endocytosis and exocytosis is a procss of cell eating and drinnking. it is a mazor tool for self defence to an individual cell. there are some molecular mechanism for this process described in given notes.
explain the types and the formation of vesicles.for downloading the presentation ,more presentations , infographics and blogs visit :
https://studyscienceblog.wordpress.com
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
endocytosis and exocytosis is a procss of cell eating and drinnking. it is a mazor tool for self defence to an individual cell. there are some molecular mechanism for this process described in given notes.
explain the types and the formation of vesicles.for downloading the presentation ,more presentations , infographics and blogs visit :
https://studyscienceblog.wordpress.com
Describes the plasma membrane in detail, explains the each major component with its functions.
Transport mechanism across the cell is covered with detailed explanation with examples.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.
More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model ORDanielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
Exocytosis is the process of moving materials from within a cell to the exterior of the cell. This process requires energy and is therefore a type of active transport. Exocytosis is an important process of plant and animal cells as it performs the opposite function of endocytosis. In endocytosis, substances that are external to a cell are brought into the cell.
In exocytosis, membrane-bound vesicles containing cellular molecules are transported to the cell membrane. The vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and expel their contents to the exterior of the cell. The process of exocytosis can be summarized in a few steps.
Vesicles containing molecules are transported from within the cell to the cell membrane.
The vesicle membrane attaches to the cell membrane.
Fusion of the vesicle membrane with the cell membrane releases the vesicle contents outside the cell.
There are three common pathways of exocytosis. One pathway, constitutive exocytosis, involves the regular secretion of molecules. This action is performed by all cells. Constitutive exocytosis functions to deliver membrane proteins and lipids to the cell's surface and to expel substances to the cell's exterior.
Regulated exocytosis relies on the presence of extracellular signals for the expulsion of materials within vesicles. Regulated exocytosis occurs commonly in secretory cells and not in all cell types. Secretory cells store products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes that are released only when triggered by extracellular signals. Secretory vesicles are not incorporated into the cell membrane but fuse only long enough to release their contents. Once the delivery has been made, the vesicles reform and return to the cytoplasm.
A third pathway for exocytosis in cells involves the fusion of vesicles with lysosomes. These organelles contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials, microbes, and cellular debris. Lysosomes carry their digested material to the cell membrane where they fuse with the membrane and release their contents into the extracellular matrix.
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
General overview of Plasma/ Cell membrane.
Definition of Plasma/ Cell membrane
Structure of Plasma membrane
1. Sandwitch model ORDanielli- Davson Model
2. Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Chemical Composition of Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Movement across the Cell Membrane
Channels through cell membrane
Exocytosis is the process of moving materials from within a cell to the exterior of the cell. This process requires energy and is therefore a type of active transport. Exocytosis is an important process of plant and animal cells as it performs the opposite function of endocytosis. In endocytosis, substances that are external to a cell are brought into the cell.
In exocytosis, membrane-bound vesicles containing cellular molecules are transported to the cell membrane. The vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and expel their contents to the exterior of the cell. The process of exocytosis can be summarized in a few steps.
Vesicles containing molecules are transported from within the cell to the cell membrane.
The vesicle membrane attaches to the cell membrane.
Fusion of the vesicle membrane with the cell membrane releases the vesicle contents outside the cell.
There are three common pathways of exocytosis. One pathway, constitutive exocytosis, involves the regular secretion of molecules. This action is performed by all cells. Constitutive exocytosis functions to deliver membrane proteins and lipids to the cell's surface and to expel substances to the cell's exterior.
Regulated exocytosis relies on the presence of extracellular signals for the expulsion of materials within vesicles. Regulated exocytosis occurs commonly in secretory cells and not in all cell types. Secretory cells store products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes that are released only when triggered by extracellular signals. Secretory vesicles are not incorporated into the cell membrane but fuse only long enough to release their contents. Once the delivery has been made, the vesicles reform and return to the cytoplasm.
A third pathway for exocytosis in cells involves the fusion of vesicles with lysosomes. These organelles contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials, microbes, and cellular debris. Lysosomes carry their digested material to the cell membrane where they fuse with the membrane and release their contents into the extracellular matrix.
