Abstract Liberation of heat and generation of friction associated with any machining operation ever pose a problem which not only reduce the tool life but also impair quality of the product. Cutting fluids have been the conventional choice to curtail friction and temperatures in machining because of its lubrication and cooling actions. However, considering health hazards posed by the conventional cutting fluids to health of the workers and ecology, the quest is towards identifying alternative strategies to the usual flood application. Selection and use of proper lubricant that can improve the overall cutting phenomena which is an important aspect in reducing the cutting forces and temperatures The present work studies the use of nano cutting fluids in MQL which is a minimal cutting fluid technique, for turning operation using HSS and cemented carbide tools. Development of nano materials by nanotechnology technique, dispersing them in the cutting fluid improve the effectiveness of the cutting fluid and hence nano graphite powder is selected of particle size 80 nm in varying proportions i.e. 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% by weight are mixed in water soluble oil and applied drop by drop. Experimentation is carried out at different flow rates like 5 ml/min 10 ml/min and 15 ml/min with nanoparticle suspended fluids along with dry machining, flood coolant machining under constant cutting conditions. Experimental results are very encouraging with much reduction in surface roughness, tool flank wear, temperatures and cutting forces is observed in fluids with nanoparticle inclusions. Different properties of the nanofluids are estimated through a series of standard tests. Keywords: Machining, nano Graphite, minimum quantity lubrication, cutting fluids.
Impact of varying the nozzle stand off distance on cutting temperature in t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality
products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning
process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal
rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out
by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and
insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system. This experiment also present the relation
between chip formations and controllable variables along with chip thickness, chip colors & chip
velocity from which its effect on insert wear, quality of product can be easily found out, because of
chip morphology gives indirectly the effect of it on the insert wear. In this dissertation work
minimum quantity lubrication system is used for reducing the cutting zone temperature properly and
very fastly. Finally comparison is carried out between wet and minimum quantity lubrication system
from which one can easily identify which system is better for higher productivity along with high
surface finish. This work also present the productivity (MRR) concept in production. The design of
experiment and optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time is carried
out by using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design method is used (CCD)
for the total experimental design work and its analysis and also for optimization of turning process
parameter by which wastage of the machining time, power can be avoided.
Impact of varying the nozzle stand off distance on cutting temperature in t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality
products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning
process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal
rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out
by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and
insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system. This experiment also present the relation
between chip formations and controllable variables along with chip thickness, chip colors & chip
velocity from which its effect on insert wear, quality of product can be easily found out, because of
chip morphology gives indirectly the effect of it on the insert wear. In this dissertation work
minimum quantity lubrication system is used for reducing the cutting zone temperature properly and
very fastly. Finally comparison is carried out between wet and minimum quantity lubrication system
from which one can easily identify which system is better for higher productivity along with high
surface finish. This work also present the productivity (MRR) concept in production. The design of
experiment and optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time is carried
out by using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design method is used (CCD)
for the total experimental design work and its analysis and also for optimization of turning process
parameter by which wastage of the machining time, power can be avoided.
In manufacturing, many products need to undergo increasing customisation, and a shortening of the manufacturing cycle time. This makes the time needed to produce prototypes one of the most important contributors to product development cycles. Rapid Prototyping (RP) offers the user the ability to optimise part design in order to meet customer requirements with few manufacturing restrictions. One of the most common RP processes is Laser Sintering (LS). A problem with LS is that sometimes the surface of the parts produced displays a texture similar to that of the skin of an orange (the so-called orange peel texture). This problem must be addressed before the technology can gain wider acceptance. The main aim of this research is to develop a methodology of controlling the input material properties that will ensure consistent and good quality of the fabricated parts. From the experiment, it was found that PA12 powder with high melt flow rate, low melting temperature, low glass transition temperature and low degree of crystallization temperature could improve the sintering process to produce a good Laser Sintering (LS) parts with lower shrinkage rate. The powder which has higher melt viscosity and lower melting heat becomes liquid more easily and therefore flows better during the sintering process due to a shorter chain molecular structure. The results of experimental work indicate that the melt viscosity, and part surface finish are correlated.
Investigations on the surface roughness produced in turning of al6061 (as cas...eSAT Journals
Abstract: Surface roughness produced on the machined component is one of the key attribute of machining process. In this work the effect of various turning process parameters on surface roughness produced on Al6061 (as cast condition) is investigated. Also the effect of using coolant on surface roughness while turning is also determined. It is observed increase in cutting speed by 39.29% resulted in decrease of surface roughness by 31.44%. Increase in feed rate and depth of cut leads to increase in surface roughness. Quantitative analysis of surface roughness obtained in machining with coolant and without coolant is also presented. Keywords: Al6061, Surface Roughness, Turning Process, Spindle Speed, Depth of Cut, ANOVA
Statistical Modeling of Surface Roughness produced by Wet turning using solub...IDES Editor
Machining tests were carried out by turning En-
31steel alloy with tungsten carbide tools using soluble oilwater
mixture lubricant under dif ferent machining
conditions. First-order and second-order surface roughness
predicting models were developed by using the experimental
data by applying response surface methodology and factorial
design of experiments. The established equations show that
the feed rate is the main influencing factor on the surface
roughness followed by tool nose radius and depth of cut. It
increases with increase in the feed rate but decreases with
increase in the cutting velocity and tool nose radius,
respectively. The predicted surface roughness values of the
samples have been f ound to lie close to that of the
experimentally observed values. There is an improvement
in surface finish by 10% with wet machining as compared
to dry machining.
Annealing Response of Aluminum Alloy AA6014 Processed By Severe Plastic Defor...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: In this paper the study of micro structural stability during annealing with respect to time of conventionally grains (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) of Aluminum AA6014 i s carried out. It has been observed that, the effect of the second phase magnesium-silicon particles in the CG and UFG AA6014 samples leads to a rapid hardness which increases from 40HV10 to 70HV10 within 7 days. Artificial aging shows that the material hardness even increased after 20 hours of annealing at 180°C. In total 30 hours of annealing, the hardness arrives at its maximum and then reduces due to the formation of Mg2Si precipitates, which rise in size and change their coherency. The precipitates cannot efficiently pin the dislocations and act as barriers to the dislocation motion which indicate an overall decrease in the hardness. It also has been found that the ultrafinegrained AA6014 alloy loses its thermal stability at approximately 200°C and recrystallized at 300°C. Thermal stability is strongly dependent on the material purity, second phase particles and/or oxide particles which may break up during rolling and lead to some dispersion strengthening.
