Experiment no 9
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This document describes the procedure to plot the V-I characteristic curve of a zener diode. The necessary apparatus includes a regulated power supply, milliammeter, voltmeter and multimeter. The circuit diagram connects a zener diode and resistor in a reverse biased configuration. By increasing the input voltage in steps and measuring the current and voltages, the characteristic curve is obtained, showing the small reverse current until the zener voltage is reached, after which current rises sharply with little change in voltage.
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Bel ch 2
1. The document discusses PN junction diodes, including their forward and reverse bias characteristics such as reverse saturation current and depletion layer formation.
2. It also covers zener diodes and their use in voltage regulation applications. Key points are that zener diodes have a sharp reverse breakdown voltage which can be used to regulate voltage output.
3. The document contrasts PN junction diodes and zener diodes, noting that zener diodes are specially doped to control their reverse breakdown voltage and are always operated in reverse bias, while PN junction diodes conduct only in forward bias.
Pn junction diode characteristic
The document describes simulations of the characteristics of PN junction diodes. It examines the forward and reverse bias characteristics, operating points, DC and dynamic resistances, and compares these parameters across different diode types. The knee voltage is noted to be around 0.6-0.7V for silicon diodes. DC resistance is higher than dynamic resistance and both decrease with increasing forward current. Application examples are provided for different diodes based on their properties.
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This document describes the characteristics of a PN junction diode. It defines a PN junction as where a P-type semiconductor is joined to an N-type semiconductor. In forward bias, current is constant until the cut-in voltage is reached, after which it conducts. In reverse bias, current is small until the breakdown voltage is reached. The objectives are to plot the volt-ampere characteristics, find the cut-in voltage, and determine static and dynamic resistances in forward and reverse bias. The activity involves connecting a diode in a circuit and taking voltage and current readings in forward and reverse bias to generate the VI characteristics graph and calculate resistances.
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This document discusses the V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode under forward and reverse bias conditions. In forward bias, the current increases exponentially with voltage until reaching a knee point, after which it increases rapidly. In reverse bias, a small leakage current flows until the breakdown voltage is reached, causing a large increase in reverse current. The minimum voltage required for forward conduction is called the knee or threshold voltage, which is around 0.3V for germanium diodes and 0.7V for silicon diodes.
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Clipper and clamper circuits are used to modify signal waveforms. Clipper circuits remove portions of a signal that exceed a reference level, cutting off either positive or negative portions. Clamper circuits shift the entire signal up or down without changing its shape, setting either the positive or negative peak at a desired level. Common circuit types include positive and negative clippers and clampers, which use diodes and capacitors to clip or shift the signal in a particular direction relative to the reference level.
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This document discusses various applications of diodes including load line analysis, half wave and full wave rectification, clipping, clamping, and Zener diodes. It provides examples of how to analyze diode circuits including series, parallel and bridge configurations. Practical applications of diodes discussed include inductor bypassing, battery backup protection, polarity detection, and voltage regulation. Circuit diagrams and equations are presented to analyze diode characteristics and behavior in different circuit configurations.
Single diode circuits
The document discusses single diode circuits and diode equations. It provides the following key points:
- A conducting diode has a voltage drop of about 0.7V for silicon and 0.3V for germanium. To forward bias a diode, the anode must be more positive than the cathode. To reverse bias, the anode must be less positive.
- The diode equation relates diode current (iD) to voltage (vD) and includes parameters like reverse saturation current (IS), temperature, and the nonideality factor.
- An example circuit is solved using Kirchhoff's law to find the diode voltage (VD) and current (iD) at the operating point, calculating
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1. The document discusses PN junction diodes, including their forward and reverse bias characteristics such as reverse saturation current and depletion layer formation.
2. It also covers zener diodes and their use in voltage regulation applications. Key points are that zener diodes have a sharp reverse breakdown voltage which can be used to regulate voltage output.
