Knowledge of the performance of cutting fluids in machining different work materials is
of critical importance in order to improve the efficiency of any machining process. The
efficiency can be evaluated based on certain process parameters such as flank wear, surface
roughness on the work piece, cutting forces developed, temperature developed at the tool
chip interface, etc. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of cutting fluids
on tool wear and surface roughness during turning of AISI 304 with carbide tool. Further
an attempt has been made to identify the influence of coconut oil in reducing the tool
wear and surface roughness during turning process. The performance of coconut oil is also
being compared with another two cutting fluids namely an emulsion and a neat cutting oil
(immiscible with water). The results indicated that in general, coconut oil performed better
than the other two cutting fluids in reducing the tool wear and improving the surface finish.
Coconut oil has been used as one of the cutting fluids in this work because of its thermal
and oxidative stability which is being comparable to other vegetable-based cutting fluids
used in the metal cutting industry.
1) An analysis was conducted to determine the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and use of cutting fluid on tool wear and surface roughness when turning AISI 304 stainless steel.
2) The analysis found that cutting speed had the greatest influence on tool wear, while feed rate had the greatest influence on surface roughness.
3) Both tool wear and surface roughness decreased with increasing cutting speed up to 175 m/min and decreasing feed rate from 0.4 to 0.2 mm/rev. The use of cutting fluid also improved results.
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents minimization of surface roughness in dry turning of AISI 430F steel using TiN-TiCN-Al2O3-ZrCN multilayer coated cemented carbide & cryo-treated inserts. Effect of cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of cut & machining duration is studied on the surface roughness. Taguchi’s design of experiment is used to find the optimum factor levels. It is found that the feed rate has much effect in producing lower surface roughness followed by speed. The depth of cut has lesser role on surface roughness. The result of Taguchi method shows that cutting velocity of 250m/min, feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.3mm should be maintained as optimal parameter settings for both coated and cryo-treated tools. Cryo-treated tools perform better. Keywords: Cryo-treatment, Dry Turning, Surface roughness, Taguchi Method
This document summarizes a seminar report on the effect of casting process parameters on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. It discusses how parameters like pouring temperature, cooling time, mold hardness, sand particle size, and pouring speed can influence properties such as tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength. The objectives are to study how these parameters affect mechanical properties and to minimize casting defects by optimizing parameter values. Several authors have used the Taguchi technique to optimize process parameters to improve mechanical properties of aluminum castings.
Experimental investigation of tool wear in turning of inconel718 material rev...EditorIJAERD
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into tool wear during turning of Inconel718 material. It reviews the effects of various cutting conditions, tool geometries, and tool treatments on tool wear and other output parameters like cutting force, temperature, vibration, power consumption, surface roughness, and material removal rate. The goal is to analyze tool wear based on literature to optimize machining of Inconel718 using a CNC machine. Various studies investigating factors like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, tool material, and cooling conditions are summarized to reduce tool wear during machining of this difficult-to-cut alloy.
A literature review on optimization of cutting parameters for surface roughne...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes literature on optimizing cutting parameters to improve surface roughness in turning processes. Several studies used Taguchi methods to optimize parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and nose radius. Most found feed rate was the most influential parameter on surface roughness. Other key findings include that lower feed rates and depths of cut produce better surface finishes, and coatings on carbide inserts can improve tool performance and surface roughness when machining steels. Future work could optimize additional parameters and study different tool coatings.
This document summarizes an investigation into flank wear on minimal cutting fluid application during turning of OHNS steel. Seven input parameters were varied at three levels in a 27-run Taguchi experiment. Analysis found that feed rate had the greatest influence on flank wear, cutting temperature, and chip thickness based on ANOVA. Optimal cutting and fluid application parameters were determined to be a cutting speed of 168.23 m/min, feed of 0.04 mm/rev, depth of cut of 1 mm, pressure of 100 bar, frequency of 900 pulses/min, application rate of 3 ml/min, and fluid composition of 20%. The study provides optimized parameters for improved tool performance during turning of OHNS steel with minimal cutting fluid application.
1) An analysis was conducted to determine the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and use of cutting fluid on tool wear and surface roughness when turning AISI 304 stainless steel.
2) The analysis found that cutting speed had the greatest influence on tool wear, while feed rate had the greatest influence on surface roughness.
3) Both tool wear and surface roughness decreased with increasing cutting speed up to 175 m/min and decreasing feed rate from 0.4 to 0.2 mm/rev. The use of cutting fluid also improved results.
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents minimization of surface roughness in dry turning of AISI 430F steel using TiN-TiCN-Al2O3-ZrCN multilayer coated cemented carbide & cryo-treated inserts. Effect of cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of cut & machining duration is studied on the surface roughness. Taguchi’s design of experiment is used to find the optimum factor levels. It is found that the feed rate has much effect in producing lower surface roughness followed by speed. The depth of cut has lesser role on surface roughness. The result of Taguchi method shows that cutting velocity of 250m/min, feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.3mm should be maintained as optimal parameter settings for both coated and cryo-treated tools. Cryo-treated tools perform better. Keywords: Cryo-treatment, Dry Turning, Surface roughness, Taguchi Method
This document summarizes a seminar report on the effect of casting process parameters on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. It discusses how parameters like pouring temperature, cooling time, mold hardness, sand particle size, and pouring speed can influence properties such as tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength. The objectives are to study how these parameters affect mechanical properties and to minimize casting defects by optimizing parameter values. Several authors have used the Taguchi technique to optimize process parameters to improve mechanical properties of aluminum castings.
Experimental investigation of tool wear in turning of inconel718 material rev...EditorIJAERD
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into tool wear during turning of Inconel718 material. It reviews the effects of various cutting conditions, tool geometries, and tool treatments on tool wear and other output parameters like cutting force, temperature, vibration, power consumption, surface roughness, and material removal rate. The goal is to analyze tool wear based on literature to optimize machining of Inconel718 using a CNC machine. Various studies investigating factors like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, tool material, and cooling conditions are summarized to reduce tool wear during machining of this difficult-to-cut alloy.
A literature review on optimization of cutting parameters for surface roughne...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes literature on optimizing cutting parameters to improve surface roughness in turning processes. Several studies used Taguchi methods to optimize parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and nose radius. Most found feed rate was the most influential parameter on surface roughness. Other key findings include that lower feed rates and depths of cut produce better surface finishes, and coatings on carbide inserts can improve tool performance and surface roughness when machining steels. Future work could optimize additional parameters and study different tool coatings.
This document summarizes an investigation into flank wear on minimal cutting fluid application during turning of OHNS steel. Seven input parameters were varied at three levels in a 27-run Taguchi experiment. Analysis found that feed rate had the greatest influence on flank wear, cutting temperature, and chip thickness based on ANOVA. Optimal cutting and fluid application parameters were determined to be a cutting speed of 168.23 m/min, feed of 0.04 mm/rev, depth of cut of 1 mm, pressure of 100 bar, frequency of 900 pulses/min, application rate of 3 ml/min, and fluid composition of 20%. The study provides optimized parameters for improved tool performance during turning of OHNS steel with minimal cutting fluid application.
Study of machinability of high carbon high chromium steel using various cutti...AMIT BANERJEE
The document discusses research being conducted on studying the machinability of high carbon high chromium steel using various cutting tools. The objective is to determine the optimum process parameters of cutting velocity, feed rate, and depth of cut for minimum surface roughness and power consumption. Literature on previous research in machining hardened steel is reviewed. The current progress includes partially completing the literature review, purchasing the work material, and programming the CNC machine. Future work involves insert selection, material composition testing, and conducting the experimental machining tests. Response surface methodology will be used to analyze the results.
