First year SBC174 Evolution course - week 2
1. NeoDarwinism/ModernSynthesis
2. Major transitions in Evolution
3. Geological Timescales
4. Some drivers of evolution
The document summarizes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses key concepts such as overproduction of offspring, the struggle for existence, variations and heredity, survival of the fittest, and the origin of species. It notes criticisms of Darwin's original theory, such as its inability to explain the origin of variations and intermediate forms. The document then outlines processes that can lead to variations, such as mutation and genetic drift. It also discusses inheritance of variations, natural selection maintaining constancy or promoting new species, and speciation occurring due to isolation.
An informative, rather enjoyable presentation & explanation of Neo-Darwinism (evolution) based on the theory in my 12th-grade book.
Remember: When assigned a group project, always give proper and equal time to each member. (Designed for teamwork)
Modern evolutionary theory, also known as neo-Darwinism, explains how evolution occurs through natural selection acting on genetic variations in populations over multiple generations. Natural selection favors individuals whose genetic variations increase their chance of survival and reproduction, causing gene frequencies in populations to change over time. With enough genetic change over long periods, new species may form. Evidence for evolution comes from fossils that can be carbon dated, showing lineages of organisms changing over time, as well as similarities in cell biology and genetics between related species.
Darwin's theory of evolution proposed that all species evolved over time from common ancestors through a process of natural selection acting on hereditary variation in populations. His main ideas included common descent, whereby all organisms are related through descent from some unknown ancient ancestor; gradualism, where new species slowly accumulate adaptations to different environments over time; and natural selection, as the mechanism driving evolution by preferentially reproducing individuals with advantageous traits.
Neodarwinism or synthetic theory of evolutionbhavnesthakur
Neo-Darwinism is a modified version of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It incorporates genetic variation as the raw material for evolution. Genetic variation arises from sources like mutations, recombination, and chromosomal changes. Natural selection leads to differential reproduction of adaptive variants, increasing their frequency over generations. Reproductive isolation maintains distinctiveness between species. According to Neo-Darwinism, evolution occurs through the appearance of genetic variation, its spread through populations by natural selection, and reproductive isolation leading to speciation.
Overview
In simpler terms, Evolutionary Genetics is the study to understand how genetic
variation leads to evolutionary change.
Evolutionary Genetics attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene
and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the
variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species.
The central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary
forces shape the patterns of biodiversity.
Evolutionary Genetics majorly deals with;
a. Evolution of genome structure
b. The genetic basis of speciation and adaptation
c. Genetic change in response to selection within populations
Biological diversity is shaped by biological evolution through processes like natural selection, genetic drift, migration, and geographic and reproductive isolation. Natural selection leads to increases in heritable traits that aid survival and reproduction. Genetic drift causes changes in gene frequencies by chance rather than selection. Geographic isolation occurs when populations become physically separated, and over time this can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation as the populations evolve independently. Extinction also influences biodiversity by removing species. Factors like habitat diversity, moderate disturbance, and evolution tend to increase diversity, while stress, limited resources, and extreme disturbance decrease it.
The document summarizes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It discusses key concepts such as overproduction of offspring, the struggle for existence, variations and heredity, survival of the fittest, and the origin of species. It notes criticisms of Darwin's original theory, such as its inability to explain the origin of variations and intermediate forms. The document then outlines processes that can lead to variations, such as mutation and genetic drift. It also discusses inheritance of variations, natural selection maintaining constancy or promoting new species, and speciation occurring due to isolation.
An informative, rather enjoyable presentation & explanation of Neo-Darwinism (evolution) based on the theory in my 12th-grade book.
Remember: When assigned a group project, always give proper and equal time to each member. (Designed for teamwork)
Modern evolutionary theory, also known as neo-Darwinism, explains how evolution occurs through natural selection acting on genetic variations in populations over multiple generations. Natural selection favors individuals whose genetic variations increase their chance of survival and reproduction, causing gene frequencies in populations to change over time. With enough genetic change over long periods, new species may form. Evidence for evolution comes from fossils that can be carbon dated, showing lineages of organisms changing over time, as well as similarities in cell biology and genetics between related species.