3. The document contrasts PN junction diodes and zener diodes, noting that zener diodes are specially doped to control their reverse breakdown voltage and are always operated in reverse bias, while PN junction diodes conduct only in forward bias.
Pn junction diode characteristic
The document describes simulations of the characteristics of PN junction diodes. It examines the forward and reverse bias characteristics, operating points, DC and dynamic resistances, and compares these parameters across different diode types. The knee voltage is noted to be around 0.6-0.7V for silicon diodes. DC resistance is higher than dynamic resistance and both decrease with increasing forward current. Application examples are provided for different diodes based on their properties.
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This document describes the characteristics of a PN junction diode. It defines a PN junction as where a P-type semiconductor is joined to an N-type semiconductor. In forward bias, current is constant until the cut-in voltage is reached, after which it conducts. In reverse bias, current is small until the breakdown voltage is reached. The objectives are to plot the volt-ampere characteristics, find the cut-in voltage, and determine static and dynamic resistances in forward and reverse bias. The activity involves connecting a diode in a circuit and taking voltage and current readings in forward and reverse bias to generate the VI characteristics graph and calculate resistances.
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This document discusses the V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode under forward and reverse bias conditions. In forward bias, the current increases exponentially with voltage until reaching a knee point, after which it increases rapidly. In reverse bias, a small leakage current flows until the breakdown voltage is reached, causing a large increase in reverse current. The minimum voltage required for forward conduction is called the knee or threshold voltage, which is around 0.3V for germanium diodes and 0.7V for silicon diodes.
Ete411 Lec11
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=======================
Dr. Mashiur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://mashiur.biggani.org
Clipper and clamper circuits
Clipper and clamper circuits are used to modify signal waveforms. Clipper circuits remove portions of a signal that exceed a reference level, cutting off either positive or negative portions. Clamper circuits shift the entire signal up or down without changing its shape, setting either the positive or negative peak at a desired level. Common circuit types include positive and negative clippers and clampers, which use diodes and capacitors to clip or shift the signal in a particular direction relative to the reference level.
2 diode applications
This document discusses various applications of diodes including load line analysis, half wave and full wave rectification, clipping, clamping, and Zener diodes. It provides examples of how to analyze diode circuits including series, parallel and bridge configurations. Practical applications of diodes discussed include inductor bypassing, battery backup protection, polarity detection, and voltage regulation. Circuit diagrams and equations are presented to analyze diode characteristics and behavior in different circuit configurations.
Single diode circuits
The document discusses single diode circuits and diode equations. It provides the following key points:
- A conducting diode has a voltage drop of about 0.7V for silicon and 0.3V for germanium. To forward bias a diode, the anode must be more positive than the cathode. To reverse bias, the anode must be less positive.
- The diode equation relates diode current (iD) to voltage (vD) and includes parameters like reverse saturation current (IS), temperature, and the nonideality factor.
- An example circuit is solved using Kirchhoff's law to find the diode voltage (VD) and current (iD) at the operating point, calculating
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This document discusses the characteristics and operation of a PN diode. It describes:
1) How a PN diode is formed by joining P-type and N-type materials, and the three biasing possibilities: no bias, forward bias, and reverse bias.
2) Under no bias, there is no current flow. Under forward bias, the depletion region decreases and current rises exponentially. Under reverse bias, there is only a small reverse saturation current.
3) The diode current-voltage relationship and how it changes under different biasing conditions. Forward bias leads to an exponential rise in current above the potential barrier voltage.
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1. The document discusses diodes, their structure and types including PN junction diode, LED, photodiode, and Zener diode.
2. It explains how diodes allow current to flow in one direction during forward bias when positive voltage is applied to the p-type side, and restricts current in reverse bias.
3. Applications of diodes discussed include different types of rectifiers (half wave, full wave, bridge) which convert AC to DC, and clippers which shape input waveforms.