COMPARISON OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF COLDWORK AND HOT WORK TOOL STEELS IN HARD ...ijmech
The hard turning process has been attracting interest in different industrial sectors for finishing operations
of hard materials at its hardened state.Surface roughness is investigated in hard turning of AISI D3 and
AISI H13 steels of same hardness 62HRC. In this paper, an attempt has been made to model and predict
the surface roughness in hard turning of AISI D3 and AISI H13 hardened steels using Response Surface
Methodology (RSM). The combined effects of three machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate
and depth of cut are investigated for main performance characteristic that is surface roughness. RSM
based Central Composite Design (CCD) is applied as an experimental design. Al2O3/TiC mixed ceramic
tool with corner radius 0.8 mm is employed to accomplish 20 tests with six center points. The acceptability
of the developed models is checked using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).The combined effects of cutting
speed; feed rate and depth of cut are investigated using surface plots.
Optimization of turning process parameter in dry turning of sae52100 steelIAEME Publication
This document discusses optimizing surface roughness and material removal rate in dry turning of SAE52100 steel. Experiments were conducted using different cutting speeds, feeds, and depths of cut. Surface roughness and material removal rate were measured for each experimental condition. The results were analyzed using Taguchi methods to determine the optimal levels for each process parameter to minimize surface roughness and maximize material removal rate. The analysis found that feed rate had the greatest influence on surface roughness, while cutting speed had the greatest influence on material removal rate.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance evaluation of ti n coated carbide insert for optimum surface roug...eSAT Journals
Abstract In manufacturing industry, beside the dimensional and geometric tolerance of a component, surface quality is most commonly specified requirements. Surface roughness plays an important role in the performance of the component. This paper presents a study of the influence of the cutting parameters on the surface roughness during the turning of AISI1045 steel with TiN coated carbide tool. The design of experiments based on the Taguchi technique. The objective was to optimization of the machining parameters as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut for surface roughness. Main effect plots are generated and analyzed to find out the relationship between them. Afterwords a confirmation test were performed to make a comparison between the predicted results and the theoretical results. Keywords: TiN carbide insert, AISI 1045 alloy steel, Taguchi method, Surface roughness, ANOVA
An overview of machinability study in milling pptAMIT BANERJEE
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on machinability studies in milling. It discusses the fundamentals of machinability and factors that affect machinability like cutting forces, temperature, tool life and surface roughness. It describes the milling process and different types of milling. It also discusses how machinability in milling is measured and factors that influence machinability in milling like cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, and nose radius. The document concludes by discussing how cutting parameters and cooling conditions can improve machinability.
A Literature Review on Optimization of Input Cutting Parameters for Improved ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on optimizing input cutting parameters to improve surface finish in turning processes. It aims to present various methodologies for predicting surface roughness. The literature compiles works on optimizing process parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, insert radius, and cutting fluid. It is concluded that these parameters most significantly impact surface roughness. Optimization techniques commonly used include Taguchi methodology, response surface methodology, full factorial analysis, and neural networks. The document provides a table summarizing 18 research papers on this topic, including details on materials machined, cutting parameters analyzed, outputs measured, and optimization methods employed.
This is my master degree paper under title experimental analysis of surface roughness and material removal rate in turning operation using response surface methodology
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality
products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning
process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal
rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out
by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and
insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system. This experiment also present the relation
between chip formations and controllable variables along with chip thickness, chip colors & chip
velocity from which its effect on insert wear, quality of product can be easily found out, because of
chip morphology gives indirectly the effect of it on the insert wear. In this dissertation work
minimum quantity lubrication system is used for reducing the cutting zone temperature properly and
very fastly. Finally comparison is carried out between wet and minimum quantity lubrication system
from which one can easily identify which system is better for higher productivity along with high
surface finish. This work also present the productivity (MRR) concept in production. The design of
experiment and optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time is carried
out by using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design method is used (CCD)
for the total experimental design work and its analysis and also for optimization of turning process
parameter by which wastage of the machining time, power can be avoided.
IRJET- Improving the Performance of M42 Twist Drill ToolIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experiment to optimize the heat treatment process and improve the performance of M42 twist drill tools. The experiment tested different materials, heat treatment cycles, spindle speeds, and point angles. Testing found that M42 material exhibited the lowest wear and temperature, making it the best material. Further testing determined that a point angle of 118 degrees and spindle speed of 750 RPM provided the best performance. In total, the experiment aimed to optimize the drill tool design and heat treatment process to improve tool life, hardness, and reduce costs.
Surface Quality Improvement Using Modified Tool Clamping In Boring OperationsIJRES Journal
Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The present work adopts a method suitable for machine operators, where in insertion of packing sheets at the boring tool support has been suggested. Insertion of number of layers causes frictional phenomenon to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments
Optimization of Surface Roughness Parameters in Turning EN1A Steel on a CNC L...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experiment to optimize surface roughness parameters when turning EN1A steel on a CNC lathe with coolant. The experiment uses Taguchi methods to design the experiment with three factors (cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) at three levels each, for a total of nine experiments. Analysis of variance is used to analyze the results and determine that feed rate has the highest contribution to surface roughness at 68.56%, followed by cutting speed at 18.98% and depth of cut at 12.46%. Regression and general linear models are developed to model the relationship between the input and output parameters. The results provide optimal cutting conditions and are useful for manufacturing industries to improve surface finish.
Prediction of Weld Quality of A Tungsten Inertr Gas Welded Mild Steel Pipe Jo...IJERA Editor
The weld quality of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded joint has been investigated to identify the most economical weld parameters that will bring about optimum properties. Response surface methodology has been used in the optimization of the tungsten inert gas weld of mild steel pipes. Response surface methodology, based on the central composite face centered design was generated for the purpose of optimization of the weld quality.All the process parameters have desirability of 1. Tensile strength response for this solution have a desirability of 0.910595 and the yield strength of 0.59. Result showed that minimizing current and voltage an average tensile strength of 535.452MPa and yield strength of up to 408.74MPa can be achieved, while keeping gas flow rate and electrode diameter within the range of test. It was also deduced that tensile elongation of the TIG weld is not influenced by the process parameters selected for the purpose of this study.
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In a single sentence, it pitches presentation creation software.
Lara Mielcarek has extensive experience in teaching, community outreach, and customer service. She is currently the Director of an artist reintegration program for women in rehabilitation centers. Previously she has worked as an adjunct professor, bartender, and assistant to the head of a musical theatre program. She has strong communication, collaboration, and problem solving skills.
Craig Hochstadt | Health Benefits of Matcha Green TeaCraig Hochstadt
Matcha green tea is a healthy drink. Match green tea has the highest antioxidant level. Matcha green tea gives us lot of health benefits like cancer prevention, boost the immune system and weight loss etc.
Desso ds pierson college march 2015 (1)piersonmail
This document provides a summary of the history and operations of Desso, a manufacturer of carpets and flooring. Some key points:
- Desso has been operating since the 1930s and was acquired by several larger flooring companies before becoming independent again in 2007.
- The company focuses on innovation, expansion, and communicating their sustainable practices. They are a global leader in Cradle to Cradle certified carpets and sports flooring.
- Desso aims for operational excellence while focusing on sustainability through practices like reducing energy use, recycling waste, and utilizing renewable energy and materials. Their goal is to have all products and operations be optimized in the Cradle to Cradle framework.
Notions fondamentales en développement informatique :
- Variables, et constantes,
- Conversion des types de variables,
- Expressions et
- Instructions.
