mutation and crossover to evolve solutions to problems. The document then covers biological concepts related to genetics like chromosomes, genes, alleles, and reproduction. It discusses how genetic algorithms represent potential solutions as chromosomes and use selection, crossover and mutation operators to evolve new solutions. The document also covers genetic algorithm parameters and applications to problems like the traveling salesman problem.
The genetic algorithm is a mataheuristic method that uses the metaphor of the evolutionary process of living things, especially Darwin's theory of evolution. This persentation will discuss about the fundamental of Genetic Algorithm. Download this PPT and put in "Slide Persentation (F5)" to play the animation in it.
soft computing BTU MCA 3rd SEM unit 1 .pptxnaveen356604
This document discusses hard computing and soft computing. Hard computing uses deterministic algorithms and mathematical models to produce accurate and predictable results, while soft computing can handle imprecision, uncertainty, and ambiguity. Soft computing techniques include fuzzy logic, neural networks, genetic algorithms, probabilistic reasoning, and evolutionary computation. These techniques aim to mimic human-like reasoning by tolerating uncertainty, learning and adapting, and integrating multiple methods. Examples of evolutionary computation algorithms provided are genetic algorithms, genetic programming, evolutionary strategies, differential evolution, and particle swarm optimization. Neural networks, ant colony optimization, and fuzzy logic are also summarized.
AUDIO CRYPTOGRAPHY VIA ENHANCED GENETIC ALGORITHMijma
As communication technologies surged recently, the secrecy of shared information between communication parts has gained tremendous attention. Many Cryptographic techniques have been proposed/implemented to secure multimedia data and to allay public fears during communication. This paper expands the scope of audio data security via an enhanced genetic algorithm. Here, each individual (audio sample) is genetically engineered to produce new individuals. The enciphering process of the proposed technology acquires, conditions, and transforms each audio sample into bit strings. Bits fission, switching, mutation, fusion, and deconditioning operations are then applied to yield cipher audio signals. The original audio sample is recovered at the receiver's end through a deciphering process without the loss of any inherent message. The novelty of the proposed technique resides in the integration of fission and fusion into the traditional genetic algorithm operators and the use of a single (rather than two) individual(s) for reproduction. The effectiveness of the proposed cryptosystem is demonstrated through simulations and performance analyses.
This document describes genetic algorithms and provides an example of how one works. It defines genetic algorithms as evolutionary algorithms that use techniques inspired by evolutionary biology like inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover. The document then outlines the typical components of a genetic algorithm, including initialization of a random population, fitness evaluation, selection of parents, crossover and mutation to produce offspring, and iteration until a termination condition is met. It concludes by showing pseudocode for a genetic algorithm to solve the onemax problem and output from running the algorithm.
Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques for Breast Cancer PredictionDr. Amarjeet Singh
The most frequently happening cancer among Indian women is breast cancer, which is the second most exposed cancer in the world. Here is a chance of fifty percent for fatality in a case as one of two women diagnosed with breast cancer die in the cases of Indian women. With the rapid population growth, the risk of death incurred by breast cancer is rising exponentially. [2] Breast cancer is the second most severe cancer among all of the cancers already unveiled. A machine learning technique discovers illness which helps clinical staffs in sickness analysis and offers dependable, powerful, and quick reaction just as diminishes the danger of death. In this paper, we look at five administered AI methods named Support vector machine (SVM), K-closest neighbours, irregular woodlands, fake/ Artificial neural organizations (ANNs). The performance of the study is measured with respect to accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, negative predictive value. Furthermore, these strategies were evaluated on exactness review region under bend and beneficiary working trademark bend. At last in this paper we analysed some of different papers to find how they are predicted and what are all the techniques they were used and finally we study the complete research of machine learning techniques for breast cancer.
This document summarizes a research paper on genetic algorithms. It begins by explaining the biological concepts of evolution and natural selection that inspired genetic algorithms. A genetic algorithm uses populations of candidate solutions that are evolved over generations through mechanisms like reproduction, crossover, and mutation. The paper then describes the components of a genetic algorithm - generating an initial population, calculating fitness, selection, crossover and mutation. It provides an example of using a genetic algorithm to simulate a player moving through a maze to reach a goal. The paper concludes by discussing applications of genetic algorithms and limitations of the approach.
A Comparative Analysis of Feature Selection Methods for Clustering DNA SequencesCSCJournals
Large-scale analysis of genome sequences is in progress around the world, the major application of which is to establish the evolutionary relationship among the species using phylogenetic trees. Hierarchical agglomerative algorithms can be used to generate such phylogenetic trees given the distance matrix representing the dissimilarity among the species. ClustalW and Muscle are two general purpose programs that generates distance matrix from the input DNA or protein sequences. The limitation of these programs is that they are based on Smith-Waterman algorithm which uses dynamic programming for doing the pair-wise alignment. This is an extremely time consuming process and the existing systems may even fail to work for larger input data set. To overcome this limitation, we have used the frequency of codons usage as an approximation to find dissimilarity among species. The proposed technique further reduces the complexity by extracting only the significant features of the species from the mtDNA sequences using the techniques like frequent codons, codons with maximum range value or PCA technique. We have observed that the proposed system produces nearly accurate results in a significantly reduced running time.
1. Genetic algorithms are a class of probabilistic optimization algorithms inspired by biological evolution, using concepts like natural selection and genetic inheritance.
2. They maintain a population of candidate solutions and make the population evolve iteratively by applying operators like selection, crossover and mutation.