Optimization of Weld Bead Geometry in Submerged Arc Welds Deposited On En24 S...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Experimental investigations of vegetable & mineral oil performance during...eSAT Journals
Abstract Machining with Conventional flood lubrication is a common practice in the industries for reducing friction, heat and cutting power. The type of cutting fluid used during machining play important role in enhancing the machining performance if and only if it is selected, applied, handled and disposed in better way. Cutting fluids often poses hazard to man, environment, machine and material. It sometimes also becomes uneconomical; when application method, flow rate and cost of cutting fluid are remain unattended or underestimated. In Conventional flood lubrication a large quantity of lubricant is applied continuously at the tool chip interface does not remove heat effectively as much required because of poor penetration and obstruction from the chip. Therefore this system is becoming uneconomical for machining and unsuitable for environment. On the other hand wastage disposal of this large quantity of cutting fluid (petroleum based) is becoming problematic. Therefore the present study has been conducted by Vegetable based Minimum quantity Lubrication to reduce or to minimize hazards caused by Conventional flood lubrication. The Results of surface roughness obtained during Turning of EN-31 Steel with Minimum quantity lubrication of both mineral oil and vegetable are compared with each other and indicates that the surface roughness of vegetable oil is close proximity with mineral oil.
Experimental evaluation of performance of electrical discharge machining of d...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrical discharge machining is the most widely used machining process in industries. Its use is particularly intense when very complex shapes on hard materials with a high dimensional accuracy are required. However the technological capability of the process has limited application when there is a requirement of high surface quality and mirror like characteristics. Its operation is characterized by long machining time, high tool wear and uncertainty in the final finish of the surface. However for finish surface, materials are subjected to mechanical polishing after EDM, which is wastage of time and energy. To improve the efficiency and surface finish of the work piece, the abrasive particles of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3 ) are mixed into the dielectric fluid at tool-work interface. In this Abrasive mixed EDM, the Abrasive mixed dielectric fluid facilitate the bridging effect and minimize the insulating strength of the dielectric fluid. As a result it improves the material removal rate and surface roughness. This paper presents the effect of abrasive on the performance of the EDM process. The results of both the processes have been analyzed using Design of experiments to find the significant parameters and to obtain the optimum parameters required for machining. Analyzed results indicate that abrasive particle size and abrasive concentration and pulse current are the most significant parameters that improve the material removal rate in comparison with traditional EDM. A new experimental setup is developed for experimentation. The result shows that the MRR increases with the abrasive mixed EDM. Keywords: Material removal rate, Abrasive mixed EDM, Dielectric fluid, Design of experiment, Abrasive particle size.
System combines the advantages of 100% scrap preheating and continuous scrap feeding through its chambers, without the need of EAF roof opening. EPC prevents totaly, any dust emission and heat loss during furnace charging stage, as it is the case normally for other operations. The EPC-EAF is a new generation, economical and environmentaly friendly Electric Arc Furnace. Considerable reduction in electric energy consumption, increased productivity, meeting strict environmental regulations, less dust load within the melt shop, flicker reduction& harmonic disturbance reduction are some of the important features of the new and superior EPC system.
In manufacturing, many products need to undergo increasing customisation, and a shortening of the manufacturing cycle time. This makes the time needed to produce prototypes one of the most important contributors to product development cycles. Rapid Prototyping (RP) offers the user the ability to optimise part design in order to meet customer requirements with few manufacturing restrictions. One of the most common RP processes is Laser Sintering (LS). A problem with LS is that sometimes the surface of the parts produced displays a texture similar to that of the skin of an orange (the so-called orange peel texture). This problem must be addressed before the technology can gain wider acceptance. The main aim of this research is to develop a methodology of controlling the input material properties that will ensure consistent and good quality of the fabricated parts. From the experiment, it was found that PA12 powder with high melt flow rate, low melting temperature, low glass transition temperature and low degree of crystallization temperature could improve the sintering process to produce a good Laser Sintering (LS) parts with lower shrinkage rate. The powder which has higher melt viscosity and lower melting heat becomes liquid more easily and therefore flows better during the sintering process due to a shorter chain molecular structure. The results of experimental work indicate that the melt viscosity, and part surface finish are correlated.
Investigations on the surface roughness produced in turning of al6061 (as cas...eSAT Journals
Abstract: Surface roughness produced on the machined component is one of the key attribute of machining process. In this work the effect of various turning process parameters on surface roughness produced on Al6061 (as cast condition) is investigated. Also the effect of using coolant on surface roughness while turning is also determined. It is observed increase in cutting speed by 39.29% resulted in decrease of surface roughness by 31.44%. Increase in feed rate and depth of cut leads to increase in surface roughness. Quantitative analysis of surface roughness obtained in machining with coolant and without coolant is also presented. Keywords: Al6061, Surface Roughness, Turning Process, Spindle Speed, Depth of Cut, ANOVA
Statistical Modeling of Surface Roughness produced by Wet turning using solub...IDES Editor
Machining tests were carried out by turning En-
31steel alloy with tungsten carbide tools using soluble oilwater
mixture lubricant under dif ferent machining
conditions. First-order and second-order surface roughness
predicting models were developed by using the experimental
data by applying response surface methodology and factorial
design of experiments. The established equations show that
the feed rate is the main influencing factor on the surface
roughness followed by tool nose radius and depth of cut. It
increases with increase in the feed rate but decreases with
increase in the cutting velocity and tool nose radius,
respectively. The predicted surface roughness values of the
samples have been f ound to lie close to that of the
experimentally observed values. There is an improvement
in surface finish by 10% with wet machining as compared
to dry machining.