Opérateurs arithmétiques
Opérateurs d’incrémentation et de décrémentation
Opérateurs d’affectation
Voir comment demander des informations à l'utilisateur et comment les stocker dans la mémoire :
- Lecture depuis la console
- Afficher la valeur d'une variable
Découvrir la directive cmath.h
The document discusses ethical banking and compares it to traditional banking. It outlines the origins of ethical banking in the United States in the 19th century and Europe in the 1960s/1970s. Ethical banking is based on ethics, aims to have positive social impact through banking entities that finance the real economy without speculation. It is characterized by transparency, investing in activities that benefit society, and a goal of a more sustainable world. Compared to traditional banking, ethical banking prioritizes social/economic performance over profit and offers fewer products while integrating needy groups.
1. Portal hypertension is defined as a portal pressure higher than 5 mm Hg and can lead to variceal bleeding. It is caused by any blockage that impedes portal blood flow.
2. Complications include ascites, encephalopathy, and malnutrition indicating end-stage liver disease. Evaluation involves assessing the underlying liver disease, hepatic function, portal venous anatomy and hemodynamics.
3. Treatment options include pharmacotherapy, endoscopic therapy, TIPS procedure, and liver transplantation for eligible patients. The goal is to reduce portal pressure and prevent further bleeding events.
Study of machinability of high carbon high chromium steel using various cutti...AMIT BANERJEE
The document discusses research being conducted on studying the machinability of high carbon high chromium steel using various cutting tools. The objective is to determine the optimum process parameters of cutting velocity, feed rate, and depth of cut for minimum surface roughness and power consumption. Literature on previous research in machining hardened steel is reviewed. The current progress includes partially completing the literature review, purchasing the work material, and programming the CNC machine. Future work involves insert selection, material composition testing, and conducting the experimental machining tests. Response surface methodology will be used to analyze the results.
COMPARISON OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF COLDWORK AND HOT WORK TOOL STEELS IN HARD ...ijmech
The hard turning process has been attracting interest in different industrial sectors for finishing operations
of hard materials at its hardened state.Surface roughness is investigated in hard turning of AISI D3 and
AISI H13 steels of same hardness 62HRC. In this paper, an attempt has been made to model and predict
the surface roughness in hard turning of AISI D3 and AISI H13 hardened steels using Response Surface
Methodology (RSM). The combined effects of three machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate
and depth of cut are investigated for main performance characteristic that is surface roughness. RSM
based Central Composite Design (CCD) is applied as an experimental design. Al2O3/TiC mixed ceramic
tool with corner radius 0.8 mm is employed to accomplish 20 tests with six center points. The acceptability
of the developed models is checked using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).The combined effects of cutting
speed; feed rate and depth of cut are investigated using surface plots.
Optimization of turning process parameter in dry turning of sae52100 steelIAEME Publication
This document discusses optimizing surface roughness and material removal rate in dry turning of SAE52100 steel. Experiments were conducted using different cutting speeds, feeds, and depths of cut. Surface roughness and material removal rate were measured for each experimental condition. The results were analyzed using Taguchi methods to determine the optimal levels for each process parameter to minimize surface roughness and maximize material removal rate. The analysis found that feed rate had the greatest influence on surface roughness, while cutting speed had the greatest influence on material removal rate.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance evaluation of ti n coated carbide insert for optimum surface roug...eSAT Journals
Abstract In manufacturing industry, beside the dimensional and geometric tolerance of a component, surface quality is most commonly specified requirements. Surface roughness plays an important role in the performance of the component. This paper presents a study of the influence of the cutting parameters on the surface roughness during the turning of AISI1045 steel with TiN coated carbide tool. The design of experiments based on the Taguchi technique. The objective was to optimization of the machining parameters as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut for surface roughness. Main effect plots are generated and analyzed to find out the relationship between them. Afterwords a confirmation test were performed to make a comparison between the predicted results and the theoretical results. Keywords: TiN carbide insert, AISI 1045 alloy steel, Taguchi method, Surface roughness, ANOVA
An overview of machinability study in milling pptAMIT BANERJEE
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on machinability studies in milling. It discusses the fundamentals of machinability and factors that affect machinability like cutting forces, temperature, tool life and surface roughness. It describes the milling process and different types of milling. It also discusses how machinability in milling is measured and factors that influence machinability in milling like cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, and nose radius. The document concludes by discussing how cutting parameters and cooling conditions can improve machinability.
A Literature Review on Optimization of Input Cutting Parameters for Improved ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on optimizing input cutting parameters to improve surface finish in turning processes. It aims to present various methodologies for predicting surface roughness. The literature compiles works on optimizing process parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, insert radius, and cutting fluid. It is concluded that these parameters most significantly impact surface roughness. Optimization techniques commonly used include Taguchi methodology, response surface methodology, full factorial analysis, and neural networks. The document provides a table summarizing 18 research papers on this topic, including details on materials machined, cutting parameters analyzed, outputs measured, and optimization methods employed.
This is my master degree paper under title experimental analysis of surface roughness and material removal rate in turning operation using response surface methodology
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality
products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning
process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal
rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out
by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and
insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system. This experiment also present the relation
between chip formations and controllable variables along with chip thickness, chip colors & chip
velocity from which its effect on insert wear, quality of product can be easily found out, because of
chip morphology gives indirectly the effect of it on the insert wear. In this dissertation work
minimum quantity lubrication system is used for reducing the cutting zone temperature properly and
very fastly. Finally comparison is carried out between wet and minimum quantity lubrication system
from which one can easily identify which system is better for higher productivity along with high
surface finish. This work also present the productivity (MRR) concept in production. The design of
experiment and optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time is carried
out by using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design method is used (CCD)
for the total experimental design work and its analysis and also for optimization of turning process
parameter by which wastage of the machining time, power can be avoided.
IRJET- Improving the Performance of M42 Twist Drill ToolIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experiment to optimize the heat treatment process and improve the performance of M42 twist drill tools. The experiment tested different materials, heat treatment cycles, spindle speeds, and point angles. Testing found that M42 material exhibited the lowest wear and temperature, making it the best material. Further testing determined that a point angle of 118 degrees and spindle speed of 750 RPM provided the best performance. In total, the experiment aimed to optimize the drill tool design and heat treatment process to improve tool life, hardness, and reduce costs.
Surface Quality Improvement Using Modified Tool Clamping In Boring OperationsIJRES Journal
Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The present work adopts a method suitable for machine operators, where in insertion of packing sheets at the boring tool support has been suggested. Insertion of number of layers causes frictional phenomenon to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments
Optimization of Surface Roughness Parameters in Turning EN1A Steel on a CNC L...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experiment to optimize surface roughness parameters when turning EN1A steel on a CNC lathe with coolant. The experiment uses Taguchi methods to design the experiment with three factors (cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut) at three levels each, for a total of nine experiments. Analysis of variance is used to analyze the results and determine that feed rate has the highest contribution to surface roughness at 68.56%, followed by cutting speed at 18.98% and depth of cut at 12.46%. Regression and general linear models are developed to model the relationship between the input and output parameters. The results provide optimal cutting conditions and are useful for manufacturing industries to improve surface finish.
Prediction of Weld Quality of A Tungsten Inertr Gas Welded Mild Steel Pipe Jo...IJERA Editor
The weld quality of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded joint has been investigated to identify the most economical weld parameters that will bring about optimum properties. Response surface methodology has been used in the optimization of the tungsten inert gas weld of mild steel pipes. Response surface methodology, based on the central composite face centered design was generated for the purpose of optimization of the weld quality.All the process parameters have desirability of 1. Tensile strength response for this solution have a desirability of 0.910595 and the yield strength of 0.59. Result showed that minimizing current and voltage an average tensile strength of 535.452MPa and yield strength of up to 408.74MPa can be achieved, while keeping gas flow rate and electrode diameter within the range of test. It was also deduced that tensile elongation of the TIG weld is not influenced by the process parameters selected for the purpose of this study.
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In a single sentence, it pitches presentation creation software.