3. Genetic algorithms are well-suited for hard optimization problems where little is known about the search space.
Cost Optimized Design Technique for Pseudo-Random Numbers in Cellular Automataijait
In this research work, we have put an emphasis on the cost effective design approach for high quality pseudo-random numbers using one dimensional Cellular Automata (CA) over Maximum Length CA. This work focuses on different complexities e.g., space complexity, time complexity, design complexity and searching complexity for the generation of pseudo-random numbers in CA. The optimization procedure for
these associated complexities is commonly referred as the cost effective generation approach for pseudorandom numbers. The mathematical approach for proposed methodology over the existing maximum length CA emphasizes on better flexibility to fault coverage. The randomness quality of the generated patterns for the proposed methodology has been verified using Diehard Tests which reflects that the randomness quality
achieved for proposed methodology is equal to the quality of randomness of the patterns generated by the maximum length cellular automata. The cost effectiveness results a cheap hardware implementation for the concerned pseudo-random pattern generator. Short version of this paper has been published in [1].
Genetic algorithms are a type of optimization technique based on principles of genetics and natural selection. They are commonly used to find optimal or near-optimal solutions to complex problems. A genetic algorithm works by generating an initial population of solutions randomly and then applying genetic operators like selection, crossover and mutation to produce new solutions over successive generations. The fittest solutions survive and less fit solutions are removed, causing the overall population to evolve toward an optimal solution. Key components of a genetic algorithm include encoding potential solutions, selecting parents for mating based on fitness, recombining parents to produce offspring, and introducing random mutations. Genetic algorithms terminate when a maximum number of generations is reached, a fitness threshold is met, or there is no improvement over successive generations
This document provides an overview of genetic algorithms. It discusses how genetic algorithms are inspired by natural evolution and use techniques like selection, crossover, and mutation to arrive at optimal solutions. The document covers the history of genetic algorithms, how they work, examples of using genetic algorithms to optimize problems, and their applications in fields like electromagnetism. Genetic algorithms provide a way to find optimal solutions to complex problems by simulating the natural evolutionary process of reproduction, mutation, and selection of offspring.
This document provides an overview of genetic algorithms. It begins with the history and motivation for genetic algorithms, explaining how they mimic natural evolution. It then covers the basics of genetics, how genetic algorithms simulate natural evolution, and provides mathematical examples. The document discusses coding solutions as chromosomes, selecting parents for reproduction, crossover and mutation operations, and running a genetic algorithm in MATLAB. It provides examples of applying genetic algorithms to optimization problems in electromagnetism and comparisons to other optimization tools. In summary, the document introduces genetic algorithms, explains how they work by simulating natural evolution, and provides examples of implementing genetic algorithms in MATLAB for optimization problems.
A Binary Bat Inspired Algorithm for the Classification of Breast Cancer Data ijscai
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a binary bat algorithm to classify breast cancer data. The researchers developed a hybrid model combining a binary bat algorithm and feedforward neural network. The binary bat algorithm was used to generate a activation function for training the neural network and minimize error. Testing of the model on three breast cancer datasets produced an accuracy of 92.61% for training data and 89.95% for testing data, showing potential for classifying breast cancer as malignant or benign.
This document provides an overview of optimization techniques used in machine learning, specifically genetic algorithms. It describes the basic concepts of genetic algorithms including genetic operators like selection, crossover, and mutation. It also discusses genetic programming and how programs can be represented as trees or sequences. Finally, it covers Markov decision processes and how they can be used to model sequential decision making problems.
Solving non linear programming minimization problem using genetic algorithmLahiru Dilshan
This document describes solving a non-linear programming minimization problem using a genetic algorithm. It discusses:
1) How genetic algorithms work and how they are applied to solve optimization problems.
2) The steps of the genetic algorithm used: initializing the population randomly, decoding genotypes to phenotypes, evaluating fitness, selecting parents, performing crossover and mutation to generate offspring, and selecting the next generation.
3) The specific non-linear problem to be solved, including defining the objective function and constraints. The genetic algorithm parameters and programming concepts used to find the minimum are also described.
Genetic algorithm guided key generation in wireless communication (gakg)IJCI JOURNAL
In this paper, the proposed technique use high speed stream cipher approach because this approach is useful where less memory and maximum speed is required for encryption process. In this proposed approach Self Acclimatize Genetic Algorithm based approach is exploits to generate the key stream for encrypt / decrypt the plaintext with the help of key stream. A widely practiced approach to identify a good set of parameters for a problem is through experimentation. For these reasons, proposed enhanced Self Acclimatize Genetic Algorithm (GAKG) offering the most appropriate exploration and exploitation behavior. Parametric tests are done and results are compared with some existing classical techniques, which shows comparable results for the proposed system.
Similar to Extensive Survey on Datamining Algoritms for Pattern Extraction (20)
Exploring the Experiences of Gender-Based Violence
and The Associated Psychosocial and Mental Health
Issues of Filipino HIV-Positives: Implications for
Psychological Practice
Evangeline R Castronuevo-Ruga1, Normita A Atrillano2
Abstract: The phenomenon of gender-based violence has generated attention from research practitioners and helping professionals since
the surge of the women’s movement three or so decades ago in the Philippines. At about the same time, the HIV-AIDS gained similar
attention with the disclosure of the first ever case of the country in the mid-80s. Only recently, however, has the intersectionality of these
two phenomena been looked into by the research community in other countries and has yet to see parallel response locally. This research,
therefore, attempts to map out the lived experiences of People Living with Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (PLHIV) who have undergone
gender-based violence (GBV). It specially looks into the consequent psychosocial and mental health issues. Using focus group discussion with
24 purposively sampled participants from the highly vulnerable groups based in three major Philippine cities, thematic analysis reveals that
the participants experienced various forms of gender-based violence, e.g., sexual, emotional/psychological, economic, verbal, physical) and
expressions of stigma and discrimination, which in turn, led to manifestations of different emotional and psychological trauma, depression,
internalized homophobia, greater health risks and risk-taking behaviours, among others. It might be worthwhile to consider the possibility
that the consequent risk-taking and self-injurious tendencies played a role in their eventual contraction of HIV.