Darwin's theory of evolution proposed that all species evolved over time from common ancestors through a process of natural selection acting on hereditary variation in populations. His main ideas included common descent, whereby all organisms are related through descent from some unknown ancient ancestor; gradualism, where new species slowly accumulate adaptations to different environments over time; and natural selection, as the mechanism driving evolution by preferentially reproducing individuals with advantageous traits.
Neodarwinism or synthetic theory of evolutionbhavnesthakur
Neo-Darwinism is a modified version of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It incorporates genetic variation as the raw material for evolution. Genetic variation arises from sources like mutations, recombination, and chromosomal changes. Natural selection leads to differential reproduction of adaptive variants, increasing their frequency over generations. Reproductive isolation maintains distinctiveness between species. According to Neo-Darwinism, evolution occurs through the appearance of genetic variation, its spread through populations by natural selection, and reproductive isolation leading to speciation.
Overview
In simpler terms, Evolutionary Genetics is the study to understand how genetic
variation leads to evolutionary change.
Evolutionary Genetics attempts to account for evolution in terms of changes in gene
and genotype frequencies within populations and the processes that convert the
variation with populations into more or less permanent variation between species.
The central challenge of Evolutionary Genetics is to describe how the evolutionary
forces shape the patterns of biodiversity.
Evolutionary Genetics majorly deals with;
a. Evolution of genome structure
b. The genetic basis of speciation and adaptation
c. Genetic change in response to selection within populations
Biological diversity is shaped by biological evolution through processes like natural selection, genetic drift, migration, and geographic and reproductive isolation. Natural selection leads to increases in heritable traits that aid survival and reproduction. Genetic drift causes changes in gene frequencies by chance rather than selection. Geographic isolation occurs when populations become physically separated, and over time this can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation as the populations evolve independently. Extinction also influences biodiversity by removing species. Factors like habitat diversity, moderate disturbance, and evolution tend to increase diversity, while stress, limited resources, and extreme disturbance decrease it.
The document discusses theories of organic evolution, including Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin's theory proposes that organisms evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that aid survival and reproduction. Lamarck's theory suggests that organisms can pass on traits acquired in their lifetime to offspring, such as giraffes inheriting long necks from ancestors that stretched their necks to reach leaves. Modern understanding incorporates genetics and shows how random mutations in DNA can provide variation for natural selection to act upon.
this ppt traces the evolutionary history of humans and presents the description of evolution on the basis of various theories put forward by various eminent scientists
Evolution is the central theme of biology. It refers to change over time in allele frequencies in populations, driven primarily by natural selection. Speciation occurs through mechanisms like allopatric speciation. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which proposes that heritable traits better suited to an organism's environment will increase the organism's fitness and chances of survival and reproduction, driving populations to change over generations. Phylogenies illustrate evolutionary relationships and history based on homologous traits in ancestors.
- Modern evolutionary theory holds that evolution occurs gradually within populations as individuals vary and natural selection acts upon these heritable variations. While Darwin's theory of evolution is widely accepted, he did not explain the mechanisms of variation.
- Hugo de Vries proposed the "mutation theory" in the early 1900s, observing large sudden variations in primrose plants that bred true. He believed new species evolved via large mutations.
- Populations, not individuals, evolve as gene pools change over generations through natural selection acting on heritable genetic variations introduced by mutations and sexual reproduction.
Natural selection is the driving force behind evolution. According to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection:
1) There is genetic variation within populations. Traits that increase reproductive success will be passed on more frequently.
2) Individuals with traits better suited to the environment will have greater access to resources and be more likely to reproduce.
3) Over time, individuals with traits that increase reproductive success will comprise a greater proportion of the population, leading populations to evolve.
Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection to explain evolution. Natural selection is the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their favorable traits. It involves overproduction of offspring, variation among individuals, and competition for limited resources. Those individuals possessing variations that increase chances of survival will be selected through surviving and reproducing, passing these traits to subsequent generations over long periods of time.
This document discusses the theory of Neo-Darwinism, which is a synthesis of Darwin's theory of natural selection and modern genetics. It describes key aspects of Neo-Darwinism, including genetic variation, mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, and isolation. Several scientists in the 20th century contributed to the development of the modern synthetic theory, including research on population genetics, genetics, and heredity. Examples are given of natural selection in industrial melanic moths and the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, with four main ideas: 1) Common descent, that all organisms are related through descent from a shared ancestor, 2) Gradualism, that new species arise gradually through accumulation of adaptations, 3) Multiplication of species, whereby gradual changes lead to diversification, and 4) Natural selection, the mechanism by which organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and produce offspring.