Lara Mielcarek has extensive experience in teaching, community outreach, and customer service. She is currently the Director of an artist reintegration program for women in rehabilitation centers. Previously she has worked as an adjunct professor, bartender, and assistant to the head of a musical theatre program. She has strong communication, collaboration, and problem solving skills.
Craig Hochstadt | Health Benefits of Matcha Green TeaCraig Hochstadt
Matcha green tea is a healthy drink. Match green tea has the highest antioxidant level. Matcha green tea gives us lot of health benefits like cancer prevention, boost the immune system and weight loss etc.
Desso ds pierson college march 2015 (1)piersonmail
This document provides a summary of the history and operations of Desso, a manufacturer of carpets and flooring. Some key points:
- Desso has been operating since the 1930s and was acquired by several larger flooring companies before becoming independent again in 2007.
- The company focuses on innovation, expansion, and communicating their sustainable practices. They are a global leader in Cradle to Cradle certified carpets and sports flooring.
- Desso aims for operational excellence while focusing on sustainability through practices like reducing energy use, recycling waste, and utilizing renewable energy and materials. Their goal is to have all products and operations be optimized in the Cradle to Cradle framework.
Notions fondamentales en développement informatique :
- Variables, et constantes,
- Conversion des types de variables,
- Expressions et
- Instructions.
Opérateurs arithmétiques
Opérateurs d’incrémentation et de décrémentation
Opérateurs d’affectation
Voir comment demander des informations à l'utilisateur et comment les stocker dans la mémoire :
- Lecture depuis la console
- Afficher la valeur d'une variable
Découvrir la directive cmath.h
The document discusses ethical banking and compares it to traditional banking. It outlines the origins of ethical banking in the United States in the 19th century and Europe in the 1960s/1970s. Ethical banking is based on ethics, aims to have positive social impact through banking entities that finance the real economy without speculation. It is characterized by transparency, investing in activities that benefit society, and a goal of a more sustainable world. Compared to traditional banking, ethical banking prioritizes social/economic performance over profit and offers fewer products while integrating needy groups.
1. Portal hypertension is defined as a portal pressure higher than 5 mm Hg and can lead to variceal bleeding. It is caused by any blockage that impedes portal blood flow.
2. Complications include ascites, encephalopathy, and malnutrition indicating end-stage liver disease. Evaluation involves assessing the underlying liver disease, hepatic function, portal venous anatomy and hemodynamics.
3. Treatment options include pharmacotherapy, endoscopic therapy, TIPS procedure, and liver transplantation for eligible patients. The goal is to reduce portal pressure and prevent further bleeding events.
Ciclo de vida de produto e matriz BCG Professor Danilo PiresDanilo Pires
O documento discute o ciclo de vida dos produtos e a Matriz BCG. Ele explica as diferentes fases do ciclo de vida de um produto - introdução, crescimento, maturidade e declínio - e as estratégias adequadas para cada fase. Também descreve a Matriz BCG como um modelo para analisar o portfólio de produtos de uma empresa com base no crescimento do mercado de cada produto.
THE INFLUENCE OF CUTTING SPEED VARIATION IN TURNING OF AISI 304 MATERIALS ON ...IAEME Publication
1) The study investigated the tool life and wear of coated carbide inserts when used in turning AISI 304 stainless steel at various cutting speeds.
2) The experiment found that increasing cutting speed caused faster wear growth and shorter tool life, down to 15 minutes 36 seconds at the highest speed of 225 m/min.
3) Taylor's tool life equation was determined to be VCTL0.939 = 2968 for coated carbide inserts in turning AISI 304 stainless steel based on the experimental results.
MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THERMAL/ WEAR BEHAVIOR IN CAST IRON TURNIN...IAEME Publication
The present works involves the study of thermal and wear behaviour of tool and work interface. Experiments were conducted on a precision centre lathe and cutting forces, temperature at tool tip, thickness and weight of Chips
formed during machining along with tool wear data were recorded. The influence of cutting parameters was studied.
Based on the main effects plots obtained. Finite element analysis was done using ANSYS software tool and was used to
find the tool tip deflection, counterplots. Thermal analysis was done to determine the temperature distribution over
machining interface.
Analysis Of The Structure Of A Material Used In The Manufacture Of Thermal Ch...IJERA Editor
The dynamic stability of machine has its own importance in the quality of the machined product. With the development of new technologies for cutting tools, as the geometries and materials, cutting speeds used today reach values inconceivable for two decades. In the automotive industry steel and cast iron are gradually being replaced by lower density material and even lower costs. In complex shapes tools, heterogeneous material removal in roughing, sudden changes of sections, etc. Stress relieving treatment should be carried out to minimize dimensional variations of form during quenching and tempering. Materials for manufacture of thermal fixing most appropriate for that operating system still needs to be further investigated. Therefore, this study investigated the elastic behavior of the material used in the manufacture of tooling systems for cutting tools. Has been evaluated In fastening system, the temperature variation exerted on the mandrel body region and the thermal expansion where H13 steel can withstand the assembly process by thermal interference. This method can determine the amount of number of cycles until the onset of fatigue that material.
SolidCAM iMachining technology positive effects on cutting tool life during m...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the effects of using SolidCAM iMachining technology on tool wear during machining of stainless steel AISI 304. Key findings include:
1) Tool life was increased significantly, with a tool expected to last 200-300 minutes instead lasting around 1000 minutes with minimal dimensional changes in the workpiece.
2) Dimensions of machined parts were measured after machining sets of 20 pieces and found to remain within tolerance limits.
3) Tool wear analysis found some initial chipping but the engaged cutting edge showed no significant wear features, attributed to use of an appropriate AlTiN+ coating.
Analysis and Improvement of Distortion of Lathe Machine Main SpindleIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the distortion of lathe machine main spindles and proposes improvements through a sub-zero heat treatment process. It begins by describing how lathe spindles made of En353 steel undergo distortion from high stresses during conventional heat treatment. The document then details the conventional heat treatment process and proposes applying a sub-zero treatment instead. Samples are tested with microstructures analyzed and hardness measured. Results show the sub-zero treated sample has lower retained austenite, higher hardness, and improved dimensional stability compared to conventional treatment. The document concludes the sub-zero treatment is an effective way to reduce distortion in lathe machine main spindles.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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This document presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of cutting speed on tool wear of uncoated and coated cemented carbide tools during dry turning of AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel. Turning tests were conducted at three cutting speeds (100, 150, and 200 m/min) with depth of cut and feed rate kept constant. Tool wear was measured and tool life was compared between uncoated and TiN-TiCN-Al2O3-ZrCN multilayer coated inserts. The results showed that cutting speed significantly affected tool wear and tool life decreased with increasing speed. The multilayer coated insert demonstrated superior wear resistance and 25-40% longer tool life compared to the uncoated insert
Numerical simulation of friction stir butt welding processes for az91 magnesi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process. In particular, it can be used to join high-strength aerospace magnesium and other metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. It was performed on 4 mm thickness AZ91 Magnesium alloy. Magnesium alloy have more advantage than aluminum such as light weight, softer, tendency to bend easily, cost effective in terms of energy requirements so magnesium alloy has selected in this FSW technique. In friction stir welding (FSW), a momentous residual stress is present in weld due to complex nature of fixturing system compared to fusion welding. These residual stresses can affect properties of welded components during service. Therefore, for estimating magnitude of welding residual stresses and their nature of distribution along with thermal history, a three dimensional non- linear thermo-mechanical finite element (NLTMFE) model using ABAQUS/ CAE package was developed for butt welded magnesium alloy AZ91. The objective of this work is to predict the temperature distribution in both materials and evaluate the mechanical properties during the friction stir welding on magnesium alloy. Keywords: Fsw, Nltmfe, Abaqus, Cae, Az91.