Estimation of Storage-Draft Rate Characteristics of
Rivers in Selangor Region
Farah Syazana Abd Latif1, Siti Fatin Mohd Razali2
1,2Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Abstract: Drought is a phenomenon of extreme water shortage that has significant economic, social, environmental and human life
impact. Streamflow drought characteristics and properties are useful in the design of hydro-technical projects, water resources planning and
management purposes. Information on low flow magnitude, frequency, probability and return period are very crucial in analysing
streamflow drought at the operational level in public water supply. The objectives of this study are to determine the characteristics of low
flow for every streamflow station in the Selangor region. The estimation of minimum storage draft-rate with the probability of low flow
return periods of 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 years is presented in this paper.
Awwal-Awwal Tampat Budjang Journey Back to
Pre-Islamic Epoch: A Cultural Semiotic
Helen G Juaini1
Abstract: Cultural background plays a significant role in the sphere of semiotics. Semiotics as a discipline is recognized as a useful tool in
gauging cultural background and identifying signs that might represent the message of a certain work. Given the rich cultural context of
Tawi-Tawi oral literature this can be used in studying semiotics. Semiotic tools were employed to interpret the awwal-awwal as provided by
the respondents and to formulate a subsequent understanding of this oral literature in relation to the Sama’s claim of sacredness of Tampat
Budjang.
Politeness and Intimacy in Application Letters of
Three Cultural Groups in Mindanao
Helen G Juaini1
Abstract: 150 application letters from the three cultural groups in Mindano, namely Sinama, Subanen, and Tausug have been analysed
in a mixed-method design. The focus of the study is on the two features of politeness and intimacy. In the quantitative analysis, the model
proposed by Brown & Levinson (1987) and that of Columns (2005) which have drawn upon the features of indirectness in requesting and
the length of letters as the indicators of politeness are used. In the qualitative and descriptive analysis formality in salutation and opening
clause as well as the use of abbreviated forms are taken into account. The result shows that Tausug use the politest style in their application
letters, followed by Sinama and Subanen respectively. On the other hand, Sinama, Subanen, and Tausug use the least intimate style in their
business letters. The findings are hoped to help better inter-cultural understanding, especially with respect to written rhetorical
characteristics.
New Authentication Algorithm for IoT Environment
based on Non-Commutative Algebra and Its
Implementation
Maki Kihara1, Satoshi Iriyama2
1,2Tokyo University of Science
Abstract: Recently, IoT devices such as robots, speakers, domestic electrical appliances and smart devices are provided everywhere for
everyone. While their authentication request is quite ubiquitously, namely, an authentication for sharing services, the actual
implementations are patchy schemes of variety security policies. In this study, we propose the new authentication scheme for IoT devices
without certificate authority which is fast enough as well as secure. The verification algorithm is based on suitable ciphered metric. We
define a class of such verifiable encryption and give an example for authentication. Moreover, we show the implementation which keeps
perfect secrecy by means of Shannon’s theory.
Developing a Strategic Organisational Learning
Framework to Improve Caribbean Disaster
Management Performance
Joanne Persad1
Abstract: Disasters are social constructs and require an agility and adaptability from national disaster organisations (NDOs). The
environment in which NDOs operate are complex adaptive systems environment, and organisational learning as a key approach is considered
fundamental to strengthening the ability of an NDO to perform at its best. With the potential for loss of lives, the destruction of critical
infrastructure and housing and to the risk of setting back a country’s economic development by many years, learning from the lessons of the
past, to reduce the negative impacts is critical for the onward growth of Caribbean countries which, for the most part, are small island
developing states. The Caribbean Region is the one of the most hazard prone regions in the world (Walbrent College 2012). Lessons from
disaster impacts are identified, gaps are well documented, and failures are sometimes exposed. But learning, in terms of making changes to
improve systems, performance and resilience, is questionable. The lessons must be applied for change to occur, this is part of the knowledge
management process in the context of disaster organisations. The purpose of this study is to explore the apparent inability of national
disaster organizations in the Caribbean to apply the lessons learnt from previous disasters. Three (3) Caribbean countries have been selected
for this research. It is a multiple case study where the unit of analysis is the national disaster organisation. This study is based on an
interpretive paradigm.
