This document provides guidance and questions on key concepts related to natural selection and evolution. It covers topics such as variation within species, adaptations, population growth limitations, inheritance of traits, and examples of natural selection like changes in finch beaks and antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The questions assess understanding of these core evolutionary principles and mechanisms.

1. Understandings,ApplicationsandSkills (Thisis whatyoumay be assessedon)
Statement Guidance
5.2 U.1 Natural selectioncanonlyoccurif there isvariationamongmembersof the same
species.
5.2 U.2 Mutation,meiosisandsexual reproductioncause variationbetweenindividualsina
species
5.2 U.3 Adaptationsare characteristicsthatmake an individual suitedtoitsenvironment
and wayof life
.
5.2 U.4 Speciestendtoproduce more offspringthanthe environmentcansupport.
5.2 U.5 Individuals thatare betteradaptedtendtosurvive andproduce more offspring
while the lesswell adaptedtendtodie orproduce feweroffspring
5.2 U.6 Individualsthatreproduce passoncharacteristicstotheiroffspring.[Students
shouldbe clearthat characteristicsacquiredduringthe lifetime of anindividual are
not heritable.The termLamarckismisnot required.]
5.2 U.7 Natural selectionincreasesthe frequencyof characteristicsthatmake individuals
betteradaptedanddecreasesthe frequency of othercharacteristicsleadingto
changeswithinthe species.
5.2 A.1 Changesinbeaksof finchesonDaphne Major.
5.2 A.2 Evolutionof antibioticresistance inbacteria.
5.2 U.1 Natural selectioncanonlyoccurif there isvariationamongmembers of the same species.
1. List belowthe fourfactorsthatbring aboutchange in a populationovertime. (Slide 55)
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2. 2. Explainthe pointmutationinbloodcellsandChromosomalmutationKlinefleter’sSyndrome?
(Slide 61 & 62)
5.2 U.2 Mutation,meiosis andsexual reproductioncause variationbetweenindividualsinaspecies
3. List the three waychangesingene frequencyoccur. (Slide 57)
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4. Describe amutationand itscauses. (Slide 58)
5. What role doesmeiosisandfertilizationplayincreatingnew phenotypes (Slides63 & 64)
Patterns in Sexual Selection
The data in the graph belowwere collectedduringanexperimentinvolvingwidowbirds inKenya.The
biologistwastryingtodeterminethe relationshipbetweentail featherlengthandreproductivesuccess
inmalesof thisspecies.The average numberof nestingsiteswasusedtomeasure reproductive success
and wasrecordedfor fourgroupsof birds.Tail featherswere artificiallyshortenedinone group.Two
groupswere usedas control groups,andtail featherswere artificiallylengthenedinthe fourthgroup.

3. 1. Look at the bar graph 1 representingthe groupwithshortenedtail feathers.Whatisthe average
nestpermale birdin thisgroup?Lessthan
2. Next,notice thatthe bars forthe twocontrol groupsboth averagedlessthanone nest.
3. Nowlookat the bar representinglengthenedtail feathers.How manynestsdidthisgroup
average?About
4. Finally,lookfortrendsandpatterns.The datashow a trendthatmaleswithlongertail feathers
have greaterreproductive success:onaverage,theyhadmore nestingsites.
5. What tail sizeswere compared,specifically,inthe experiment?
The graph 2 belowshows sexual selectionpatternsinguppies (fish).Three experimentswere
runto determineif female guppiesprefermaleswithspecifictail sizes.Ineachexperiment,
female guppieswere giventhe choiceof 2malestomate with, each havingadifferenttailsize:
large vs. small, large vs. medium, andmediumvs.small.
6. What tail sizeswere compared,specifically,foreachof the 3 experiments?
7. What isthe relationshipbetweentail size inmale guppiesandfemale preference formates?
8. Why mightthe difference inpreferencebe largerinexperiment1than inexperiment2?
9. What isthe relationshipbetweentail size inmale guppiesandfemale preference formates?

4. 5.2 U.3 .Adaptationsare characteristicsthatmake anindividualsuitedtoitsenvironmentandwayof life
6. The basic needstosurvive are food,water,air,andshelter.Some animalshibernateduringthe
winter. Give anexample: (Slides69-70)
7. The basic needstosurvive forplantsare nutrients,water,CarbonDioxide,andLight.Give an
example:(Slides72-74)
5.2 U.4 Speciestendtoproduce more offspringthanthe environmentcansupport.
8. Identifysome of the factorsthatlimita population fromgrowing,includeonexample. (Slides
78-83)
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5. 5.2 U.5 Individualsthatare betteradaptedtendtosurvive andproduce more offspringwhile the less
well adaptedtendtodie orproduce feweroffspring
9. If natural selectionmeans"survivalof the fittest,"thanhow can one "fittest"speciesevolveinto
more than one?Howcan more than one be "the fittest"?Explain.
.
5.2 U.6 Individualsthatreproduce passoncharacteristicstotheiroffspring.[Studentsshouldbe clear
that characteristics acquiredduringthe lifetime of anindividual are notheritable.The termLamarckism
isnot required.]
10. GeneticistsCharlotteFaurie andMichel Raymondrecentlystudiedthe frequencyof left-handers
intraditional societies,comparedtothe level of "violence"inthose societies.Theyused
homicide rate asan index of violence.The figure below showstheirdata.Are the data
consistentwiththe hypothesisthatleft-handednessgivesanadvantage incombat?
a. Suppose the combathypothesisistrue.In extremelyviolentsocieties,wouldyoupredictthat
left-handednesswouldincrease?Explain.
b: If left-handednesshadnocosts,wouldyouexpectleft-handednesstochange overtime inany
of these societies? Explain.

6. 5.2 U.7 Natural selectionincreases the frequencyof characteristicsthatmake individualsbetteradapted
and decreasesthe frequencyof othercharacteristicsleadingtochangeswithinthe species.
11. List the causesthat can leadto a change in frequencyof allelesinapopulation. (Slide89)
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12. On the GalapagosIslands,Darwindiscoveredbirdswithdifferentlyshapedbeaks.Whatmight
thistell youaboutthe eatinghabitsof the birdson differentislands? (Slides92-94)
13. A populationof birdslivesinanarea where plantswithmediumsizedseedsare wipedoutbya
fungal infection.Describewhatmightoccurto beaksize onthe islandovertime.
5.2 A.1 Changesinbeaksof finchesonDaphne Major.
Video:GalapagosFinchEvolution
1. How manysummers didthe researchingcouple the Grant’sworkonthe island?
2. How manyspeciesof Finchesare currentlyonthe chainof islands?How manytypesstarted on
the islands?
3. Describe the changingconditionsthatoccurred onthe islandDaphne Majorand what change
resultforthischange on the Finches.
4. What are some of the thingsthat keeptwodifferentspeciesfrommating?

7. 5.2 A.2 Evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria (Slides 100-104)
14. What exactlyisan antibiotic?
15. How,in a populationof bacteria,doantibiotic-resistantonesemerge?
16. Why can usingtoomany antibioticsbe aproblemfor(our) future generations?
Video:Societal factorsplayintorise of drug-resistantbacteria