Scientific management emerged in the early 20th century focusing on operational efficiency. Theories were developed by Taylor and Gilbreth emphasizing precision, harmony, and higher pay for more efficient workers. Limitations included disregard for human aspects and authoritarian approaches. Classical management focused on organization-wide principles by Fayol including division of labor and unity of command. The behavioral school used psychology finding social factors improved human relationships. Contingency theory stated the best technique depends on the situation.

1. THE EVOLUTION OF
MANAGEMENT THEORY

2. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT SCHOOL
• The concept was introduced by F.W.TAYLOR in USA in the
beginning of 20th
century.
• Scientific management theory arose in part from the need to increase
Productivity.
• Scientific management was concerned with operational efficiency at
the production level.
• This concept was further carried on by Frank & Lillian Gilbreth,
Henry Gantt, Geoge Breth etc.

3. PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
• Replacement rule of thumb with science :-
1) Scientific management, organized knowledge should be applied instead
of rule of thumb
2) Scientific method denote precision in determining any aspect of work,
rule of thumb emphasis estimation.
• Harmony in group action :- Mutual give & take situation. Harmony in
group rather than discord.
• Co-operation:-
1) Mutual understanding & change in thinking.
2) Discourage chaotic individualism

4. DIFFERENTIAL RATE SYSTEM
• This system is called as compensation system.
• This system involving the payment of higher wages to more
efficient workers

5. HANERY L.GANTT
• Hanery L. Gantt is one of the follower of Taylor’s intensive system.
• He come up with the idea, every worker who finished a day’s assigned
work load would win a 50 percent bonus. Then he added a second
motivation. The supervisor would earn a bonus if all the workers reached
it. This, Gantt reasoned, would spur supervisors to train their workers to do
a better job.

6. GILBRETH
• Gilbreth focus on motion activity & fatigue and ways of promoting
the individual worker’s welfare.
• By this study worker’s morale would increase.

7. LIMITATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
• Aggressive mechanical view of production & sidelined human
aspect. This created aggressive attitude among workers.
• High degree of authoritarian approach workers were not allowed to
raise their voice even for genuine grievances.
• Standards were made without considering the Factors affecting it.

8. CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT SCHOOL
• Classical organization theory grew out of the need to find guidelines
for managing such complex organization as factories.
• Henri Fayol was founder of the Classical Management School.
• Fayol was interested in total organization & given importance to top
management.
• This concept was further carried on by Max Weber, Mary Parker
Follett & Chester I. Barnard.

9. GENERAL PRINCIPLES MANAGEMENT
1. DIVISION OF LABOUR – The more people specialize ,the more
efficiently they can perform their work,
2. AUTHORITY AND RESPOSIBILITY-Authority may come
from official (Position) & personal (Qualities) factors responsibility
comes from assignment of work.
3. DISCIPLINE – Members in an organization need to respect the
rules & agreements that govern the organization .
4. UNITY OF COMMAND – Each employee must receive
instructions from only one person, to avoid conflicts in instructions
& confutation of authority.

10. • UNITY OF DIRECTION –Each group of activity with same
objective and one plan ( provides better co-ordination in
organization)
• SUBORDINATION OF INDIVIDUAL TO GENERAL
INTEREST -In any undertaking, the interest of employees should
not take importance over the interest of the organization as whole.
• REMUNERATION OF PERSONNEL – Compensation for work
done should be fair and satisfactory to both employees and
employers.
• CENTRALISATION- This term refers to the degree to which
subordinates are involve in decision making .
• SCALAR CHAIN/HIERARCHY – Authority should move from
higher to lower. communication must have flow.

11. ORDER – Materials and people should be in the right place and
right time.
EQUITY –Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates..
STABILITY OF STAFF - Managers should provide orderly
personnel planning & ensure that replacements are available to fill
the vacancies.
INITIATIVE –Subordinates should be given the freedom to
conceive and carry out their plans ,even though some mistake may
result.
ESPRIT DE CROPS – Promoting team spirit will build harmony &
unity within the organization.

12. BUREAUCRACY
• Max Weber ( 1864-1920) developed a theory of bureaucratic
management (Formal structure).
• Stressed strictly defined hierarchy governed by Cleary defined
regulation & line of authority.

13. ZERO OF INDIFFERENCE
(AREA OF ACCEPTANCE)
• According to Barnard individual & organizational purposes could be
kept in balance if managers understood an employee’s Zone of
Indifference (What the employee would do without questioning the
manager’s authority).

14. THE BEHAVIOUR SCHOOL
• A group of management scholar trained in sociology, psychology, &
related fields, who use their diverse knowledge to propose more
effective ways to manage people in organizations.

15. HUMAN RELATIONSHIP APPROACH
• The human relations movement arose from early attempts to
systematically discover the social and psychological factors that
would create effective human relationship.
• How manager interact with other employees or recruits.
• THE HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENT-The possibility that workers
who receive special attention will perform better simply because
they received that attention.

16. MASLOW THEORY
• According to maslow, the needs that people are motivated to satisfy
fall into a hierarchy.
• Physical and safety needs are at the bottom of the hierarchy, and at
the top are ego and self-actualizing needs.
• In general maslow said lower level needs must be satisfied before
higher level needs can be met.

17. THE SYSTEM APPROACH
• View of the organization as a unified, directed system of interrelated
parts.
• A system is identified because it has a boundary.
• Two types of system – open and closed

18. • Subsystems: Those parts making of whole system.
• Synergy: In organizational terms, synergy means that departments that
interact cooperatively are more productive than they would be if they
operated in isolation.
• Open & Closed System: A system is considered an open system if it
interacts with its environment; A system is considered a closed system
if it does not interacts with its environment.
• Feedback: The part of system control in which the results of actions
are returned to the individual, allowing work procedure to be analyzed
and corrected .

19. THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH
• The view that the management technique that best contributes to the
attainment of organizational goals might vary in different types of
situations or circumstances
• According to the contingency approach, the manager’s task is to
identify which technique will, in a particular situation, under
particular circumstances, and at a particular time, best contribute to
the attainment of management goal.
• Take action as per the situation.

20. THANK YOU