Combating Climate Change and Land Degradation in
The West African Sahel: A Multi-Country Study of
Mali, Niger and Senegal
S A Igbatayo1
1Head, Department of Economics & Management Studies, AFE Babalola University, Nigeria
Abstract: The West African Sahel is a vast ecological zone separating the Sahara Desert to the north and Sudanian savannah to the
south; traversing Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, northern Nigeria and Chad. With a population estimated at more than 60 million
people, the region features a multiplicity of development challenges. It is home to some of the world’s most impoverished people, whose
livelihoods are mostly reliant on rain-fed agriculture. Characterized by semi-arid vegetation, the West African Sahel is one of the most
environmentally degraded ecosystems in the world. The region faces severe and recurring bouts of droughts since the 1980s, jeopardizing
environmental sustainability. During the past four decades, the West African Sahel has witnessed below-average annual precipitation, with
two severe drought periods in 1972-1973 and 1983–1984, in a development that undermined agricultural productivity and spawned
severe land degradation. Various studies have predicted even more severe climate variability and change in the region, with drier and more
frequent dry periods expected. The intergovernmental Panel on climate change (IPCC, 2007) revealed a decline in annual rainfall in West
Africa since the end of the 1960s, with a reduction of 20% to 40% observed in the periods 1931-1960 and 1968–1990. Repeated
droughts, fuelled by climate change, have undermined land productivity, turning arable soils into marginal lands, and rendering land
resources vulnerable to such anthropogenic activities as over-grazing, agricultural intensification and deforestation, which are common
practices across the region. The major objective of this paper is to shed light on climate change and land degradation patterns in the West
African Sahel. It employs empirical data to analyse the trends, with particular emphasis on Mali, Niger and Senegal. The study reveals
considerable threats posed by the twin scourges of climate change and land degradation to food security, environmental sustainability and
regional stability.
Combating Climate Change and Land Degradation in
The West African Sahel: A Multi-Country Study of
Mali, Niger and Senegal
S A Igbatayo1
1Head, Department of Economics & Management Studies, AFE Babalola University, Nigeria
Abstract: The West African Sahel is a vast ecological zone separating the Sahara Desert to the north and Sudanian savannah to the
south; traversing Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, northern Nigeria and Chad. With a population estimated at more than 60 million
people, the region features a multiplicity of development challenges. It is home to some of the world’s most impoverished people, whose
livelihoods are mostly reliant on rain-fed agriculture. Characterized by semi-arid vegetation, the West African Sahel is one of the most
environmentally degraded ecosystems in the world. The region faces severe and recurring bouts of droughts since the 1980s, jeopardizing
environmental sustainability. During the past four decades, the West African Sahel has witnessed below-average annual precipitation, with
two severe drought periods in 1972-1973 and 1983–1984, in a development that undermined agricultural productivity and spawned
severe land degradation. Various studies have predicted even more severe climate variability and change in the region, with drier and more
frequent dry periods expected. The intergovernmental Panel on climate change (IPCC, 2007) revealed a decline in annual rainfall in West
Africa since the end of the 1960s, with a reduction of 20% to 40% observed in the periods 1931-1960 and 1968–1990. Repeated
droughts, fuelled by climate change, have undermined land productivity, turning arable soils into marginal lands, and rendering land
resources vulnerable to such anthropogenic activities as over-grazing, agricultural intensification and deforestation, which are common
practices across the region. The major objective of this paper is to shed light on climate change and land degradation patterns in the West
African Sahel. It employs empirical data to analyse the trends, with particular emphasis on Mali, Niger and Senegal. The study reveals
considerable threats posed by the twin scourges of climate change and land degradation to food security, environmental sustainability and
regional stability. It also presents a policy framework underpinned by climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies, formalizing land
rights for farmers, subsidizing farm inputs, creating grazing reserves for pastoralists and deepening poverty reduction strategies.
A Study on Factor Affecting Textile
Entrepreneurship – A Special Emphasis on Tirupur
District
P Anbuoli1
1Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Mannar Thirumalai Naicker College, India
Abstract: Entrepreneurial success depends on various factors associated with the business, the entrepreneurs’ wishes to start. Entrepreneurs
need some sort of inspirations to succeed in their business ventures. Being a versatile industry, textile attracts many entrepreneurs both urban
and rural peoples and requires minimal investment to start. Textile entrepreneurs have to face several challenges and prospects associated
with their business. This study has been commenced with the objectives to check demographic profile, factors affecting textile entrepreneurs,
encouragement of external factors and personal reason behind to become textile business entrepreneurs. This study has been carried out with
100 textile entrepreneurs; the sample has been selected by using simple random sampling. This study is also carried out with non-disguised
and structured questionnaire; which consists of four parts with seeking information on demographic profile, factors affecting textile
entrepreneurs, external encouraging factors and personal reason to become textile entrepreneurs. This study uses percentage analysis, factor
analysis, Garrett score ranking, and t-test to analyse the data collected. It was concluded that textile entrepreneurs have been encouraged by
various factors and moreover several factors significantly affect their business.
Factors Affecting Consumer Purchase Behaviour
towards Online Clothing Products in Bangladesh
T Islam1
1BRAC Business School, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract: The online clothing businesses have seen a considerable rise in recent times, with a high and growing demand. The purpose of
this study is to determine the factors that play significant roles in creating purchase intention towards the online clothing products in
Bangladesh. Secondary research was used to build the model of customer purchase intention. A structured questionnaire was employed to
gather data and test the model. Factor analysis and regression were used to test the model. The regression model suggested that customer
purchase intention was induced most by the online marketing activities of the online retailers, followed by pricing strategy implemented and
sense of security provided (in that order). To understand customer purchase intentions better, it may be important to look at additional
factors or seek better measures of the constructs. The study suggests that online retailers should heavily focus on online promotions and
pricing.