Annealing Response of Aluminum Alloy AA6014 Processed By Severe Plastic Defor...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: In this paper the study of micro structural stability during annealing with respect to time of conventionally grains (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) of Aluminum AA6014 i s carried out. It has been observed that, the effect of the second phase magnesium-silicon particles in the CG and UFG AA6014 samples leads to a rapid hardness which increases from 40HV10 to 70HV10 within 7 days. Artificial aging shows that the material hardness even increased after 20 hours of annealing at 180°C. In total 30 hours of annealing, the hardness arrives at its maximum and then reduces due to the formation of Mg2Si precipitates, which rise in size and change their coherency. The precipitates cannot efficiently pin the dislocations and act as barriers to the dislocation motion which indicate an overall decrease in the hardness. It also has been found that the ultrafinegrained AA6014 alloy loses its thermal stability at approximately 200°C and recrystallized at 300°C. Thermal stability is strongly dependent on the material purity, second phase particles and/or oxide particles which may break up during rolling and lead to some dispersion strengthening.
Optimization of Weld Bead Geometry in Submerged Arc Welds Deposited On En24 S...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Experimental investigations of vegetable & mineral oil performance during...eSAT Journals
Abstract Machining with Conventional flood lubrication is a common practice in the industries for reducing friction, heat and cutting power. The type of cutting fluid used during machining play important role in enhancing the machining performance if and only if it is selected, applied, handled and disposed in better way. Cutting fluids often poses hazard to man, environment, machine and material. It sometimes also becomes uneconomical; when application method, flow rate and cost of cutting fluid are remain unattended or underestimated. In Conventional flood lubrication a large quantity of lubricant is applied continuously at the tool chip interface does not remove heat effectively as much required because of poor penetration and obstruction from the chip. Therefore this system is becoming uneconomical for machining and unsuitable for environment. On the other hand wastage disposal of this large quantity of cutting fluid (petroleum based) is becoming problematic. Therefore the present study has been conducted by Vegetable based Minimum quantity Lubrication to reduce or to minimize hazards caused by Conventional flood lubrication. The Results of surface roughness obtained during Turning of EN-31 Steel with Minimum quantity lubrication of both mineral oil and vegetable are compared with each other and indicates that the surface roughness of vegetable oil is close proximity with mineral oil.
Experimental evaluation of performance of electrical discharge machining of d...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrical discharge machining is the most widely used machining process in industries. Its use is particularly intense when very complex shapes on hard materials with a high dimensional accuracy are required. However the technological capability of the process has limited application when there is a requirement of high surface quality and mirror like characteristics. Its operation is characterized by long machining time, high tool wear and uncertainty in the final finish of the surface. However for finish surface, materials are subjected to mechanical polishing after EDM, which is wastage of time and energy. To improve the efficiency and surface finish of the work piece, the abrasive particles of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3 ) are mixed into the dielectric fluid at tool-work interface. In this Abrasive mixed EDM, the Abrasive mixed dielectric fluid facilitate the bridging effect and minimize the insulating strength of the dielectric fluid. As a result it improves the material removal rate and surface roughness. This paper presents the effect of abrasive on the performance of the EDM process. The results of both the processes have been analyzed using Design of experiments to find the significant parameters and to obtain the optimum parameters required for machining. Analyzed results indicate that abrasive particle size and abrasive concentration and pulse current are the most significant parameters that improve the material removal rate in comparison with traditional EDM. A new experimental setup is developed for experimentation. The result shows that the MRR increases with the abrasive mixed EDM. Keywords: Material removal rate, Abrasive mixed EDM, Dielectric fluid, Design of experiment, Abrasive particle size.
System combines the advantages of 100% scrap preheating and continuous scrap feeding through its chambers, without the need of EAF roof opening. EPC prevents totaly, any dust emission and heat loss during furnace charging stage, as it is the case normally for other operations. The EPC-EAF is a new generation, economical and environmentaly friendly Electric Arc Furnace. Considerable reduction in electric energy consumption, increased productivity, meeting strict environmental regulations, less dust load within the melt shop, flicker reduction& harmonic disturbance reduction are some of the important features of the new and superior EPC system.
Effect of Process Parameters on Micro Hardness of Mild Steel Processed by Sur...IOSR Journals
Surface grinding process can be utilized to create flat shapes at a high production rate and low
cost.. In this investigation, indigenously designed set up were used for evaluating the surface grinding process
was established. An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of surface grinding process
parameters i.e. Inlet pressure of coolant, grinding wheel speed, work-piece speed, and nozzle angle on the micro
hardness of the mild steel specimen. In the present study Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table type
surface grinding machine fitted with test rig is used and cutting fluid is applied through the convergent nozzle to
throw the cutting fluids at the cutting zone. In order to evaluate the effect of selected process parameters, one
variable approach has been used in the present study. Plots of various Micro Hardness responses have been
used to determine the relationship between the output response and the input parameters. The value of
microhardness of grinded mild steel work-piece varies from 292.63 to 370.73 HV
Multiresponse optimization of surface grinding operation of EN19 alloy steel ...IAEME Publication
Conventional grinding fluid is widely used in grinding process, which results in high consumption and impacting the environment. Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) is alternative source for the Conventional grinding process. In this study, Water based nanofluid applied to grinding process with MQL approach for its excellent convection heat transfer and thermal conductivity properties.
Effect of granulated blast furnace slag as substitute for fine aggregate in c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of present investigation was to study the effect of granulated blast furnace slag as substitute for fine aggregate in cement mortar and concrete. Now a days, river sand becomes scarce and costly too, which is one of the very important ingredient of concrete and cement mortar mix especially in India and the world consumption of sand in concrete generation along is around 1000 to 1100 million tonnes per year, making its scarce and limited. Shortage of river sand resulted into the over dredging of river sand which causes environmental threat and loss of aquatic life also. In this paper granulated blast furnace slag is used as substitute for river sand in cement mortar and concrete, to overcome the environmental problems created due to over mining. In this investigation, in a cement mortar and concrete replacing natural sand by granulated blast furnace slag in a range of 20%, 40%, 60%,80% and 100%. The workability and strength of cement mortar and concrete with varying percentage of granulated blast furnace slag substitute which is then compare with workability and strength of conventional concrete. To determine the workability and strength of cement mortar and concrete, cubes of standard sizes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm (for concrete) and 70mm x 70mm x 70mm (for cement mortar) for 3rdday (cement mortar), 7th day and 28th days were casted and tested under compression testing machine . The work is extending to 100% replacement of natural sand with granulated blast furnace slag for M-20 grade of concrete and cement mortar. The compressive strength and flow characteristic of various mixes at various curing periods are studies. The study has shown that, the granulated blast furnace slag can be used as best alternative construction material over river sand. By these substitution and study one can achieve environmental protection as well as economy.