Theory Of Evolution of Natural Selection by DARWINVipul Sachan
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. As a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin made observations and collected evidence that led him to propose that life evolves over generations through a process of natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their traits. Darwin believed that all species on Earth descended with modification from common ancestors over long periods of time. His theory challenged religious orthodoxy and provided a naturalistic explanation for the diversity and complexity of life.
The modern synthetic theory of evolution emerged in the mid-20th century from the work of Dobzhansky, Mayr, and Simpson. It combines Darwin's theory of natural selection with insights from genetics to explain evolution as changes in populations over generations due to genetic variations, population genetics, speciation, and different levels of evolution. The theory provides a statistical basis using population genetics concepts like genetic equilibrium, selection pressure, and genetic drift. It accepts random genetic change as a mechanism of evolution in addition to natural selection.
1. Evolution occurs through "descent with modification" as organisms adapt to their environment over generations through natural selection.
2. Natural selection leads to populations changing over time as certain inheritable traits leave more offspring than others.
3. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, biogeography, comparative anatomy and embryology, and molecular biology.
The document discusses several early theories on the origin of life and evolution:
1) The extraterrestrial origin theory states that life originated on other planets and was brought to Earth via meteorites.
2) Creationism believes life was put on Earth by divine forces, but it is not scientifically valid.
3) The theory that life arose spontaneously from non-living matter through random processes that eventually led to the first cell.
4) Evolutionary theory provides an explanation for differences among life forms through the mechanism of natural selection, whereby traits that increase reproductive success are passed on. The peppered moth study is a classic example of this process at work.
The document discusses three topics related to the documentary "Home":
1. It asks readers to explain one of the environmental problems mentioned in the documentary and propose a sustainable solution.
2. It asks readers to mention an example of sustainable development shown at the end of the documentary.
3. It asks readers to describe at least two statistical data points that are described in the documentary.
1. Lamarck proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, which stated that traits acquired by organisms during their lifetime due to environmental factors could be passed on to offspring.
2. Examples Lamarck used included giraffes developing long necks from stretching to reach leaves and ducks developing webbed feet from swimming.
3. Darwin and Wallace later proposed the theory of natural selection, which explained evolution as occurring through heritable variations that provide individuals with an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment. Favored variations are passed on, while unfavored ones are selected against.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on evolution of populations, including:
1) Genetic variation arises from mutations and genetic shuffling during sexual reproduction, providing raw materials for natural selection.
2) Natural selection can lead to changes in allele frequencies over generations, resulting in evolutionary adaptation.
3) Reproductive isolation of populations through mechanisms like geographic barriers can lead to the formation of new species over long periods of time, as seen with Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during a 5-year voyage on the HMS Beagle. His theory proposed that all species share a common ancestor and evolve over time through gradual processes of variation, competition for limited resources, and natural selection of beneficial traits. Key evidence came from studies of finches and tortoises on the Galapagos Islands which had adapted in different ways on different islands. Darwin's theory revolutionized scientific understanding of the diversity and relatedness of life on Earth.
The document summarizes key concepts about evolution from biology class. It describes how Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution through his observations on the Galapagos Islands of different finch species with specialized beaks. Darwin proposed that evolution occurs through overproduction of offspring, competition for resources, genetic variations or adaptations, and survival of the fittest. The theory helped explain how the first single-celled organisms evolved over 3 billion years into the diversity of species today through natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift acting on populations.
This document summarizes key concepts about evolution, including that it occurs over time through natural selection, leading to diversity among and within species. It explains the mechanisms of evolution, including overpopulation, competition for resources, genetic variation, adaptation, and speciation. Adaptations like camouflage, warning coloration, and mimicry help organisms survive. Isolation of populations can also lead to speciation over time. The diversity of life on Earth is the result of evolution by natural selection.
1) The document discusses several theories of evolution including Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, Darwin's theory of natural selection, and De Vries' mutation theory.
2) Lamarck believed that organisms could pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring, such as giraffes passing on long necks. Weismann disproved this through experiments on mice.
3) Darwin's theory of natural selection proposed that variations arise in populations and individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and pass those traits to offspring, leading to the emergence of new species over time.