Improvement Measures on Wage System of
Construction Skilled Worker in South Korea
Kun-Hyung Lee1, Byung-Uk Jo2, Kyeoung-Min Han3, Chang-Baek Son4
1,2,3Graduate, School of Architectural Engineering, Semyung University, Jecheon-si, South Korea
4Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Semyung University, Jecheon-si, South Korea
Abstract: Unlike other industries, the construction industry is characterized by its heavy dependence on labour force with most work done
by workers. Still, the industry is witnessing the declining influx of young workers and the rising turnover rates of skilled workers due to such
issues as the advancement of 3D industry, negative image and absence of an established wage system. Hence, this paper proposes an
alternative scheme that would help improve the wage system and work environment for skilled construction workers in Korea.
Mastering the Recycling of Masonry while building
Tadao Ando’s Private Gallery in Lincoln Park,
Chicago
Daniel Joseph Whittaker1
Abstract: The notion of a great presence of masonry rarely conjures up the likes of buildings by master architect, Tadao Ando san of
Osaka, Japan, who is better known for his sublime shaping of space with planar forms of site-cast concrete. Perhaps though, one may recall
the ‘historical intervention’ on a grand scale—the now nine-year-old Punta Della Dogan a project (2009) in Venice, Italy, as prima facie
evidence of his dialogue with a vast quantity of ancient masonry in the Laguna. However, a new project by Ando, recently opened in
Chicago, Illinois (October 2018), presents the private-museum-gallery-going public with a new North American delight. Here, the senses
are able to indulge in a hybrid set of experiences shaped by masonry, concrete, and white painted plaster surfaces. This paper explores how
the modern concrete master has expanded his dynamic architectural vocabulary utilizing what is known as Chicago common brick: a soft,
Lake Michigan-sand and clay based fired brick, and incorporated it into his most recent private commission located in Lincoln Park,
Chicago.
RRI Buffer Based Energy and Computation Efficient
Cache Replacement Algorithm
Muhammad Shahid1
1Computer Science Department, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad
Abstract: Energy consumption is an important factor of com-mutational power these days. Large scale energy consumption results in bad
system performance and high cost. To access frequently used data, we place it in Cache. Cache provides us opportunity to access that data in
a small time. Cache memory helps in retrieving data in minimum time improving the system performance and reducing power consumption.
Due to limited size of Cache, replacement algorithms used to make space for new data. There are many existing cache replacement
algorithms for example LRU, LFU, MRU, FIFO etc. Existing algorithms consume a lot of energy while replacing cold blocks of data.
Replacement algorithms are usually designed to reduce miss rate and increase hit rate. These algorithms replace cold blocks (not going to use
in future) and due to large number of cold blocks, they consume lot of energy. This paper proposes an energy and computation efficient cache
replacement algorithm that put only hot blocks in action instead of removing cold blocks. This paper also discusses different replacement
algorithms proposed in different papers and compare these algorithms on basis of different parameters mainly energy consumption. In our
experiments we have found LRU and FIFO as best replacement algorithms for Increased hit rates and Energy efficiency respectively.
Key Performance Index of Increasing Air Quality
with Construction Schedule Control
Hyoung-Chul Lim1, Dongheon Lee2, Dong-Eun Lee3, Daeyoung Kim4
1Professor, 2Doctorial Course, School of Architectural Engineering, Changwon National University, Korea
3Professor, School of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Korea
4Professor, Department of Architecture, Kyungnam University, Korea
Abstract: Recently, air quality in residential spaces has been major concern. In particular, the indoor air quality of residential facility
before occupancy, which is related to the interior material, is a serious problem. existing research has mainly focused on pollution control
after construction, but this research has derived I key performance index I about increasing air quality and priority of management with a
controlling schedule. That is the objectives of research. The results show the relative priority of the four major items in wall‐based apartment
buildings and in column‐based apartment buildings. An analysis of the parties responsible for improvement based on the IAQ results shows
more efforts to improve IAQ are needed in material factories and engineering/design companies.
Exploring Revitalization Solutions: Engaging
Community through Media Architecture
Behzad Shojaedingivi1
1University of Tehran
Abstract: This paper aims to investigate Media Architecture and its potentials for culturally based revitalization. Media Architecture
presents a new approach based on Augmentation concepts, in which projects are designed and implemented adopting contemporary mediums
in an aesthetic way in order to attract the presence of a more cultural audience and increase the participation of the local residents.
Ultimately this will lead to an increase of interaction between different classes in neglected areas and strengthen their connection to their
built environment. This is an interdisciplinary approach in which architecture and contemporary mediums are combined aesthetically with
the aim of creating revival solutions in neglected areas.
Criteria of Creating Social Interaction for Green
Open Space in Karkh, Iraq
Sarah Abdulkareem Salih1, Sumarni Ismail2
1Master Student, 2Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Abstract: This paper outlines the issue on open spaces, which led to decrease social interaction among residents in Baghdad city
nowadays. The main objective of the paper is to identify the criteria of green open spaces to achieve sound social interaction in Baghdad city,
Iraq. This paper employed quantitative method, in the form of survey, for data collection. Data were obtained from questionnaires, through
the selection of 270 respondents in a single-stage random procedure from ten specific neighbourhoods in Karkh district. The study findings
confirm that open spaces and parks is essential to enhance social interaction by implementing appropriate criteria in that open spaces or
parks. The results of this study are useful reference for urban and landscape planners, architects, social psychologists, the Municipality of
Baghdad, and researchers in this field.
This document provides information about the CoreConferences 2019 conference including:
- The conference was held from March 20-21, 2019 in Taipei, Taiwan and covered topics in architecture, business, climate change, cyber security, education, flood risk management, language teaching, universities, and women's studies.
- It was organized by Core Conferences LLC in collaboration with the Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties.