Keywords- River Sand (RS), Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBS), Cement Mortar, Concrete, Workability, Compressive Strength.
Use of cutting fluids in machining processes can reduce the cutting temperature and provides lubrication to tool and work piece. These translate to longer tool life and improved surface quality. Metalworking fluids are a major cause of health hazards for operators apart from being sources of environmental pollution thus necessitating research in dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) machining. The introduction of coolant techniques such as near-dry machining so called minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and cryogenic coolant have shown promising performances especially in terms of cutting tool life. Nowadays, MQL is widely used in machining performances.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND PREDICTION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN SURFACE GRI...IAEME Publication
This study deals with the investigation and prediction of the surface roughness in surface grinding operation. The experiments have been conducted using factorial design on a surface grinding machine with silicon oxide as an abrasive wheel. Feed and depth of cut were varied to observe their effect on surface roughness. Analysis of variance was used to find the significant factor and regression equation was developed to predict the surface roughness. Three different materials were used in this investigation (cast iron, mild steel and stainless steel).
System combines the advantages of 100% scrap preheating and continuous scrap feeding through its chambers, without the need of EAF roof opening. EPC prevents totaly, any dust emission and heat loss during furnace charging stage, as it is the case normally for other operations. The EPC-EAF is a new generation, economical and environmentaly friendly Electric Arc Furnace. Considerable reduction in electric energy consumption, increased productivity, meeting strict environmental regulations, less dust load within the melt shop, flicker reduction& harmonic disturbance reduction are some of the important features of the new and superior EPC system.
Comparison of performance of the bonded and loosely bonded magnetic abrasiveseSAT Journals
Abstract In modern industry presently requirement of finely finished surface has been the major demand as per the technological advancements. in comparison to conventional machining methods the unconventional machining methods provide better surface finish .Magnetic abrasive finishing is a process which is able to remove the material at micro/nano from the metallic and non metallic surfaces . The magnetic abrasives play the major role in MAF. Literature reveals different techniques such as sintering, plasma, chemical etc. for manufacturing of bonded magnetic abrasives in present paper the bonded abrasives are prepared by sintering and is used for internal finishing of brass tubes. The rough bored brass samples are finely finished by newly developed magnetic abrasives and loosely bonded abrasives prepared by silicone gel and the comparison of performance was studied. The material removal rate was also studied.
Impact of varying the nozzle stand off distance on cutting temperature in t...eSAT Journals
Abstract Tool wear is a natural phenomenon in all metal cutting operations due to high friction at tool work interface, which affect the tool life, product quality and accuracy of work. For minimizing the friction at tool work interface the cutting fluids or lubricants are used for cooling and lubrication, hence improvement in machining efficiency. But if the quantity and quality of lubricants are unattended or underestimated then it creates problems like soil, water, environmental pollution and also makes the machining process uneconomical. The different cooling and lubrication techniques have been developed today. So it is necessity of present day scenario of machining to work with technology which would not degrade the environment, face the competition and have better quality of products. Different research shows that conventional Flood lubrication is limited by health hazards, misting and sometime uneconomical as compared to other techniques, due to its high discharge rate of fluid. These problems have been overcome by using dry machining. Studies shows that dry machining also becomes non efficient and uneconomical during cutting of harder materials at higher cutting speed, feed and depth of cut, although it is environmental friendly and economical at particular machining level. So to minimize all these Problems of health hazards, non-economy, intense tool wear in case of flood cooling and dry machining, the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) has been applied in this present research. The effect of varying the nozzle stand-off distance and lubricant pressure have been considered in this study, to find out the best results in terms of cutting temperature. The experimentation has been conducted during turning of EN- 31 Alloy Steel with minimum quantity lubrication at flow rate of 150 ml/hr having vegetable based oil. The temperature has been measured by K- type thermocouple .The vegetable oil has been selected due to its environmental friendly behavior and does not produce health hazards, like mineral oil during flood lubrication.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Investigation of Metal Removal Rate and Surface Finish on Inconel 718 by Abra...AM Publications
Abrasive Waterjet (AWJ) cutting has proven to be an effective technology for material processing with the distinct advantages of no thermal distortion, high machining versatility, high flexibility and small cutting forces. In this paper, Taguchi robust design analysis is employed to determine optimal combination of process parameters. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is also applied to identify the most significant factor. The process parameters such as pressure, transverse speed, stand of distance and abrasive flow rate are optimized to investigate their influence on Metal Removal Rate (MRR) and Surface Roughness (Ra) of Inconel. Experiments are carried out by L9 orthogonal array and the results are provided to verify this approach and credible tendencies of output parameters with respect to the input parameters are discussed, from which recommendations are made for process control and optimization.
Experimental investigations of vegetable & mineral oil performance during mac...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
INVESTIGATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF TURNING PROCESS PARAMETER IN WET AND MQL SY...IAEME Publication
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system
In this experimental study, an attempt is made to obtain optimum cutting parameters for turning
of mild steel on the basis of surface roughness and surface temperature. Optimization of cutting parameters is
very important to obtain a good machining quality of surface and to inhibit the increase of temperature.
Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) has been introduced to avoid excessive use of cutting fluid. The
parameters considered here are cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. Optimal cutting parameters for each
performance measure were obtained employing Taguchi experimental method. To study the performance
characteristics in turning operation Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed. It is found that cutting speed
and feed has significant effect on both surface roughness and temperature.
COMPARISON OF MAIN EFFECT OF VEGETABLE OIL AND AL2O3 NANOFLUIDS USED WITH MQL...IAEME Publication
The growing demands for high productivity of machining need use of high cutting velocity and feed rate. Such machining inherently produces high cutting temperature, which not only reduces tool life but also impairs the product quality. Application of cutting fluids changes the performance of machining operations because of their lubrication, cooling, and chip flushing functions. But the conventional cutting fluids are not that effective in such high production machining, particularly in continuous cutting of materials likes steels. So Nanofluids have novel properties that make them potentially useful in heat transfer medium in cutting zone and Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) presents itself as a viable alternative for turning with respect to tool wear, heat dissipation, and machined surface quality.