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The document discusses PN-junction diodes and their general applications. It begins by explaining that a diode is formed by placing a P-type and N-type semiconductor together, forming a PN junction. Electrons diffuse from the N to P side and holes diffuse from the P to N side, creating a depletion region. This process stops when an electric field is produced that opposes further diffusion. General applications of diodes include using them in half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits to convert AC to DC, and filter circuits to remove AC components from the rectified output. Diodes also find use as LEDs, in transistors, and have many other applications like switching, amplifying and oscillating.
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This document discusses diode theory and characteristics. It explains that a diode is a non-linear device because its current-voltage graph is not a straight line due to the barrier potential. It describes how a diode can be forward or reverse biased depending on how it is connected in a circuit. The knee voltage, ideal diode characteristics, and approximations that account for the barrier potential and bulk resistance are also covered. Load lines and how they are used to determine operating points are summarized.
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The document describes the forward and reverse bias characteristics of a PN junction diode. It explains that a diode acts as a closed switch under forward bias, allowing current to flow, and an open switch under reverse bias, blocking current. The document provides details on the diode's structure, barrier potential, static and dynamic resistances, and leakage current. It describes setting up a circuit to measure the voltage-current relationship of a silicon diode under both forward and reverse bias conditions. Plots of the diode characteristics are generated from the experimental data.
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The attached narrated power point presentation explains the construction, working and applications of PN Junction Diodes. The material will be useful for KTU first year students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
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When a voltage is applied to a diode, electrons flow from the N-type side through the depletion zone and into the P-type side if the diode is forward biased. This causes current to flow. If the voltage is reversed, the depletion zone widens and no current flows, making the diode act as an open switch. Diodes can be used as rectifiers to convert AC to DC or as switches that allow current in one direction but not the other depending on bias polarity.
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Semiconductors like silicon and germanium can be used to create diodes and transistors. A diode allows current to pass in only one direction, acting like a one-way valve. By adding impurities to an intrinsic semiconductor, n-type and p-type materials can be created. A PN junction diode consists of an n-type and p-type material joined together. Diodes can be used in rectifier circuits to convert AC to DC and in voltage regulators. Zener diodes operate in the reverse breakdown region to provide a stable reference voltage.
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The document discusses different types of clipper and clamper circuits. It describes diode clippers that clip voltages above or below the diode threshold. Biased clippers add a DC source to change the clipping level. Parallel clippers clip voltages that forward bias the diode. Clampers use a diode and capacitor to clamp an AC signal to a specific DC level, either positive or negative. Biased clampers allow adjusting the clamping level with a DC source. The document concludes with references on electronic devices.
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This document provides an overview of diodes, including:
- What materials diodes are made from, such as silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide.
- How n-type and p-type materials are created by doping semiconductors with different elements.
- How a pn junction is formed and its properties when biased, including the depletion region.
- Diode circuit models of increasing complexity, from ideal diode to models including barrier potential and resistance.
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- Examples of calculating diode operating points and voltage drops in circuits.
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This document discusses the characteristics and operation of a PN diode. It describes:
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2) Under no bias, there is no current flow. Under forward bias, the depletion region decreases and current rises exponentially. Under reverse bias, there is only a small reverse saturation current.
3) The diode current-voltage relationship and how it changes under different biasing conditions. Forward bias leads to an exponential rise in current above the potential barrier voltage.
Diode ,its types & its Application
1. The document discusses diodes, their structure and types including PN junction diode, LED, photodiode, and Zener diode.
2. It explains how diodes allow current to flow in one direction during forward bias when positive voltage is applied to the p-type side, and restricts current in reverse bias.
3. Applications of diodes discussed include different types of rectifiers (half wave, full wave, bridge) which convert AC to DC, and clippers which shape input waveforms.
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The document discusses various applications of diodes including load line analysis, series, parallel and series-parallel diode configurations, half wave and full wave rectification using bridge rectifiers and center-tapped transformers. It provides examples and solutions for determining voltages and currents in circuits containing diodes. Diode characteristics such as the forward voltage drop of 0.7V are used to solve the circuit examples.