- The editor-in-chief was Dr. A Senthilkumar and the conference was aimed at allowing academics and professionals to discuss recent progress in related fields.
ICCOTWT 2018 will be the most comprehensive conference focused on the various aspects of Cloud of Things and Wearable Technologies. This Conference provides a chance for academic and industry professionals to discuss recent progress in the area of Cloud of Things and Wearable Technologies. Furthermore, we expect that the conference and its publications will be a trigger for further related research and technology improvements in this important subject.
The goal of this conference is to bring together the researchers from academia and industry as well as practitioners to share ideas, problems and solutions relating to the multifaceted aspects of Cloud of Things and Wearable Technologies.
The International Conference on Computer, Engineering, Law, Education and Management (ICCELEM 2017)” held on 28 - 29th September 2017, in collaboration with Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties (ASDF), an International body, at The Westin Chosun Seoul, Seoul, South Korea.
The Third International Conference on “Systems, Science, Control, Communication, Engineering and Technology (ICSSCCET 2017)” held on 16 - 17th February 2017, in collaboration with Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties (ASDF), an International body, at Teegala Krishna Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, India, Asia.
The First International Conference on “Advanced Innovations in Engineering and Technology (ICAIET 2017)” held on 14th - 15th Feb 2017, in collaboration with Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties (ASDF), an International body, at Rohini College of Engineering and Technology, Tamilnadu, India, Asia.
The First International Conference on “Intelligent Computing and Systems (ICICS 2017)” held on 13th - 14th February 2017, in collaboration with Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties (ASDF), an International body, at NSN College of Engineering and Technology, Karur, Tamilnadu, India, Asia.
The First International Conference on “Advances & Challenges in Interdisciplinary Engineering and Management 2017 (ICACIEM 2017)” held on 11 – 12th February 2017, in collaboration with Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties (ASDF), an International body, at Vidyaa Vikas College of Engineering and Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamilnadu, India, Asia.
Wireless sensor networks can provide low cost solution accompanied with limited storage, computational capability and power for verity of real-world problems and become essential factor when sensor nodes are arbitrarily deployed in a hostile environment. The cluster head selection technique is also one of the good approaches to reduce energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. The lifetime of wireless sensor networks is extended by using the uniform cluster head selection and balancing the network loading among the clusters. We have reviewed various energy efficient schemes apply in WSNs of which we concentrated on selection of cluster head approach and proposed an new method called Sleep Scheduling Routing with in clusters for Energy Efficient [SSREE]in which some nodes in clusters are usually put to sleep to conserve energy, and this helps to prolong the network lifetime. EASSR selects a node as a cluster head if its residual energy is more than system average energy and have less energy consumption rate in previous round. Then, an Performance analysis and compared statistic results of SSREE shows of the significant improvement over existing protocol LEACH, SEP and M-GEAR protocol in terms of lifetime of network and data units gathered at BS.
Due to rapid urbanization the manufacturing processes of conventional building materials pollutes air, water and land. Hence in order to fulfil the increasing demand it is required to adopt a cost effective, eco-friendly technologies by improving the traditional techniques with the usage of available local materials. Agro – industrial and other solid waste disposal is another serious issue of concern in most of developing countries. The present paper explores the potential application of agro-waste as an ingredient for alternate sustainable construction materials.
There has been an ever-increasing interest in big data due to its rapid growth and since it covers diverse areas of applications. Hence, there seems to be a need for an analytical review of recent developments in the big data technology. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the big data state of the art, conceptual explorations, major benefits, and research challenging aspects. In addition to that, several future directions for big data research are highlighted.
A correct node operation and power administration are significant issues in the wireless sensor network system. Ultrasonic, dead reckoning, and radio frequency information is obtained by using localization mechanism and worked through a specific filter algorithm. In this paper, a well-organized grid deployment method is applied to split the nodes into multiple individual grids. The tiny grids are used for improved resolution and bigger grids are used to decrease the complexity of processing. The efficiency of each grid is obtained by environmental factors such as redeployed nodes, boundaries, and obstacles. To decrease the power usage, asynchronous power management method is designed. In network communication, power management method is applied by using an asynchronous awakening scheme and n-duplicate coverage algorithm is engineered for the coverage of nodes.
More from Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties (20)
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
2. International Conference on Information Engineering, Management and Security 2016 (ICIEMS 2016) 64
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Print.
2.1 Basic Steps in the Algorithm
Step1: Random initialization populations of ‘n’ chromosomes are generated.
Step2: Evaluate fitness f(s) for each solution‘s’ in the population ‘n’.
Step 3: Generate a new population. Repeat the following three process until the new population is generated.
(i) Selection: Select two parent chromosomes from the population according to their fitness value. The chromosome which
has the highest fitness value is more likely to be selected.
(ii) Crossover: Cross over the parent chromosome to produce the new offspring. Crossover may or may not be performed.
If crossover is not performed then the new offspring is same as that of the parent chromosome.
(iii) Mutation: Mutate new offspring at each position.
Step 4: If the population in last generation is nearer to the desired solution, stop.
Step 5: Go to step 2.
2.2 Encoding
There are many ways of encoding the chromosome such as octal encoding, permutation encoding, value encoding, binary encoding,
tree encoding and hexadecimal encoding. The most used way of encoding is the binary encoding. The chromosome should contain the
information about the solution which it represents. Each chromosome (solution) present in the population contains a binary string. The
binary string consists of 0’s and 1’s. Each bit in the string represents particular characteristic of problem.