Similar to Performance evaluation of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids with mql technique in turning of aisi 1040 steel (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
Performance evaluation of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids with mql technique in turning of aisi 1040 steel
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 381
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF NANO GRAPHITE INCLUSIONS IN
CUTTING FLUIDS WITH MQL TECHNIQUE IN TURNING OF AISI 1040
STEEL
M M S Prasad1
, R.R.Srikant2
1
Professor, Dept of Mechanical Engg, Regency Institute of Technology, Yanam-U T of Puducherry, India
2
Associate Prof, Dept of Mechanical Engg, GIT, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, A.P., India
prasadmms@yahoo.co.in, r.r.srikant@gmail.com
Abstract
Liberation of heat and generation of friction associated with any machining operation ever pose a problem which not only reduce the
tool life but also impair quality of the product. Cutting fluids have been the conventional choice to curtail friction and temperatures in
machining because of its lubrication and cooling actions. However, considering health hazards posed by the conventional cutting
fluids to health of the workers and ecology, the quest is towards identifying alternative strategies to the usual flood application.
Selection and use of proper lubricant that can improve the overall cutting phenomena which is an important aspect in reducing the
cutting forces and temperatures The present work studies the use of nano cutting fluids in MQL which is a minimal cutting fluid
technique, for turning operation using HSS and cemented carbide tools. Development of nano materials by nanotechnology technique,
dispersing them in the cutting fluid improve the effectiveness of the cutting fluid and hence nano graphite powder is selected of
particle size 80 nm in varying proportions i.e. 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% by weight are mixed in water soluble oil and applied drop
by drop. Experimentation is carried out at different flow rates like 5 ml/min 10 ml/min and 15 ml/min with nanoparticle suspended
fluids along with dry machining, flood coolant machining under constant cutting conditions. Experimental results are very
encouraging with much reduction in surface roughness, tool flank wear, temperatures and cutting forces is observed in fluids with
nanoparticle inclusions. Different properties of the nanofluids are estimated through a series of standard tests.
Keywords: Machining, nano Graphite, minimum quantity lubrication, cutting fluids.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Machining is one of the major manufacturing processes and is
often accomplished by very high energy consumed to shear off
the material by the cutting tool. Due to this, abnormal amount
of friction and in turn very high temperatures are generated at
the tool, work and chip interfaces. Inadvertently, the
machining parameters like cutting force, tool wear and surface
roughness are to be increased [1]. In order to reduce the these
parameters, cutting fluids are the best choice as they provide
cooling and lubrication to the cutting zone [2,3]. However,
cutting fluids introduce major health and safety concerns, high
handling and carrying costs, disposal, water and soil
pollution,[4,5] exposure to cutting fluids for long term causes
dermatitis [6] . It was estimated by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) that in every year
1.2 million workers involved in machining, forming and other
metal working operations are exposed to metal working fluids
[7]. It was reported recycling services for the cutting fluids in
the United States charge twice the purchasing price for
disposal and the cost is four times as much in Europe [8]. This
has prompted the search for alternative methods, wherein the
use of cutting fluids is minimized.
Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) is one such strategy
where very minimal amounts of the fluids are used.
Nevertheless, to achieve high cooling ability with minimum
quantity lubrication, a fluid with high thermal conductivity of
the fluids, like nanofluids, must be chosen [9-11].
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Cutting fluids are said to be accounting to major expenditure
in any metal cutting industry, in fact more than the cost of the
cutting tools [12]. Considering the stringent environmental
laws, high cost of the cutting fluids, ecological and issues
related to health hazards, various methods are evolved to
minimize or eliminate the usage of the cutting fluids [13]. This
has lead to the development of minimum quantity lubrication
(MQL) [14]. MQL has been applied in several operations like
turning, milling and grinding and encouraging results were
obtained [14-16]. However, since the amount of fluid supplied
is very low, a fluid with superior properties, compared to the
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 382
conventional fluids is required. In this context, nanofluids are
emerging as possible solutions. In the preparation of
nanofluid, the choice of nano particle is critical and depends
on the application. Since, in the present application lubrication
and cooling are required, solid lubricants may be chosen.
CaF2 is reported to significantly reduce coefficient of friction
[17] and tool flank wear [18]. By using cemented carbide tool
in the presence of solid lubricant, turning was carried out on
EN 8 steel work piece and lubricating properties were assessed
based on the measurement of the cutting forces [19]. Improved
surface quality of the bearing steel with mixed ceramic tools
was reported when MoS2 and graphite were used [20].
Graphite, due to its structure has a distinct place in the class of
solid lubricants and is very widely used in machining. Park et.
al [21] have studied the use of graphene based nanofluid as
lubricant for ball milling operation and have reported good
results for 0.1% inclusion levels. However, graphene is costly
compared to graphite.
In the present work, AISI 1040 steel was machined with HSS
and Cemented carbide tools. Nanofluids made up of nano
graphite powder particles ( 80 nm size ) in various proportions
like 0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% by weight and water soluble oil
as base fluid are used as coolants in MQL. The fluids were
first characterized and then different flow rates of 5ml/min, 10
ml/min and 15 ml/min flow rates are tried in MQL in addition
to both dry machining & flood coolant machining. The effect
on various process parameters like surface finish, cutting
forces, tool wear and temperatures was studied.
3. EXPERIMENTATION
3.1 Lubricant Mixture Properties
The nanofluids was prepared by sonicating the previously
functionalized Nanoparticles using a sonicator.
Functionalisation is done to make the Nanoparticles
hydrophilic from hydrophobic. Initially, use of surfactant
TritonX-100 was opted, however, it was found to decrease the
thermal conductivity of the fluid (Table.1), hence,
functionalization was chosen. Nano graphite material was
calcinated by heating in furnace whose temperature is
maintained at 4500
C for about 45 min and then refluxed by
using 6 molar concentric H2SO4 with HNO3 in the ratio of 2:1
for 6 hours. After cooling the mixture, it was washed with
water and by using vacuum filtration, it is completely filtered
to drain off water. This process was repeated to attain till pH
value of 7 (neutral) is obtained. In order to get functionalized
nano graphite powder, the slurry is dried in oven at 800
C in
vacuum for 16 hrs. After sonication, the fluids were used for
experimentation. The supply flow is controlled by a regulating
valve provided in the set up. The fluids were tested to evaluate
the properties like density, thermal conductivity, kinematic
viscosity, pH.