1) Evolution is the scientific theory that organisms are related by descent from common ancestors and that biological traits can change over generations through natural selection or genetic drift.
2) Evidence for evolution comes from multiple scientific disciplines including fossils, biogeography, embryology, and genetics. Comparisons of DNA, protein sequences, and anatomical structures among different species provide overwhelming support for the theory of evolution.
3) Natural selection is the primary mechanism of evolution. It occurs when heritable traits increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. Over generations, organisms best adapted to their environment will survive and pass on their favorable traits.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolution including:
1. Evolution is the change in populations over time through natural selection and common descent. Microevolution refers to changes within populations while macroevolution creates and eliminates species.
2. Darwin's voyage on the Beagle and observations of variations within populations and the struggle for existence led him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection.
3. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular biology which show conservation and diversification of genes matching evolutionary relationships.
The document discusses theories of organic evolution, including Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin's theory proposes that organisms evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that aid survival and reproduction. Lamarck's theory suggests that organisms can pass on traits acquired in their lifetime to offspring, such as giraffes inheriting long necks from ancestors that stretched their necks to reach leaves. Modern understanding incorporates genetics and shows how random mutations in DNA can provide variation for natural selection to act upon.
this ppt traces the evolutionary history of humans and presents the description of evolution on the basis of various theories put forward by various eminent scientists
Evolution is the central theme of biology. It refers to change over time in allele frequencies in populations, driven primarily by natural selection. Speciation occurs through mechanisms like allopatric speciation. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which proposes that heritable traits better suited to an organism's environment will increase the organism's fitness and chances of survival and reproduction, driving populations to change over generations. Phylogenies illustrate evolutionary relationships and history based on homologous traits in ancestors.
- Modern evolutionary theory holds that evolution occurs gradually within populations as individuals vary and natural selection acts upon these heritable variations. While Darwin's theory of evolution is widely accepted, he did not explain the mechanisms of variation.
- Hugo de Vries proposed the "mutation theory" in the early 1900s, observing large sudden variations in primrose plants that bred true. He believed new species evolved via large mutations.
- Populations, not individuals, evolve as gene pools change over generations through natural selection acting on heritable genetic variations introduced by mutations and sexual reproduction.
Natural selection is the driving force behind evolution. According to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection:
1) There is genetic variation within populations. Traits that increase reproductive success will be passed on more frequently.
2) Individuals with traits better suited to the environment will have greater access to resources and be more likely to reproduce.
3) Over time, individuals with traits that increase reproductive success will comprise a greater proportion of the population, leading populations to evolve.
Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection to explain evolution. Natural selection is the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their favorable traits. It involves overproduction of offspring, variation among individuals, and competition for limited resources. Those individuals possessing variations that increase chances of survival will be selected through surviving and reproducing, passing these traits to subsequent generations over long periods of time.
This document discusses the theory of Neo-Darwinism, which is a synthesis of Darwin's theory of natural selection and modern genetics. It describes key aspects of Neo-Darwinism, including genetic variation, mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, and isolation. Several scientists in the 20th century contributed to the development of the modern synthetic theory, including research on population genetics, genetics, and heredity. Examples are given of natural selection in industrial melanic moths and the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, with four main ideas: 1) Common descent, that all organisms are related through descent from a shared ancestor, 2) Gradualism, that new species arise gradually through accumulation of adaptations, 3) Multiplication of species, whereby gradual changes lead to diversification, and 4) Natural selection, the mechanism by which organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and produce offspring.
Theory Of Evolution of Natural Selection by DARWINVipul Sachan
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. As a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin made observations and collected evidence that led him to propose that life evolves over generations through a process of natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their traits. Darwin believed that all species on Earth descended with modification from common ancestors over long periods of time. His theory challenged religious orthodoxy and provided a naturalistic explanation for the diversity and complexity of life.
The modern synthetic theory of evolution emerged in the mid-20th century from the work of Dobzhansky, Mayr, and Simpson. It combines Darwin's theory of natural selection with insights from genetics to explain evolution as changes in populations over generations due to genetic variations, population genetics, speciation, and different levels of evolution. The theory provides a statistical basis using population genetics concepts like genetic equilibrium, selection pressure, and genetic drift. It accepts random genetic change as a mechanism of evolution in addition to natural selection.
1. Evolution occurs through "descent with modification" as organisms adapt to their environment over generations through natural selection.