Chromosome X – 11001000110100
Chromosome Y – 01110100111001
2.3 Fitness Function
Fitness function quantifies the optimality of the chromosome (solution). A fitness value is assigned to every chromosome in the
population. The value is assigned based on how close it is to solve the problem.
2.4 Operators and Selection
After an initial population is generated, the algorithm evolves through the three operators, selection, crossover, mutation.
Selection is the process of selection two parent chromosomes in the population for generating new population. The parent
chromosomes are selected according to their fitness. The chromosome which has the highest fitness value is more likely to be selected
than the chromosome with lowest fitness value. The most common methods used for selection are Roulette wheel selection,
Tournament selection, Elitism, Rank selection. In Roulette wheel selection, each chromosome in the population is assigned a slot. The
chromosome with higher fitness value is assigned a larger slot and the chromosome with lower fitness value is assigned a smaller slot.
The algorithm for Roulette wheel selection is simple. The weighted wheel is spinned n times (where n is the total number of
solutions). When the wheel stops, the chromosome corresponds to that slot is returned. When creating new population by crossover
or mutation the best chromosome may be lost. Elitism was introduced in order to retain the best chromosome at each generation.
Elitism is a method which copies the best chromosome in the population to the new offspring.
2.5 Crossover
Crossover is a process in which two parent chromosome are combined to form their genetics (bits) to form new offspring which
possess characteristics of both the chromosomes. Methods: Single point crossover, two point crossover, Uniform crossover. In single
point crossover, one crossover point is selected, binary string from the beginning to the crossover point is copied from one point and
the rest is copied from other parent chromosome.
Chromosome X
1100010110101
Chromosome Y 10100 01110010
Offspring 1 11000 01110010
Offspring 2
10100 10110101
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Print.
In two point crossover, two crossover points are selected, binary string from beginning of the chromosome to the first crossover point
is copied from one parent, the part from the first to the second crossover point is copied from the second parent and the rest is copied
from the first parent.
Chromosome X
1100010110101
Chromosome Y 1010 001110010
Offspring 1 1100 00111 0101
Offspring 2
1010 01011 0101
In uniform crossover, bits are randomly copied from the first chromosome or from the second parent chromosome. Uniform
crossover yields only one offspring.
Chromosome X 1100110110101
Chromosome Y 10100 01100 010
Offspring 11000 01110 100
If there is no crossover, offspring is exactly same as the parent chromosome. If there is a crossover, offspring is made from parts of
parent’s chromosome. If crossover probability is 100%, then all offspring is made by crossover. If it is 0%, whole new generation is
made from exact copies of chromosomes from old population
2.6 Mutation
Mutation is a process by which a string is changed or inverted. Mutation probability says how often will be the parts of chromosome
mutated. If there is no mutation, offspring is taken after crossover without any change. If mutation is performed, part of chromosome
is changed. If mutation probability is 100%, whole chromosome is changed, if it is 0%, nothing is changed.
Parent chromosome 1100101110010
Offspring (child) 1101101100011
The most important point is that genetic algorithms supports parallelism. Genetic algorithms are used in various fields of data mining
to get the optimized solutions for the better performance of the data that are required in decision making and process the accurate
result. Genetic algorithm requires no knowledge about the response surface. It provides comprehensive search methodology for
machine learning and optimization. Genetic algorithm has a wide scope in business. It handles large, poorly understood search spaces
easily. It is easy to discover global optimal solution using Genetic algorithm.
2.7 Limitations
In many problems, Genetic algorithms may have a tendency to converge towards local optima or even arbitrary point rather than the
global optimum of the problem. Finding the optimal solution to complex high-dimensional problems often requires repeated fitness
function evaluations which lead to poor performance. For specific optimization problems and problem instances, other optimization
algorithms may be more efficient than genetic algorithms in terms of speed of convergence. There is no effective terminator in genetic
algorithm. Operating on dynamic data sets is difficult, as chromosomes begin to converge early on towards solutions which may no
longer be valid for later data.
3. Shuffled frog Leap Algorithm
The shuffled frog leap algorithm is a meme tic meta-heuristic approach designed to perform an informed heuristic search to seek a
global optimal solution. It is based on the evolution of memes and a global exchange of information among population. The algorithm
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has been tested on several problems and found to be efficient in finding global solutions. The shuffled frog leap algorithm is a
combination of random and deterministic approaches. In random approach, the search begins with a randomly selected population of
frogs (solutions) covering the entire swamp. The population of solutions is partitioned into different subsets known as memeplexes
that are permitted to evolve independently. Within each memeplex, the frogs are infected by other frog’s idea, hence they experience
a memetic evolution. Memetic evolution improves the quality of the meme and enhances the individual frog’s performance towards a
goal. During the evolution, the frogs (solutions) may change their memes using the information from the best of the entire population.
After a certain number of memetic evolution time loops, the meme lexes are forced to mix and newmemeplexes are formed through a
shuffling process. This shuffling enhances the quality of the memes after being infected by frogs from different regions of the swamp.
The deterministic approach allows the algorithm to use response surface information effectively to guide the heuristic search.
3.1 Basic Steps in the Algorithm
Step 1: Initialization. Select x and y, where x is the number of memeplex and y is the number of frogs (solutions) in each memeplex.
The size of the swamp S = xy.
Step 2: Generate a virtual population.
Step 3: Evaluate the fitness of the frogs. Sort the frogs in the order of decreasing performance.
Step 4: Partition the total population into m memeplexes.