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are both processes by which cells take in substances from their environment, but they differ in the types of materials they ingest and the mechanisms involved.
Phagocytosis:
Phagocytosis is a cellular process in which specialized cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, engulf and digest large particles or microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or cellular debris. It involves the formation of pseudopodia (extensions of the cell membrane) around the target particle, enclosing it within a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with lysosomes, forming a phagolysosome, where the engulfed material is degraded by enzymes. Phagocytosis plays a critical role in immune defense by clearing pathogens and debris from the body.
Pinocytosis:
Pinocytosis, also known as "cell drinking," is a non-specific cellular process in which cells take in fluid and dissolved substances from their surroundings by invaginating a portion of the cell membrane to form small vesicles called pinocytic vesicles. These vesicles contain the ingested fluid and substances and are internalized into the cell's cytoplasm. Pinocytosis occurs continuously in most cells and is involved in nutrient uptake, regulation of extracellular fluid composition, and sampling the extracellular environment. Unlike phagocytosis, pinocytosis does not involve specific recognition of target molecules and is not limited to particular types of particles.
In summary, phagocytosis is the engulfment and digestion of large particles or microorganisms by specialized cells, whereas pinocytosis is the non-specific uptake of fluid and dissolved substances by cells through invagination of the cell membrane. Both processes are essential for cellular function, nutrient acquisition, and immune defense.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Complete information on coronavirus. Introduction, history, symptoms, covid19 structure, S protein of coronavirus, M proteins of coronavirus, spreading variations of coronavirus, vaccines, drugs to control coronavirus.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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2. Exocytosis is a form of active transport in which a cell transports
molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters, proteins and waste products)
out of the cell.
Vesicles containing these membrane components fully fuse with
and become part of the outer cell membrane.
4. In exocytosis, membrane-bound secretory vesicles are carried to
the cell membrane and fuse with cell membrane release their
contents into the extracellular environment.
In neurotransmission, neurotransmitters are typically released from
synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis.
7. Endocytosis:
Endocytosis is a form of active transport in which a cell transports
macromolecules into the cell by engulfing them in an energy-using
process.
Endocytosis and its counterpart, exocytosis, are used by all cells
because most chemical substances important to them are large
polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma
or cell membrane by passive means.
Endocytosis includes pinocytosis (cell drinking) and phagocytosis
(cell eating).
9. During phagocytosis cells engulf large particles such as bacteria,
cell debris, or even intact cells.
Binding of the particle to receptors on the surface of the phagocytic
cell triggers the extension of pseudopodia-an actin-based movement
of the cell surface.
The pseudopodia eventually surround the particle and their
membranes fuse to form a large intracellular vesicle (>0.25 μm in
diameter) called a phagosome.
Phagocytosis:
10. The phagosomes then fuse with lysosomes, producing
phagolysosomes in which the ingested material is digested by the
action of lysosomal acid hydrolases.
During maturation of the phagolysosome, some of the internalized
membrane proteins are recycled to the plasma membrane
11. Phagocytosis plays distinct roles in different kinds of cells.
Many amoebas use phagocytosis to capture food particles, such as
bacteria or other protozoans.
In multicellular animals, the major roles of phagocytosis are to
provide a defense against invading microorganisms and to
eliminate aged or damaged cells from the body.
12. In mammals, phagocytosis is the function of primarily two types of
white blood cells- macrophages and neutrophils- which are
frequently referred to as "professional phagocytes."
Endocytosis is Molecule-specific, so it also known as receptor-
mediated endocytosis.
14. Pinocytosis:
Pinocytosis is non-specific and non-absorptive.
Pinocytosis known as fluid endocytosis.
Pinocytosis, is a mode of endocytosis in which small particles
suspended in extracellular fluids (Water and soluble salts and so on
) are brought into the cell through an invagination of the cell
membrane.
Invagination of the cell membrane resulting pinocytotic vesicles
are formed inside the cell.
15. These pinocytotic vesicles subsequently fuse with lysosomes to
hydrolyze (break down) the particles.
This process requires energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).