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Slide on PN junction...BY
Mehedi Hasan Sarik..
Daffodil International University (bd)
CSE Department.
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Diode applications can be configured in series or parallel circuits. In series configurations, the diode resistance is small compared to other elements when forward biased, and has high resistance when reverse biased. Parallel and series-parallel configurations determine network resistances. Half-wave rectification only passes one half of the AC cycle. Peak inverse voltage must exceed the peak AC voltage to prevent reverse breakdown. Clippers and clampers use diodes to modify input signals without distortion.
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Clippers and clampers are diode-based circuits used to modify signal waveforms. Clippers eliminate portions of an input signal to "clip" the waveform, and are used to remove noise or create new waveforms. They come in series and parallel types. Series clippers place the diode in series with the load, and clip voltages that don't forward bias the diode. Parallel clippers take the output across the diode, producing the voltage when it is not conducting. Clampers "clamp" a signal to a different DC level using a capacitor, diode, and resistor. The capacitor stores a reference voltage to set the output level when the diode is non-conducting.
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This document describes four different diode clipper circuits and three diode clamper circuits. The clipper circuits use diodes to clip portions of an input waveform, resulting in outputs that swing within narrowed positive and negative voltage ranges. The clamper circuits use diodes to set a reference voltage level, causing the output to oscillate symmetrically around this clamped level. Key aspects covered include how the diodes bias in different circuit configurations and the voltage ranges of the output waveforms for each circuit.
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The document describes the forward and reverse bias characteristics of a PN junction diode. It explains that a diode acts as a closed switch under forward bias, allowing current to flow, and an open switch under reverse bias, blocking current. The document provides details on the diode's structure, barrier potential, static and dynamic resistances, and leakage current. It describes setting up a circuit to measure the voltage-current relationship of a silicon diode under both forward and reverse bias conditions. Plots of the diode characteristics are generated from the experimental data.
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When a voltage is applied to a diode, electrons flow from the N-type side through the depletion zone and into the P-type side if the diode is forward biased. This causes current to flow. If the voltage is reversed, the depletion zone widens and no current flows, making the diode act as an open switch. Diodes can be used as rectifiers to convert AC to DC or as switches that allow current in one direction but not the other depending on bias polarity.
Tunnel diode
Tunnel diodes are heavily doped PN junction diodes that exhibit negative resistance. They were invented in 1958 by Dr. Leo Esaki and operate based on the quantum mechanical principle of tunneling. When forward biased, the current initially increases with voltage but then decreases as the voltage is further increased, demonstrating the unique property of negative resistance. Tunnel diodes find application in ultrafast switching, memory storage, satellite communication equipment, and oscillators due to their negative resistance characteristic.
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Semiconductors like silicon and germanium can be used to create diodes and transistors. A diode allows current to pass in only one direction, acting like a one-way valve. By adding impurities to an intrinsic semiconductor, n-type and p-type materials can be created. A PN junction diode consists of an n-type and p-type material joined together. Diodes can be used in rectifier circuits to convert AC to DC and in voltage regulators. Zener diodes operate in the reverse breakdown region to provide a stable reference voltage.
Clipper and clamper
The document discusses different types of clipper and clamper circuits. It describes diode clippers that clip voltages above or below the diode threshold. Biased clippers add a DC source to change the clipping level. Parallel clippers clip voltages that forward bias the diode. Clampers use a diode and capacitor to clamp an AC signal to a specific DC level, either positive or negative. Biased clampers allow adjusting the clamping level with a DC source. The document concludes with references on electronic devices.
Diodes
This document provides an overview of diodes, including:
- What materials diodes are made from, such as silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide.
- How n-type and p-type materials are created by doping semiconductors with different elements.
- How a pn junction is formed and its properties when biased, including the depletion region.
- Diode circuit models of increasing complexity, from ideal diode to models including barrier potential and resistance.