ܺ
ൌ ݂ሺ݇ ݉ሺ݆ െ 1ሻሻ
Where k varies from 0 to m, j varies from 0 to 1. For example, if m=3, rank 1 goes to memeplex 1, rank 2 goes to memeplex 2, rank
3 goesto memeplex 3, rank 4 goes to memeplex 1 etc.
Step 5: Evolution of memes in each memeplex.
Step 6: Shuffle the memeplex. If convergence criteria is satisfied then determine the best solution, stop. Otherwise, return to step 3.
3.2 Local Search
In step 5, the evolution of memeplex continues independently N times. The steps in local search for each memeplex is as follows:
Step 1: Set ix= 0 where ixcounts the number of memeplexes and will be compared with thetotal numberof x memeplexes. Set it = 0
where it counts the number of evolutionary steps.
Step 2: Set ix = ix + 1, it = it + 1.
Step 3: Determine the position of the frog in the population.
Step 4: Improve the worst frog’s position.
Change in position,
= rand ( ) . ( ܲ - ܲ௪ )
Where ܲ is the best frog’s position and ܲ௪ is the worst frog’s position. If this produces a better result replace worst frog.
Step 5: If step 4 cannot produce a better result, then the new position are computed for that frog is computed.
Step 6: If the new position is not better than old position, the spread of defective meme is stopped by randomly generating a new frog
r at a feasible location to replace the frog.
Step 7: Upgrade the memeplex.
Step 8: If it < N, go to step 1, ix < X go to step 2. Otherwise return to shuffle memeplexes.
The Shuffled frog leap algorithm is also very suitable for parallelization. It has been used as a tool to obtain the best solutions with the
least total time and cost by evaluating unlimited possible options.In this algorithm, the information gained from a change in position is
immediatelyavailable to be further improved upon. This instantaneous accessibility to new information separates this approach from
Genetic algorithm that requires the entire population to be modified before new insights are available.
4. Artificial Neural Networks
Artificial neural networks are a mathematical model or computational modelbased on the concept of human brain. It consists of simple
processing units (artificial neurons) that communicate by sending signals to one another over a large number of interconnections. The
artificial neuron transfers the incoming information on their outgoing connections to other units. It changes its structure based on
external or internal information that flows through the network during the learning phase. Artificial neural networks have powerful
pattern classification and pattern recognition capabilities. It can identify correlated pattern between input datasets. It can also be used
to predict the outcome of the new independent input data. Artificial neural network process non-linear, complex data problems even
if the data are noisy and imprecise. There are many different types of neural networks. Some of the widely used applications include
classification, noise reduction and prediction.
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Print.
4.1 Basics of Artificial Neural Networks
The working of artificial neural network has developed from the biological model of the human brain. A neural network consists of a
set of connected cells. Each cell is called a neuron. The neuron receives the information from either the input cells or from other
neurons and performs some kind of transformations on the input and transfers the outcome to the other neurons or output cells.
4.2 Neural Network Architectures
The two widely used artificial neural network architectures are feed forward network and recurrent networks. In feed forward
network, information flows in one direction along connecting pathways, from the input layer via hidden layers to the output layer. In
this network, the output of any layer does not affect that same or preceding layer.
Fig: Feed forward network
In recurrent networks, there will be at least one feedback loop i.e. there could exist one layer with feedback connections. There may
also be neurons with self-feedback links i.e. the output of neuron is fed back into input of itself.
Fig: Recurrent network
4.3 Construction of ANN Model
Step 1: The input variables are selected using several variable selection procedures.
Step 2: The dataset is divided into training, testing and validation datasets. The training dataset is used to learn patterns present in the
data. The learned patterns are applied on the testing data. The performance of the trained data is verified by using validation dataset.
Step 3: Define the structure of the architecture including number of hidden layers, number of hidden nodes, and number of output
nodes etc.
a) Hidden layers: The hidden layer provides the network with its ability to generalize.
b) Hidden neurons: There is no certain formula for selecting optimum neurons. Some thumb rules are available for calculating
hidden neurons.
c) Output nodes: Neural network with multiple output nodes will produce inferior results when compared to network with
one output node.
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d) Activation function: Activation functions are mathematical formula that determines the output of a processing node. Most
commonly used activation functions are as follows:
The linear function,
y = x
The logistic function,
The hyperbolic tangent function,
(exp (x) – exp(-x)) / (exp(x) + exp (-x))
Step 4: Building the model.
Multilayer perceptron is very popular and is used more than other neural network type.
Fig: Schematic representation of neural network
4.4 Learning
Learning is a procedure that consists in estimating the parameters of neurons so that the whole network can perform a specific task.
The network becomes more knowledgeable about environment after each iteration of learning process. There are three types of
learning namely, supervised learning, reinforced learning, and unsupervised learning. In supervised learning, every input pattern that
is used to train the network is associated with an output pattern. A comparison is made between the network computer output and the
expected output, to determine the error. The error can be used to change the network parameters, which results in an improvement
in performance. In unsupervised learning, there is no feedback from the environment to indicate if the outputs of the networks are
correct. The network must discover features, regulations, correlations, categories in the input data automatically.
Artificial neural network with Back propagation learning algorithm is widely used in solving various classifications and forecasting
problems. It can be easily implemented in parallel architectures. ANN can handle large amount of datasets and has the ability to
implicitly detect complex nonlinear relationships between dependent and independent variables. Its ability to learn by example makes
them very flexible and powerful.
5. Conclusion
Various algorithms discussed above has its own advantages based on the application with which its used. Based on parameters for
extraction appropriate algorithm may be selected for getting efficient output.
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