3.2 Machining Tests
In order to test the effectiveness of the fluids in machining, the
fluids were supplied at different flow rates as lubricant. The
experimental set-up is shown Fig 1 and the details are
presented in Table 2. A separate set up has been made to store,
carry and supply of the solid lubricant mixture to the cutting
zone.
The variables which effect the machining performance like
tool geometry, cutting conditions, type of the lubricant, HSS
and uncoated cemented carbide tools were selected based on
the manufacturers recommendations. All the cutting tests are
performed on PSG 124 lathe under constant cutting
conditions. Cutting forces are measured by using 4 component
piezo electric KISTLER dynamometer (Type-9272). Talysurf
is employed to measure the surface roughness (Ra). By using
metallurgical microscope, tool wear is measured off line at the
end of each cut under 5X, 10X magnifications. K type
thermocouple is used to measure the cutting temperatures
placed below the tool insert in case of carbide tool and
connected to the tool in case of HSS tool. All the experiments
were conducted in triplicate and the average of the values has
been considered.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Properties of the Nano Graphite Lubricant
Mixture
Density values measured are given in table-3 for different
volume proportions of nano cutting fluids. Density has a
detrimental effect on the heat transfer coefficient in
convection. The kinematic viscosity of nano particle
suspended cutting fluids is given in table-4 and it is found that
there is an increase in viscosity with increase in weight
percentage of the nano particles. As viscosity is an important
property for lubricants, apparently, cutting fluids with higher
concentration of nano graphite can serve as better lubricants.
Further, decrease in viscosity is observed as temperature
increased. It may be noted that the overall combined effect of
both these parameters is critical in deciding the lubricating
properties of the fluids.
Apart from lubrication, cooling is another prime objective of
cutting fluid. Thermal conductivity of the fluids is estimated at
different temperatures as given in Table-5. Results indicate
rise in thermal conductivity with increase in inclusion levels.
Unlike most liquids, which show a fall in thermal conductivity
with rise in temperature, the fluids show a consistent increase
in the thermal conductivity with temperature. This property
may be inherited from water, which is a major constituent of
the fluids. Since thermal conductivity is found to rise with
increase in content of inclusion, fluids with higher inclusion
levels content can apparently be used for machining that
produces higher temperatures.
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The resistance of the fluids to microbial action is affected to a
large extent by the pH value of the fluid. pH values the
different fluids are given in table-6. The results showed rise in
pH value with inclusion level, which is characterized by rise in
alkalinity of the fluid. pH values too high or low can prove
hazardous to the operator and pose a problem in waste
disposal.
4.2 Machining Parameters
4.2.1 Cutting Forces
To appraise the lubricating properties of the fluids, cutting
forces were measured while machining in all the considered
conditions of lubrication. Variation of the cutting force with
machining time for Nanofluids at different flow rates are
presented in Figs. 2-7 for both Cemented Carbide and HSS
tools. Dry cutting has given rise to highest cutting forces
followed by the soluble oil (flood cooling). It can be seen that
increase in inclusion of the fluid has decrease in cutting force.
The possible reason may be the effectiveness of the solid
lubricant at nano level size and also the trends observed for the
kinematic viscosities. Also the forces decreased with increase
in the flow rate of the fluid.
When experiment results under 15 ml/min flow rate compared
with 5ml/min flow rate using HSS tool, the reduction in
cutting forces was found 65% in plain MQL, 69% in MQL
with 0.1wt% graphite, 67% in MQL with 0.3wt% graphite and
69% in MQL with 0.5wt% graphite nano fluid. Similarly,
using with cemented carbide insert, the reduction was found
6% in plain MQL, 5% in MQL with 0.1wt% graphite, 5% in
MQL with 0.3wt% graphite and 15% in MQL with 0.5wt%
graphite nano fluid.
From the above findings, the resultant force measurements
corresponding to MQL with 0.5wt% graphite nano fluid were
less than the measurements with all other experimental
combinations under 15ml/min flow rate except in case of
MQL with 0.3wt% graphite nano fluid and machined with
HSS ( with a marginal difference of 2% more than 0.5wt%)
superior that means, as weight percentage increased from
0.0% to 0.5% the nano graphite particle suspended fluid
behaved like pure base oil which means the role of nano
particle at chip tool interface was being nullified result in level
of resultant force required against nano particle was reduced.
This lead to reduction in magnitude of cutting forces. This will
be attributed to reduction of cutting zone temperatures result
in less friction and decrease in BUE formation.
However, from the results, when compared to HSS tool, the
cutting forces appeared to be less in Cemented carbide insert
in the prevailing cutting conditions.
4.2.2 Cutting Temperature
Since measurement of the temperatures at tip is difficult, an
embedded thermocouple method is adopted to estimate the
effectiveness of the fluids in cooling. The measured
temperatures correspond to a nodal point located at some
distance to the cutting tip. Since the present study aims to
compare the performance of the cutting fluids and is not
interested in estimation of actual cutting temperature, this
strategy has been followed. A standard K type thermocouple is
used to monitor the temperature by using a digital temperature
indicator. Results shown in Fig 8 to 13 indicate that in dry
machining cutting temperatures are highest for dry machining,
while soluble oil (flood cooling) produces least temperatures.
For increase in the percentage inclusion of the cutting fluids
and the flow rates, the temperatures decreased. It may be
noted that similar trend was observed in thermal conductivity
measurements.
When experiment results under 15 ml/min flow rate compared
with 5ml/min flow rate using HSS tool, the reduction in
cutting temperature was found 26% in plain MQL, 24% in
MQL with 0.1wt% graphite, 30% in MQL with 0.3wt%
graphite and 27% in MQL with 0.5wt% graphite nano fluid.