Numerical simulation of friction stir butt welding processes for az91 magnesi...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a numerical simulation of friction stir butt welding for AZ91 magnesium alloy. A 3D nonlinear thermo-mechanical finite element model was developed using ABAQUS to predict temperature distribution and evaluate mechanical properties during the welding process. The model considers heat generation due to friction between the rotating tool and workpiece. Results show the maximum temperature reached was 483°C and residual stress was highest along the weld path. Pressure was also highest in the weld midpoint. Graphs of internal energy and strain energy over time were produced from the simulation results.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses cutting tool technology, including tool life, materials, geometry, and failure modes. It describes how tool life is influenced by cutting speed and material. The preferred failure mode is gradual wear. Common tool materials include high-speed steel, cemented carbides, cermets, ceramics, and coatings. Tool geometry includes rake angle, clearance angle, and different insert shapes. Twist drills are discussed as a common multi-edged tool.
1. The document discusses improving the wear resistance of cutting tools through coating. It describes how coating cutting tools with hard materials like cemented carbides and thin films can improve tool life and machining performance.
2. Various wear mechanisms that occur during metal cutting are described, including abrasive, diffusion, oxidation, adhesion, and fatigue wear. Coatings help reduce wear from these mechanisms.
3. The literature review discusses how coatings have boosted cutting tool wear resistance and productivity. Over 70% of cemented carbide tools now use coatings. Common coating materials and their benefits in improving friction and wear properties are outlined.
The document discusses cutting tool technology, including tool materials, geometry, and failure modes. It describes how tool life is influenced by cutting speed and material properties. Common tool materials include high-speed steel, cemented carbides, ceramics, and coatings. Tool geometry depends on the operation, with single-point and multiple-point tools discussed. Twist drills are a type of multiple-point tool used for hole making.
Unit 2 Machinability, Cutting Fluids, Tool Life & Wear, Tool MaterialsMechbytes
Concept of machinability, machinability index, factors affecting machinability
Different mechanism of tool wear types of tool wear (crater, flank etc.), Measurement and control of tool wear
Concept of tool life, Taylor's tool life equation (including modified version)
Different tool materials and their applications including effect of tool coating
Introduction to economics of machining
Cutting fluids: types, properties, selection and application methods
The document summarizes various cooling and lubrication techniques used in machining difficult-to-cut materials like titanium alloys and nickel alloys. It discusses dry machining, conventional cooling, high-pressure cooling and nano-minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) techniques. Experimental results show that dry machining leads to high tool wear due to heat accumulation. Conventional cooling provides some benefits but its effectiveness reduces at high speeds. High-pressure cooling helps reduce tool wear compared to other techniques but requires high energy. Nano-MQL mixing nanoparticles into cutting oil enhances thermal conductivity and lubrication, lowering tool wear.
EVALUATION OF PROCESSES PARAMETER AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN FRICTION STIR ...IAEME Publication
The present study focuses on Friction Stir Welding of steel being very popular due to the vast application in the fields of automotive and ship building industries. The main constrained of welding steel has considered due to severe loads and temperatures at the interface of FSW tool and parent materials. Ti and pcBN based alloys are suitable for joining steel alloys up to 15 mm thick was found during study. Many researchers carried out study on FSW of steel and found on weld process parameters, mechanical properties, microstructure and the tool employed to produce the weld. It was found that carbon content, welding speed as well as the rotational speed affects between the mechanical properties and the microstructure of the weld.
An Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Weldi...IRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 and brass IS319 using EN19 tools with circular and taper profiles. Friction stir welding is a solid-state joining process that generates heat through friction between the rotating tool and workpieces.
The experiment was conducted on a milling machine using EN19 tools with circular and taper profiles to weld aluminum and brass plates. The welded joints were tested for tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness. The taper profile tool achieved a tensile strength of 108.5 N/mm2, yield strength of 76.05 N/mm2, and Vickers hardness of 51.73 HV. The circular
Comparison of Effect of Heat Treatment Schedules and Shot Peening Parameters ...IRJET Journal
1) The document compares the effect of different heat treatment schedules and shot peening parameters on the abrasive wear behavior of medium carbon steel.
2) It investigates the wear resistance of as-received steel and steel subjected to annealing, intercritical annealing, and quenching and tempering. It also examines the effect of shot peening the steel samples using different shot sizes and pressures.
3) The results show that quenching and tempering produces the highest hardness and best wear resistance. Shot peening further reduces the wear rate, with an optimal shot size and pressure depending on the heat treatment used.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction stir welded AA1100 aluminum alloy joints. Different welding parameters were tested, including tool rotation speed (800-1400 rpm) and material positioning (advancing vs. retreating side). Microhardness, tensile, and fracture surface tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties. Optical and SEM microscopy were used to analyze the microstructural evolution. The goal was to understand how processing parameters affect properties and defect development in similar AA1100 alloy joints.
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
2. journal of materials processing technology 2 0 9 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 900–909 901
Table 1 – Typical chemical composition for the AISI 304
C 0.05487
Si 0.64
Mn 1.66
Cr 18.2
Ni 9.11
Mo 0.092
Cu 0.14
Ti 0.006
V 0.046
W 0.048
Co 0.40
Nb 0.013
Pb 0.015
Fe 69.7
the mechanical energy used to form the chip becomes heat,
which generates high temperatures in the cutting region. Due
to the fact that, higher the tool temperature, the faster the
wear, the use of cutting fluids in machining processes has,
as its main goal, the reduction of the cutting region tem-
perature, either through lubrication and reduction of friction
wear, and through a combination of these functions. Among
all the types of wear, flank wear affects the work piece dimen-
sion, as well as quality of surface finish obtained, to a large
extent. Asibu (1985) found that flank wear results in changes
in the mechanics of the cutting process, an increased ten-
dency for chatter and changes in the dimension of the product.
In practice, the extent of flank wear is used as the crite-
ria in determining the tool life (Byrd and Ferguson, 1978).
Flank wear may be due to adhesive wear or abrasive wear
caused by the hard second phases in the work material
(Ramalingam and Wright, 1981).
In machining of parts, surface quality is one of the most
specified customer requirements where major indication of
surface quality on machined parts is the surface roughness
value. Noordin et al. (2001) determined that the surface rough-
ness is dependent on the feed rate whereby the use of lower
feed rate produced better surface finish. It was also deter-
mined that the surface roughness values obtained increased
when the cutting speed was increased. Higher surface rough-
ness values at higher cutting speeds can be explained by
the highly ductile nature of austenitic stainless steels, which
increases the tendency to form a large and unstable built up
edge (BUE). The presence of the large and unstable BUE causes
poor surface finish. Wear at the cutting edge directly influ-
ences the machined surface roughness since the edge is in
direct contact with the newly machined surface (Ezugwu and
Kim, 1995).
Table 2 – Typical physical and thermal properties for the
AISI 304
Parameters Unit Value
Density kg/m3
8000
Elastic modulus GPa 193
Poisson’s ratio – 0.3
Coefficient of thermal expansion Mm m−1 ◦
C−1
17.8
Thermal conductivity W/mk 16.2
Specific heat capacity J/kg K 500
1.2. Austenitic stainless steel
Austenitic stainless steels are characterized by a high work
hardening rate, low thermal conductivity and resistance to
corrosion (Groover, 1996). Stainless steels are known for their
resistance to corrosion. But their machinability is more diffi-
cult than the other alloy steels due to reasons such as having
low heat conductivity, high BUE tendency and high deforma-
tion hardening (Kopac and Sali, 2001). Many attempts have
been made to improve the machinability of austenitic stain-
less steels (O’Sullivan and Cotterell, 2002). It was reported that
austenitic stainless steels are difficult to machine (Akasawa,
2003). Problems such as poor surface finish and high tool
wear are common in machining of austenitic stainless steel
(Kosa, 1989). Ihsan et al. (2004) carried out turning tests on
AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel to determine the optimum
machining parameters. Zafer and Sezgin (2004) determined
the best suitable cutting condition for machining of AISI 304
stainless steels by considering the acoustic emission during
the cutting process. The best cutting speed and feed rate
were determined according to flank wear, BUE, chip form,
surface roughness of the machined samples and machine
tool power consumption. It was concluded that, the low-
est flank wear is observed at a feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev
for all the cutting speeds. Tables 1 and 2 show the chem-
ical composition, physical and thermal properties of AISI
304.