- Key diode characteristics like the shockley equation, transconductance curve, and dynamic resistance.
- Examples of calculating diode operating points and voltage drops in circuits.
- Different types of
Clamper Circuits
This document outlines a lecture on clamper circuits. It begins by defining a clamper circuit as one that fixes either the positive or negative peaks of a signal to a defined value by shifting its DC value. It then discusses the basic components of a clamper circuit including a capacitor, diode and resistor. The document goes on to explain the working of a positive clamper circuit and lists the different types of clamper circuits. It concludes by covering the applications of clamper circuits such as in television receivers and test equipment and signaling that the following lecture will focus on positive and negative clamper circuits specifically.
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Chapter2
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
EDC LAB MASTER MANUAL AY 22-23.doc
This document describes experiments to be performed in an electronic devices and circuits lab. It includes 12 experiments involving diodes, transistors, rectifiers, and other electronic components. The first experiment listed is to characterize a PN junction diode by measuring its forward and reverse bias voltage-current characteristics and calculating values like cut-in voltage and resistance. The second experiment involves obtaining characteristics and determining the zener breakdown voltage of a zener diode, as well as using a zener diode as a voltage regulator. The third experiment measures the performance of a full-wave rectifier both with and without a filter capacitor, determining values like ripple factor and regulation percentage.
Presentation Format-Hritik Soni.ppt
This presentation summarizes forward and reverse biasing of diodes. It defines a diode as a semiconductor device that allows current to flow easily in one direction. Forward biasing occurs when voltage allows natural current flow through the diode, while reverse biasing applies voltage in the opposite direction. Circuits are shown demonstrating forward and reverse biased diodes in a simulator. Zener diodes are also introduced as diodes designed to operate in reverse bias by conducting at a precise breakdown voltage.
ELECTRONICS BY GEEVEE.pptx
A Zener diode operates in the reverse breakdown region with a sharp breakdown voltage. It is an ordinary P-N junction diode that is properly doped to have a very sharp and almost vertical breakdown. It is designed to operate exclusively under reverse bias conditions in the breakdown region without damage. The breakdown voltage can range from 2V to 800V depending on the doping level. When reverse biased, a small reverse saturation current flows until the breakdown voltage is reached, at which point the reverse current increases sharply. This breakdown voltage is called the Zener voltage and remains constant even as the Zener current increases considerably, allowing the Zener diode to be used for voltage regulation.
JUNCTION DIODE APPLICATIONS
Diode applications include rectifier circuits, which use diodes to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). A half-wave rectifier uses a single diode to allow only one half of the AC cycle to pass, while full-wave rectifiers like the bridge rectifier use four diodes to pass both halves of the cycle. Diodes can also be used in clipping circuits to clip portions of a signal waveform, and in clamping circuits to clamp a signal to a specific DC level. Zener diodes operate in reverse bias at the Zener voltage and are used to set reference voltages.
Zener diode experiment.
The Zener diode is fabricated in such a way that, its advantage is in its reverse bios. After a sufficient increase in reverse voltage across the junction, the minority carriers get sufficient kinetic energy due to the strong electric field. The high kinetic energy free electrons can collide strongly with the lattice ions so that they emit more free electrons, these liberated electrons also get high kinetic energy due to reverse applied electric field and they create more free electrons by collision cumulatively. This process may continue repeatedly and soon large free electron gas is created in the depletion layer, at which a small change in potential creates huge recombination and surge of carriers across the junction and hence large current through the circuit spontaneously and hence the entire diode will become conductive.
Zener diode is an important electronic device mainly used as voltage regulator. The experiment explains the determination of zener voltage and resistance of diode.
task_2.pptx
The document summarizes the objectives, theory, and results of an experiment on pn-junction diodes, Zener diodes, and rectifier circuits. The objectives were to plot the voltage-current characteristics of pn-junction and Zener diodes under forward and reverse bias, and to study half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits. The experiment showed that pn-junction diodes conduct only under forward bias, while Zener diodes can conduct under reverse bias above the breakdown voltage. Measurement of rectifier circuits demonstrated half-wave rectification produced a DC voltage of 13.237V while full-wave rectification produced 6.306V.