Similarly, using with cemented carbide insert, the reduction
was found 15% in plain MQL,12% in MQL with 0.1wt%
graphite, 16% in MQL with 0.3wt% graphite and 20% in
MQL with 0.5wt% graphite nano fluid as nano size graphite
particles more or less suspended completely in the base fluid
without any agglomeration thereby reduce friction at the tool-
chip interface can be expected. Another reason would be
reduced cutting forces which in turn lowered the power
consumption during machining operation. Whatever power
that was consumed converted to heat of less quantity
distributed along primary zone ie shear zone and secondary
zone i.e. tool-chip interface.
From all above findings, the reduction in cutting temperature
was maximum in MQL with 0.3wt % graphite nano fluid
under 15ml/min flow rate when machined with HSS tool and
maximum in MQL with 0.5wt% graphite nano fluid under
same flow rate. However it was found only a marginal
difference of 3% to 4% less than MQL with 0.3wt% graphite
nano fluid in case of machined with cemented carbide insert.
However, from the results, when compared to HSS tool, the
cutting temperatures appeared to be less in Cemented carbide
insert in the prevailing cutting conditions.
4.2.3 Surface Roughness
Surface roughness plays an important role on product quality.
In this study, surface roughness was measured by Talysurf.
Results shown in the fig. 14 & 15. Dry lubrication gives
maximum surface roughness while flood cooling gives the
minimum surface finish. In nano cutting fluids, percentage
inclusion of graphite decreases the surface roughness. The
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possible reasons may be due to the decrease in cutting forces
and temperatures at higher inclusions.
When experiment results under 15 ml/min flow rate compared
with 5ml/min flow rate using HSS tool, the reduction in
surface roughness was found 3.1% in plain MQL, 2.6% in
MQL with 0.1wt% graphite, 1.6% in MQL with 0.3wt%
graphite and 1.1% in MQL with 0.5wt% graphite nano fluid.
Similarly, using with cemented carbide insert, the reduction
was found 3.4% in plain MQL, 5.2% in MQL with 0.1wt%
graphite, 2.7% in MQL with 0.3wt% graphite and 1.5% in
MQL with 0.5wt% graphite nano fluid.
From all above findings, the reduction in surface roughness
was maximum in MQL with 0.3wt % graphite nano fluid
under 15ml/min flow rate in both HSS and cemented carbide
tool machining which gave improved finish obtained on work
piece material depending on controlling the deterioration of
auxiliary cutting edge of abrasion, chipping and BUE
formation. It was further observed reduction in surface
roughness with 0.3wt% graphite nano fluid due to exhibiting
enhanced thermal and lubricating properties of nano fluids like
high thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity and heat transfer
coefficient that reduced frictional forces at chip tool interface
and tool work interface result in decrease in temperature at the
cutting zone thereby decrease in tool wear and hence
improvement in surface finish.
However, from the results, when compared to HSS tool, the
surface roughness appeared to be less in Cemented carbide
insert in the prevailing cutting conditions.
4.2.4 Tool Flank Wear
Tool wear is a major parameter that characterizes the
efficiency of machining process. In the present work tool wear
is measured periodically. Tool wear results are shown in fig 16
to 21. Similar to surface roughness, values of tool wear
obtained in MQL happen to fall in between dry and flood
lubrications. Increase in percentage inclusion of graphite and
flow rate decreased the tool wear. This is because of the better
cooling and lubricating properties at those conditions. The
trend of result is comparable with the results reported in
literature [21].
When experiment results under 15 ml/min flow rate compared
with 5ml/min flow rate using HSS tool, the reduction in tool
wear was found 9% in plain MQL, 9% in MQL with 0.1wt%
graphite, 12% in MQL with 0.3wt% graphite and 11% in
MQL with 0.5wt% graphite nano fluid. Similarly, using with
cemented carbide insert, the reduction was found 9% in plain
MQL, 7% in MQL with 0.1wt% graphite, 11% in MQL with
0.3wt% graphite and 10.8% in MQL with 0.5wt% graphite
nano fluid.
At high and moderate cutting speeds, under plain MQL, the
coolant may not have enough time to remove the accumulated
heat at cutting zone result in less reduction of temperature that
leads to more predominant formation of BUE and increase in
tool wear. However, under MQL with graphite nano fluids
machining which help in reduce the temperature result in a
decrease in formation of BUE due to enhanced thermo
physical properties of nano fluids.
In any machining operation, primary deformation zone and
secondary deformation zone where heat generation is more
and induces very high cutting temperatures. At these
temperatures, the solid graphite lubricant generates thin
lubricating film in tool work piece leading to reduction of tool
wear. Further, low shear resistance, sliding action and low
coefficient of friction with in the contact interface reduce the
flank wear. The combined effect leads to decrease in tool flank
wear at MQL with 0.3wt% graphite particle nano fluids under
15ml/min flow rate.
However, from the results, when compared to HSS tool, the
tool wear appeared to be less in Cemented carbide insert in the
prevailing cutting conditions.
CONCLUSIONS
The effectiveness of the Nanofluids in MQL has been studied
in this paper through a series of tests. The following
conclusions may be drawn from the present work:
1. Nano fluids have demonstrated consistently better
performance in MQL compared to dry machining.
Though flood lubrication is shown to perform better,
the disadvantages associated with it, outweigh its
performance.
2. Increase in percentage inclusion of the nano graphite
leads to better performance of the fluids in terms of
properties and machining responses like cutting forces,
temperatures, surface roughness and tool wear.
3. Higher flow rates have shown better performance.
However, too high flow rates will come out of MQL
and the disadvantages of flood lubrication like
microbial contamination and disposal problems will
prevail. Also the costs of Nanofluids has to be taken
into consideration while deciding the flow rate.
4. At the present stage of experimentation, 0.3% nano
graphite particle inclusions at 15 ml/min flow rate can
be taken as the best combination. However, other tests
like microbial contamination and biodegradability need
to be done before arriving at a final conclusion.
REFERENCES
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 385
[3]. Herry P Byers, Metal working fluids, 1st
edition, CRC,
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Table-1: Thermal conductivity measurement
Thermal Conductivity, k
(W/mK)
% increase in thermal
conductivity w.r.t Base
fluid
Soluble oil 0.555
Soluble oil with
functionalized nanographite
(Sample A)
0.58 4.51
Soluble oil with nanographite
and Triton X-100
(Sample D)
0.536 -3.42
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Table 2: Experimental conditions in machining
Machine Tool:
Lathe machine: PSG company, Coimbatore, India
Speed range: 63-1250 rpm
Motor capacity: 10 h.p.