1.3. Cutting fluids
Cutting fluids have been used in the machining process with
the purpose to improve the tribological characteristics of the
work piece–tool–chip system. It is interesting to note that the
use of coolants for machining was first reported by Taylor in
1907, who achieved up to 40% increase in cutting speed when
machining steel with high speed steel tools using water as
coolant (Taylor, 1907). Cutting fluids improve the efficiency
of machining in terms of increased tool life, improved sur-
face finish, improved dimensional accuracy, reduced cutting
force and reduced vibrations (De chiffre, 1988). Cutting flu-
Table 3 – Comparison of kinematic viscosity of the three cutting fluids
S. no. Temperature
( ◦C)
Viscosity (mPa S)
of soluble oil
Viscosity (mPa S)
of coconut oil
Viscosity (mPa S) of
straight cutting oil
1 40 1.63 26.8 45.7
2 50 1.04 20.3 28.2
3 60 0.89 15.46 19.5
3. 902 journal of materials processing technology 2 0 9 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 900–909
Table 4 – Critical parameters and their levels
S. no. Machining parameter Unit Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
1 Cutting speed, Vc m/min 38.95 61.35 97.38
2 Depth of cut, d mm 0.5 1.0 1.2
3 Feed rate, f mm/rev 0.2 0.25 0.28
4 Type of cutting fluid, D – Coconut oil Soluble oil Straight cutting oil
ids provide lubrication between the work piece and tool and
also remove heat generated during the metal cutting pro-
cess (De Chiffre et al., 1994). The chemical composition and
mechanical properties of the work material, the tool and the
cutting fluid are of vital importance in determining process
performance and finished surface quality. For applications
where a metalworking fluid with better lubricating properties
is needed, a non-water-miscible fluid may be recommended.
In other cases with high cutting velocities, a water-miscible
fluid is often preferred due to its better cooling properties
(Kajdas, 1989). But application of conventional cutting fluids
creates several techno-environmental problems. Environmen-
tal pollution due to chemical dissociation/break-down of the
cutting fluid at high cutting temperature, biological (derma-
tological) problems to operators coming in physical contact
with cutting fluid, water pollution and soil contamination dur-
ing disposal. The use of conventional petroleum-based cutting
fluids is potentially dangerous. The effects of a particular cut-
ting fluid on mankind, working environment, the work piece
and machine tool as well as generally on living environment
as a whole are usually expressed by their ecological parame-
ters. Machine operators are affected by contact with various
substances within the cutting fluids (Sokovic and Mijanovic,
2001).
1.4. Vegetable-based cutting fluids
Cutting fluids based on mineral oils are traditionally used in
production shops due to their chemical stability and frequent
reuse. However, the present trend towards new types of cutting
fluids based on vegetable oils and esters in machining is clearly
justified by their higher biodegradability and lower environ-
mental impact. Emulsions of vegetable oils were prepared
using ionic and non-ionic surfactants for use as metal working
fluids. Over the years, vegetable oils and fats have been used
and retained their importance as metalworking lubricants.
Most attention has been given to vegetable oil-based emul-
sions, and few references are available on these emulsions as
metalworking fluids. The use of vegetable oil in metalwork-
ing applications may alleviate problems faced by workers,
such as skin cancer and inhalation of toxic mist in the work
environments. Jacob et al. (2004) developed a vegetable-based
emulsion that can be used in the metal working industry to
replace partially or completely the commonly used petroleum-
based emulsions. Vegetable oils have good lubricating ability
and have been used for the formulation of metal cutting emul-
sions (Herdan, 1999). Vegetable oil-based emulsions were also
a part of recent research to produce stable emulsions to use
as metalworking fluids and in other applications (Alander
and Warnheim, 1989). Ioan et al. (2002) presented the first
experimental results on lubricating capacity of rape seed oil
compared to that obtained for a usual mineral oil. Belluco and
De Chiffre (2002) made an investigation on the effect of new
formulations of vegetable oils on surface integrity and part
accuracy in reaming and tapping operations with AISI 316L
stainless steel. Cutting fluid was found to have a significant
effect on surface integrity and thickness of the strain hard-
ened layer in the sub-surface, as well as part accuracy. Cutting
fluids based on vegetable oils showed better performance than
mineral oils. The efficiency of six cutting oils was evaluated
in drilling AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel using conven-
tional HSS-Co tools by measurements of tool life, tool wear,
cutting forces and chip formation. All vegetable-based oils pro-
duced better results than the commercially available mineral
oil in terms of tool life improvement and reduction in thrust
force.
Table 5 – Experimentation and observations
S. no. Vc d f D (Á) Vb Ra
1 38.95 0.5 0.2 C (26.8) 0.045 1.91
2 61.35 1.0 0.25 S (1.63) 0.096 2.49
3 97.38 1.2 0.28 St (45.7) 0.134 3.16
4 38.95 1.0 0.25 S (1.63) 0.075 2.30
5 61.35 1.2 0.28 St (45.7) 0.107 3.29
6 97.38 0.5 0.2 C (26.8) 0.071 2.11
7 38.95 1.2 0.28 St (45.7) 0.097 3.01
8 61.35 0.5 0.2 C (26.8) 0.055 2.06
9 97.38 1.0 0.25 S (1.63) 0.126 2.46
10 97.38 0.5 0.25 St (45.7) 0.104 2.43
11 38.95 1.0 0.28 C (26.8) 0.081 2.47
12 61.35 1.2 0.2 S (1.63) 0.085 2.59
13 97.38 1.0 0.28 C (26.8) 0.106 2.65
14 38.95 1.2 0.2 S (1.63) 0.068 2.32
15 61.35 0.5 0.25 St (45.7) 0.095 2.59
16 97.38 1.2 0.2 S (1.63) 0.105 2.51
17 38.95 0.5 0.25 St (45.7) 0.098 2.25
18 61.35 1.0 0.28 C (26.8) 0.095 2.61
19 61.35 0.5 0.28 S (1.63) 0.094 2.92
20 97.38 1.0 0.2 St (45.7) 0.10 2.35
21 38.95 1.2 0.25 C (26.8) 0.077 2.33
22 61.35 1.0 0.2 St (45.7) 0.069 2.46
23 97.38 1.2 0.25 C (26.8) 0.105 2.51
24 38.95 0.5 0.28 S (1.63) 0.076 2.68
25 61.35 1.2 0.25 C (26.8) 0.088 2.46
26 97.38 0.5 0.28 S (1.63) 0.10 2.92
27 38.95 1.0 0.2 St (45.7) 0.060 2.14
Vc: cutting speed in m/min; d: depth of cut in mm; f: feed rate in
mm/rev; D: type of cutting fluid; Vb: flank wear in mm; Ra: average
surface roughness in m; C: coconut oil; S: soluble oil; St: straight
cutting oil; Á: viscosity in mPa S.