Lec-4.pdf
This document provides information on various electronics concepts including:
- Clampers shift an input signal to a different DC level without changing its waveform using a diode and capacitor.
- Voltage multipliers like doublers and triplers use diode-capacitor combinations to add stored voltages and produce an output voltage that is a multiple of the input peak voltage.
- Zener diodes are designed to operate in reverse breakdown and maintain a constant voltage regardless of current, making them useful for voltage regulation applications.
Ece ass
The document provides information about Zener diodes, LEDs, and seven segment displays. It discusses:
1) The applications and construction of Zener diodes, including how they can be used as voltage regulators and references due to their constant voltage characteristic above the breakdown voltage.
2) The main applications and construction of LEDs, including how they emit light through electron-hole recombination in the active region.
3) The applications and construction of seven segment displays, including how they display numbers using combinations of seven individual segments and can be common anode or common cathode.
Zener diode
The document discusses Zener diodes, which are designed to operate reliably in reverse breakdown. Zener diodes have a sharp, well-defined breakdown voltage determined by the doping concentration. There are two types of breakdown mechanisms - Zener breakdown for heavily doped PN junctions and avalanche breakdown for lightly doped junctions. Zener diodes can be used as voltage regulators since their breakdown voltage remains constant, allowing the output voltage to remain stable despite input voltage or load variations by maintaining the current through the Zener. The value of the series resistor in a Zener regulator circuit is calculated based on the input and Zener voltages and the total current.
Bee Electronic microproject Roll No.41 to 44.pptx
1. The report discusses the working of a Zener diode and how it can be used as a voltage regulator. It explains that a Zener diode allows current to flow in the reverse direction when the Zener voltage is reached.
2. The report includes the symbol of a Zener diode and provides a circuit diagram showing how a Zener diode can regulate voltage. It explains that the voltage across a Zener diode remains constant over a range of currents.
3. Resources on Zener diodes and voltage regulators are cited at the end to provide additional information on the topic.
02 zenerdiodes ppt_prp
The document discusses the Zener diode, including its construction, working principle, and applications. A Zener diode is a pn junction device designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region and is used to regulate voltage. It breaks down at a specific voltage level set during manufacturing. Zener diodes regulate voltage by maintaining a constant voltage across their terminals despite variations in line or load. They are often used in power supplies and other equipment requiring a stable reference voltage.
Special Diodes zener, led, photodiode and varactors
This document provides an overview of special purpose diodes including zener diodes, optical diodes, and varactor diodes. It discusses zener diodes in detail, explaining their operation and characteristics such as the zener voltage-current relationship and temperature coefficient. Applications of zener diodes as voltage regulators and limiters are described. The document also covers light emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodiodes, explaining their basic operation, characteristics such as spectral output and radiation pattern, and common applications. Sample problems are included for zener diode and LED circuits.
Zener diode and its applications
This document discusses the Zener diode and its applications. A Zener diode allows current to flow in the reverse direction when a breakdown voltage is reached. Zener diodes can be used as waveform clippers by placing two in series to clip both halves of a signal. They can also act as voltage shifters or regulators. As a voltage regulator, a Zener diode introduced in a circuit with a current source and series resistor can produce a constant output voltage across the load.
PE4MSc_Ch1_SC_devices.pptx
Power diodes are two-terminal pn-junction devices that conduct current in the forward direction when a voltage is applied across their terminals. Modern power diodes have high reliability, breakdown voltage, efficiency, and compactness due to advances in diffusion and epitaxial growth techniques. Power diodes are commonly used in rectification circuits and have characteristics such as forward recovery time, reverse recovery time, and reverse recovery current that determine their switching performance.