Cutting tool (insert): Carbide, CNMG 120408(H-13A, ISO specification)
Tool holder: PSRNR 12125f09 (ISO specification)
Work specimen : AISI 1040 steel ( C=0.36-0.45%, Mn=0.6-1%, Si=0.2-0.3%, S=0.025% & P=0.015% )
Size: 50 ø x 400 mm
Hardness: 30 ± 2HRC, heat treated.
Process Parameters:
Cutting speed: 105 m/min
Feed: 0.14 mm/rev
Depth of cut: 1 mm
Environment: Solid lubricant (Graphite)
Lubricating oil: soluble oil
Solid lubricant particle size: <80 nm
Flow rate of the lubricant: 10 ml/min
Cutting Tool Geometry:
Back rake angle: 00
Side rake angle: 50
End cutting edge angle: 100
Side cutting edge angle: 100
End Relief Angle: 100
Side Relief angle: 500
Nose radius: 0.5 mm
Sonicator
Maximum power output: 600 watts
Operating frequency: 20 kHz
Input: 110 V AC@ 10 A
Programmable timer: 1s- 1h
Thermocouple:
Designation: K type, shielded thermocouple
Element size: 2 mm O D (d) x 20 mm long (L)
Element type: Duplex
Sheath material: Recrystalized Alumina
Temperature range: -250º C to 1260º C
Tolerance: ± 2.2ºC or ± 0.75% (whichever is greater between 0-1250º C)
Lathe Tool Dynamometer:
Make: kistler instrument co, west Germany.
Model : 9272
Measuring range: up to 10 KN
Type: piezo electric Dynamometer
Tally Surf:
Stylus material: Diamond
Stylus radius: 0.0025 mm
Cut-off length: 0.8x5
Accuracy: 3% of reading
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Table-3: Density of nanofluids
Table-4: Kinematic viscosity of nanofluids
Kinematic Viscosity ( stokes)
Temp(°
C) Soluble oil 0.1% wt gr 0.3% wt gr 0.5% wt gr
25 0.018 0.021 0.026 0.032
30 0.015 0.019 0.024 0.028
35 0.013 0.017 0.021 0.025
40 0.011 0.016 0.018 0.022
45 0.009 0.015 0.017 0.021
50 0.008 0.014 0.015 0.020
55 0.008 0.014 0.015 0.019
60 0.007 0.013 0.015 0.019
Table-5: Thermal conductivity of nanofluids
Thermal conductivity (W/m K)
Temp(°
C)
Soluble
oil
0.1wt %
Gr
0.3 wt%
Gr
0.5 wt %
Gr.
25 0.550 0.574 0.584 0.599
30 0.555 0.580 0.590 0.609
35 0.560 0.584 0.594 0.613
40 0.565 0.589 0.599 0.618
45 0.570 0.594 0.604 0.623
50 0.575 0.599 0.609 0.628
55 0.580 0.604 0.614 0.633
60 0.585 0.609 0.619 0.638
65 0.590 0.614 0.624 0.643
70 0.595 0.619 0.629 0.648
Density (gr/cm3
)
Wt % Measured Density of nanofluid
(g/cm3
)
0 0.99
0.1 0.990
0.3 0.991
0.5 0.992
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Table-6
pH:
Gr Wt % pH
0 8.03
0.1 7.99
0.3 7.95
0.5 7.73
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of experimental set-up
Fig.2 Variation of resultant force with machining
time when used Cemented Carbide tool at 5 ml/min
Fig.3 Variation of resultant force with machining
time when used HSS at 5 ml/min
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Fig.4 Variation of resultant force with machining
time when used Cemented Carbide tool at 10 ml/min
Fig. 5 Variation of resultant force with machining
time when used HSS tool at 10 ml/min
Fig.6 Variation of resultant force with machining
time when used Cemented Carbide tool at 15 ml/min
Fig.7 Variation of resultant force with machining
time when used HSS tool at 15 ml/min
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Fig.8 Variation of Temperature with machining time
at different lubricating conditions when used
Cemented Carbide tool at 5 ml/min
Fig.9 Variation of Temperature with machining time
at different lubricating conditions when used
HSS tool at 5 ml/min
Fig.10 Variation of Temperature with machining time
at different lubricating conditions when used
Cemented Carbide tool at 10 ml/min
Fig.11 Variation of Temperature with machining time
at different lubricating conditions when used
HSS tool at 10 ml/min
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Fig.12 Variation of Temperature with machining time
at different lubricating conditions when used
Cemented Carbide tool at 15 ml/min
Fig.13 Variation of Temperature with machining time
at different lubricating conditions when used
HSS tool at 15 ml/min
Fig.14 Variation of Surface Roughness at different
flow rates & lubricating conditions when machined
with Cemented Carbide tool.
Fig.15 Variation of Surface roughness at different
flow rates & lubricating conditions when machined
with HSS tool.
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Fig 16 Variation of Flank wear with machining time
at different lubricating conditions when used
Cemented Carbide tool at 5 ml/min
Fig.17 Variation of Flank wear with machining time
at different lubricating conditions when used
HSS tool at 5 ml/min
Fig 18 Variation of Flank wear with machining time
at different lubricating conditions when used
Cemented Carbide tool at 10 ml/min
Fig.19 Variation of Flank wear with machining time
at different lubricating conditions when used
HSS tool at 10 ml/min
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Fig 20 Variation of Flank wear with machining time
at different lubricating conditions when used
Cemented Carbide tool at 15 ml/min
Fig.21 Variation of Flank wear with machining time
at different lubricating conditions when used
HSS tool at 15 ml/min
BIOGRAPHIES
M M S Prasad is working as a Professor in
dept of Mechanical engg having working
experience of 17 yrs industrial experience and
11 yrs teaching experience. Pursuing Ph D in
GITAM University in manufacturing area
under the guidance of Dr R R Srikanth. Other
responsibilities like Nodal officer, ISO institutional
coordinator, Infrastructure coordinator.
R.R.Srikant is working as a Associate
Professor in dept of Mechanical engg in GIT,
GITAM University who did his Ph D in
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam and
having teaching experience of 13 yrs.