4. journal of materials processing technology 2 0 9 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 900–909 903
Table 6 – ANOVA for surface roughness
S. no. Factor Degree of freedom Sum of squares Mean squares Variance % contribution
1 Cutting speed, Vc 2 0.09 0.05 0.575 9.89
2 Depth of cut, d 2 0.13 0.07 0.805 14.29
3 Feed rate, f 2 0.56 0.28 3.218 61.54
4 Type of cutting fluid 2 0.13 0.07 0.805 14.29
5 Total 8 0.91 – – –
6 Error 18 1.56 0.087
1.5. Coconut oil
Coconut oil belongs to unique group of vegetable oils called
lauric oils. Chemical composition of coconut oil includes lauric
acid (51%), myristic acid (18.5%), caprilic acid (9.5%), palmitic
acid (7.5%), olcic acid (5%), capric acid (4.5%), stearic acid (3%)
and linoleic acid (1%). Coconut oil is one of the vegetable oils,
which remains as a white crystalline solid at temperature
below 20 ◦C. More than 90% of fatty acids of coconut oil are
saturated. The iodine value of coconut which is a measure
of un-saturation in coconut oil is 7–12. The saturated charac-
ter of the oil imparts a strong resistance to oxidative stability.
The specific density of coconut oil is 0.93 g/cm3 and the Cetane
number is 37. The flash point and viscosity index of coconut oil
is 294 and −130, respectively. Jayadas and Prabhakaran (2006)
analyzed and compared the cooling behavior, thermal and
oxidative stabilities of coconut oil with sesame oil, sunflower
oil and a mineral oil (Grade 2T oil). The thermal and oxida-
tive stabilities were determined from the onset temperature
of decomposition. Onset temperature of thermal degradation
of coconut oil is lower compared to sunflower oil and sesame
oil whereas the onset temperatures of oxidative degradation
are comparable. It had been concluded that coconut oil shows
better oxidative stability in comparison to other vegetable
oils with high percentage of unsaturated fatty acid content.
Coconut oil showed comparatively lesser weight gain under
oxidative environment among the vegetable oils considered.
Coconut oil has very high pour point (23–25) because of the
predominantly saturated nature of its fatty acid constituents
precluding its use as base oil for lubricant in temperate and
cold climatic conditions.
2. Experimental procedure
A Centre Lathe (Kirloskar make Turn Master 40) was used for con-
ducting the experiments. AISI 304 was used as the work material and
Sandvik’s carbide CNMG 12 04 08 insert was used as the cutting tool.
The inserts were clamped mechanically on a rigid tool holder DCLNR
2525 M12. After the machining process, the insert was removed and its
flank wear was measured using Mitutoyo’s Tool Maker’s microscope.
To understand more about the tool wear the microscopic picture of
inserts were observed using Carl Zeiss optical microscope, having mag-
nification range of 500×. The average surface roughness on the work
piece was measured using Mitutoyo’s Surftest surface finish measuring
instrument. The experimentation for this work was based on Taguchi’s
design of experiments (DOE) and orthogonal array. A large number of
experiments have to be carried out when the number of the process
parameters increases. To solve this task, the Taguchi method uses a
special design of orthogonal arrays to study the entire parameter space
with a small number of experiments only. In this work, three cutting
parameters namely, cutting speed, depth of cut and feed rate were con-
sidered for experimentation. Along with this, the type of cutting fluid
used, is also considered as one of the critical input parameters while
designing the experiments. Table 3 shows the kinematic viscosity of
the three cutting fluids considered in this work at various temperature.
Accordingly there are four input parameters and for each parameters
three levels were assumed. For a four factors, three level experiment,
Taguchi had specified L27 (3)4
orthogonal array for experimentation.
The response obtained from the trials conducted as per L27 array
experimentation was recorded and further analyzed. Table 4 shows
the parameters and their levels considered for the experiments. Cut-
ting fluid is one of the parameters that does not have any quantitative
levels but each oil is being considered as one level for experimenta-
tion. Table 5 shows the actual cutting parameters used for each trial of
experiment and the corresponding values of observed Vb (flank wear)
and Ra (average roughness value of surface finish) obtained.
3. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
The observed values of tool flank wear (Vb, mm) and surface
roughness (Ra, m) were used for determining the significant
factors influencing the machining process. The significant
parameters influencing the surface roughness and tool wear
were found using the ANOVA procedure. Tables 6 and 7 show
the ANOVA for surface roughness and tool wear, respectively.
From the calculations it is being inferred that feed has more
influence on surface roughness and cutting speed has more
Table 7 – ANOVA for tool wear
S. no. Factor Degree of freedom Sum of squares Mean squares Variance % contribution
1 Cutting speed, Vc 2 0.00139 0.000695 1.562 46.49
2 Depth of cut, d 2 0.00030 0.000150 0.337 10.03
3 Feed rate, f 2 0.00116 0.000580 1.303 38.73
4 Type of cutting fluid 2 0.00014 0.000070 0.157 4.65
5 Total 8 0.00299 – – –
6 Error 18 0.00801 0.000445 – –
5. 904 journal of materials processing technology 2 0 9 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 900–909
Fig. 1 – Feed rate vs. surface roughness. (1) Coconut oil, (2) soluble oil and (3) straight cutting oil.
influence on tool wear. Further it is also being inferred that
cutting fluid has considerable influence on both the process
parameters, i.e. on Vb and Ra. Model calculation for determin-
ing the percentage influence of each cutting parameters on
surface roughness is being presented in Section 3.1.
3.1. Model calculation of ANOVA for surface roughness
A model calculation for determining the percentage contri-
bution of one cutting parameter on surface roughness is
being presented here. In the first step, the overall mean was
calculated which was the average of the surface roughness
measured during the trials. The subsequent steps were self-
explanatory
overall mean (m) :
1
27
´
Ái =
1
27
67.98 = 2.52
grand total sum of squares =
´
Á
2
i = 173.93
sum of squares due to mean
= number of experiments × m2
= 171.46
Fig. 2 – Feed rate vs. surface roughness. (1) Coconut oil, (2) soluble oil, (3) straight cutting oil; depth of cut (d): 0.5 mm
[constant]; cutting speed (Vc): 38.95 m/min, 61.35 m/min and 97.38 m/min at the three points a, b and c, respectively.
6. journal of materials processing technology 2 0 9 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 900–909 905
Fig. 3 – Cutting speed vs. tool wear. (1) Coconut oil, (2) soluble oil, (3) straight cutting oil; depth of cut (d): 0.5 mm [constant];
feed rate (f): 0.2 mm/rev, 0.25 mm/rev, 0.28 mm/rev at the three points a, b and c, respectively.
total sum of squares = grand total sum of squares
−sum of squares due to mean = 2.47
sum of squares due to cutting speed
= 3[(A1 − m)
2
+ (A2 − m)
2
+ (A3 − m)
2
] = 0.0906
where A1 is the average surface roughness value observed
when the first level of cutting speed was used for machining.
Similarly A2 and A3 are the average surface roughness values
observed when the second and third level of cutting speed was
used for machining. The sum of squares due to each of the
remaining three factors are calculated using similar relation-
ships and found to be 0.13, 0.56 and 0.13 for the factors depth
of cut, feed rate and the type of cutting fluid, respectively.
degree of freedom for the error
= degree of freedom for the total sum of squares
−sum of degrees of freedom for various factors
= 26 − 8 = 18
mean squares =
sum of squares due to each factor
degrees of freedom for each factor
variance ratio =
mean squares due to the factor
mean squares error
percentage of contribution
=
sum of squares for each factor × 100
total sum of squares
=
0.09 × 100
0.91
= 9.89 for cutting speed.
Similarly, the percentage contribution of the other three
cutting parameters, viz. depth of cut, feed rate and cut-
ting fluid on surface roughness was evaluated. The results
of the ANOVA for surface roughness were summarized in
Table 6.