Informe 4
This document summarizes an experiment performed with a Zener diode. The students measured the voltage and current characteristics of the diode by varying the voltage in one circuit and the load resistance in another. They found the breakdown voltage of the diode experimentally and obtained a second characteristic curve by changing the load resistance. The document then describes the theoretical characteristics and functioning of a Zener diode, including its use as a voltage regulator.
Electronic devices circuits
The document discusses electronic devices and circuits, specifically focusing on PN diodes. It describes the theory of PN junctions, how a PN junction forms a diode, and the characteristics and properties of PN diode currents and voltages. It discusses topics like volt-amp characteristics, temperature effects, and switching times of PN diodes. It also provides explanations and circuit diagrams of half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, zener diodes, liquid crystal displays, and series voltage regulators.
Chapter 5: Diode
This document covers Chapter 5 on diodes. It discusses the basic operation and characteristics of semiconductor diodes including their I-V curve. It also covers the operation of specific diodes like Zener diodes, Schottky diodes, and photodiodes. The applications of diodes in rectifiers, clippers, and clampers are described. Learning outcomes include explaining diode characteristics and circuits, solving load-line analysis, and analyzing rectifier and clipper/clamper output voltages.
Voltage regulation
Voltage regulation circuits like the zener diode and three-terminal regulators can maintain a constant output voltage despite fluctuations in load conditions or input voltage. A zener diode operates in reverse bias to regulate voltage at a specific breakdown voltage. A three-terminal voltage regulator integrated circuit provides precise voltage control with only a few external components and has built-in protections like overcurrent prevention. The adjustable three-terminal regulator uses a resistor network and reference voltage to set the output voltage.
Diode and its Applications
The document discusses PN junction diodes and their applications. It describes how a PN junction forms and its electrical characteristics. Different types of diodes are covered, including Zener diodes and light emitting diodes. Circuit applications of diodes such as rectification, voltage regulation, and signal processing are explained through examples. Key diode properties like forward and reverse biasing, turn-on voltage, and dynamic resistance are defined. Diode models from ideal to linear element are also introduced.
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Special Diodes zener, led, photodiode and varactors
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Experiment no 9
- 1. V-I characteristic of zender diode AIM :- APPRATUS & MATERILALS :- 1. Regulated power supply 2. Milliammeter 3. Voltmeter 4. Multimeter 5. Bread board 6. Connecting wire COMPONENTS :- 1. Zender diode 12V, a W or other suitable, 1 NO. 2. Carbon resistor, 720 Ω, 1 W NO. THEORY When PN junction diode is reverse biased, negligibly small Reverse current flows. When the reverse voltage is increased beyond a certain limit, there is sharp increase in the reverse current and the voltage across the diode remains constant. This occurs. Zender diode is designed to operate in the break down region without damage. By adding the impurity in certain definite proportion, the breakdown voltage can be accurately decided. Zender diode is always operated in the reverse biased condition. When reverse voltage is applied, very small reverse current flows. With increase in reverse voltage, there is no noticeable rise in the reverse current. At break over voltage current starts increasing with very small change in the voltage across it. Knee current or break over current is the minimum current at which the zender diode starts functioning. It is denoted by Izk
- 2. Dynamic resistance of zender diode is defined as the ratio of small change in the reverse voltage to the corresponding change in reverse current. It is denoted by rd. Rd Since change In current is more compared to the change in voltage, the dynamic resistance is less. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:- PROCEDURE :- 1. From the data sheet note down the important specifications of the diode used. 2. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram 3. Keep the output control knob of the regulated power supply at the minimum position and switch on the supply. 4. Increase the input voltage from zero to maximum permissible value in step and at every time measure the current Iz through the zender diode, input d.c. voltage Vi and the voltage Vz across diode. 5. Switch off the supply. 6. Draw the graph of voltage Vz and current Iz. this graph will be in the third quadrant as both these quantities are negative. 7. Calculate the dynamic resistance from the characteristic.