4. Mathematical modeling
Multiple linear regression models were developed for flank
wear and surface roughness using Minitab-15 software. The
response variable is the flank wear and the surface roughness,
whereas the predictors are cutting speed, feed rate, depth of
cut and the viscosity of the cutting fluids. The viscosity of
each cutting fluid at 40 ◦C was considered for the mathemat-
ical modeling. Accordingly the equations of the fitted model
for flank wear and surface roughness is given below.
Vb = 0.00052Vc + 0.0194d + 0.336 f + 0.000069Á − 0.0459
Ra = 0.00280Vc + 0.299d + 6.87f + 0.00067Á + 0.376
where Vb is the flank wear in mm, Vc is the cutting speed in
m/min, d is the depth of cut in mm, f is the feed rate in mm/rev,
Ra is the surface finish in m and Á is the viscosity in mPa S.
5. Results and discussions
5.1. Performance of coconut oil with respect to surface
roughness and tool wear
The technological tests to assess the performance of cutting
fluids were carried out on a turning process with recording of
the important observations such as, cutting forces and wear
of tools, temperature of work piece and tool insert, chip shape
and color of chip, surface quality obtained and vibrations of
7. 906 journal of materials processing technology 2 0 9 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 900–909
Fig. 4 – Microphotographs of tool wear. Machining condition: Vc, 38.95 m/min; d, 0.5 mm and f, 0.25 mm/rev.
machine tool, cutting tool and work piece. In this work, only
two parameters namely tool wear and surface roughness was
considered to understand the performance of coconut oil as a
metal working fluid when machining Stainless steel AISI 304.
From the ANOVA table for surface roughness, it was found
that feed rate (61.54%) is the most significant parameter, which
affects the surface roughness of AISI 304 material while turn-
ing. The surface roughness variation at different feed rates
was compared for various cutting oils. Experiments were con-
ducted by varying the feed rate, keeping the other parameters
namely cutting speed and depth of cut constant at 90 m/min
and 1 mm, respectively for each oil individually and graph was
plotted between feed rate and surface roughness. Fig. 1 shows
the plot between the feed rate and surface roughness obtained
during the turning process in the presence of each cutting
fluid. It was observed that the surface roughness increases as
the feed rate increases and the surface roughness on the work
piece is less in the case of coconut oil at all the feed rates. As
the feed rate is increased from 0.1 mm/rev to 0.355 mm/rev,
it is observed that soluble oil starts off with a lower surface
roughness almost equivalent to that of coconut oil. But as the
feed rate increases, the increase in surface roughness value is
high in the case of soluble oil and straight cutting oil. Coconut
oil gives better surface finish at every feed rate and the sur-
face roughness obtained with coconut oil is much lower than
that obtained with other cutting fluids. Further experiments
were carried out by varying all the three cutting parameters for
each cutting fluids and the process parameter values (surface
roughness and tool wear) were recorded. From the recorded
values Figs. 2 and 3 were plotted between surface roughness
Vs feed rate and tool wear Vs cutting speed. From the graphs
it is being inferred that for any combination of cutting param-
8. journal of materials processing technology 2 0 9 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 900–909 907
Figs. 5–10 – Surface plots, Ra: surface roughness, Vb: flank wear, d: depth of cut, Vc: cutting speed and f: feed rate.
eters coconut oil always outperform the other two cutting
fluids.
5.2. Microscopic study of tool wear occurring on
carbide tool
The extent of flank wear is considered a dependable criterion
for judging the life of the cutting tool. In case of carbide tools,
through proper alloying of tungsten carbide with titanium and
tantalum carbides, sufficient resistance to crater is obtained
so that most tools do not fail by cratering, before a reasonable
amount of flank wear is obtained on the flank of the tool. The
flank wear can be more easily observed and measured than
other types of wear and it is relatively easy to predict. The
development of flank wear initially involves a high rate fol-
lowed by a more or less linear trend and finally rises rapidly
9. 908 journal of materials processing technology 2 0 9 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 900–909
when the amount of wear crosses beyond the critical value.
To understand more about the tool wear the microphotograph
of inserts were observed using Carl Zeiss optical microscope,
having magnification range of 500×. The flank was developed
while machining at certain cutting parameters (cutting speed:
38.95 m/min, depth of cut: 0.5 mm and feed rate: 0.25 mm/rev)
in the presence of coconut oil is shown in the microphotograph
(Fig. 4). And for the same cutting condition, the microphoto-
graph obtained on the insert when the other two cutting fluids
were used was also presented.
The microphotograph taken at 100× and 200× shows the
flank wear caused while machining at lower cutting speed.
The figure shows the tool tip where the maximum wearing had
occurred. In the case of coconut oil, the tool wear is consider-
ably less when compared to soluble oil and straight cutting oil
at lower cutting speed. Moreover, the viscosity of coconut oil
is more than that of soluble oil and less than that of straight
cutting oil, which favors easy flow of cutting fluid at minimal
oil condition. This enables the reduction of friction between
the tool and work piece, and easy removal of heat developed
at the interface. The heat removal at lower cutting speed gives
coconut oil a considerable advantage than that of soluble oil
and straight cutting oil. At lower speeds, coconut oil yields
lower wear and produces good surface finish when compared
to other cutting fluids.
5.3. Surface plots
A graphical analysis was done on the observed values using
Minitab software. The response surface plots obtained for each
process parameter with respect to the cutting parameters is
being presented. Figs. 5–10 show the estimated response of
surface roughness and tool wear for the cutting parameters
namely cutting speed, depth of cut and feed rate. Fig. 5 shows
the estimated response of surface roughness for the corre-
sponding cutting speed and depth of cut. It is seen that cutting
speed has significant effect on surface roughness. As has been
previously pointed out, this figure shows cutting speed around
80 m/min gives the lowest surface finish. Ra value is almost
constant for lower depth of cut, but the increase is seen for
higher values. Fig. 6 shows the estimated response of surface
roughness for the corresponding cutting speed and feed rate.
From the graph, it is seen that feed rate has the most sig-
nificant effect on surface roughness and its variation is very
high when compared to other parameters. Fig. 7 shows the
estimated response of surface roughness for the correspond-
ing feed rate and depth of cut. It is established that feed rate
has the highest impact on surface roughness. Fig. 8 shows
the estimated response of tool wear for the corresponding
cutting speed and feed rate. Initially, the tool wear increases
slightly with the increase in cutting speed and it remains con-
stant for cutting speed around 60 m/min. Beyond that, tool
wear increases linearly with the increase in cutting speed.
Fig. 9 shows the estimated response of tool wear for the cor-
responding cutting speed and depth of cut. From the graph,
it is confirmed that depth of cut has the least significance
on tool wear and cutting speed has its domination on tool
wear over feed rate and depth of cut. Fig. 10 shows the esti-
mated response of tool wear for the corresponding feed rate
and depth of cut. For higher values of feed rate and depth of
cut, the tool wear is considerably high and it is constant for
lower values.
6. Conclusions
Experiments involving cemented carbide tool inserts and
AISI 304 stainless steel work material under varying machin-
ing parameters and with three different cutting fluids were
performed. Cutting fluids were considered as important
parameters in the machining process along with cutting
speed, feed rate and depth of cut. An analysis of variance
(ANOVA) was made and it was found that feed rate has
greater influence on surface roughness (61.54% contribution)
and cutting speed has greater influence on tool wear (46.49%
contribution). Further it was found that cutting fluid has some
considerable influence on both surface roughness and tool
wear. Effectiveness of the cutting fluids in reducing the tool
wear and improving the surface finish was found by compar-
ing the relative performance. In general, coconut oil was found
to be a better cutting fluid than the conventional mineral oils
in reducing the tool wear and surface roughness. Surface plots
were drawn between the various process parameters so as
to understand more about their individual relationship and
relative contribution to surface roughness and flank wear.
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