2. Natural selection leads to populations changing over time as certain inheritable traits leave more offspring than others.
3. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, biogeography, comparative anatomy and embryology, and molecular biology.
The document discusses several early theories on the origin of life and evolution:
1) The extraterrestrial origin theory states that life originated on other planets and was brought to Earth via meteorites.
2) Creationism believes life was put on Earth by divine forces, but it is not scientifically valid.
3) The theory that life arose spontaneously from non-living matter through random processes that eventually led to the first cell.
4) Evolutionary theory provides an explanation for differences among life forms through the mechanism of natural selection, whereby traits that increase reproductive success are passed on. The peppered moth study is a classic example of this process at work.
The document discusses three topics related to the documentary "Home":
1. It asks readers to explain one of the environmental problems mentioned in the documentary and propose a sustainable solution.
2. It asks readers to mention an example of sustainable development shown at the end of the documentary.
3. It asks readers to describe at least two statistical data points that are described in the documentary.
1. Lamarck proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, which stated that traits acquired by organisms during their lifetime due to environmental factors could be passed on to offspring.
2. Examples Lamarck used included giraffes developing long necks from stretching to reach leaves and ducks developing webbed feet from swimming.
3. Darwin and Wallace later proposed the theory of natural selection, which explained evolution as occurring through heritable variations that provide individuals with an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment. Favored variations are passed on, while unfavored ones are selected against.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on evolution of populations, including:
1) Genetic variation arises from mutations and genetic shuffling during sexual reproduction, providing raw materials for natural selection.
2) Natural selection can lead to changes in allele frequencies over generations, resulting in evolutionary adaptation.
3) Reproductive isolation of populations through mechanisms like geographic barriers can lead to the formation of new species over long periods of time, as seen with Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during a 5-year voyage on the HMS Beagle. His theory proposed that all species share a common ancestor and evolve over time through gradual processes of variation, competition for limited resources, and natural selection of beneficial traits. Key evidence came from studies of finches and tortoises on the Galapagos Islands which had adapted in different ways on different islands. Darwin's theory revolutionized scientific understanding of the diversity and relatedness of life on Earth.
The document summarizes key concepts about evolution from biology class. It describes how Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution through his observations on the Galapagos Islands of different finch species with specialized beaks. Darwin proposed that evolution occurs through overproduction of offspring, competition for resources, genetic variations or adaptations, and survival of the fittest. The theory helped explain how the first single-celled organisms evolved over 3 billion years into the diversity of species today through natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift acting on populations.
This document summarizes key concepts about evolution, including that it occurs over time through natural selection, leading to diversity among and within species. It explains the mechanisms of evolution, including overpopulation, competition for resources, genetic variation, adaptation, and speciation. Adaptations like camouflage, warning coloration, and mimicry help organisms survive. Isolation of populations can also lead to speciation over time. The diversity of life on Earth is the result of evolution by natural selection.
1) The document discusses several theories of evolution including Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, Darwin's theory of natural selection, and De Vries' mutation theory.
2) Lamarck believed that organisms could pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring, such as giraffes passing on long necks. Weismann disproved this through experiments on mice.
3) Darwin's theory of natural selection proposed that variations arise in populations and individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and pass those traits to offspring, leading to the emergence of new species over time.
1) Evolution is the scientific theory that organisms are related by descent from common ancestors and that biological traits can change over generations through natural selection or genetic drift.
2) Evidence for evolution comes from multiple scientific disciplines including fossils, biogeography, embryology, and genetics. Comparisons of DNA, protein sequences, and anatomical structures among different species provide overwhelming support for the theory of evolution.
3) Natural selection is the primary mechanism of evolution. It occurs when heritable traits increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. Over generations, organisms best adapted to their environment will survive and pass on their favorable traits.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolution including:
1. Evolution is the change in populations over time through natural selection and common descent. Microevolution refers to changes within populations while macroevolution creates and eliminates species.
2. Darwin's voyage on the Beagle and observations of variations within populations and the struggle for existence led him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection.
3. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular biology which show conservation and diversification of genes matching evolutionary relationships.
Evolution occurs as all living things on Earth are descended from common ancestors. Over billions of years, organisms have diverged into the millions of species alive today through the process of natural selection. Evidence for evolution comes from multiple sources, including fossils that show changes over time, anatomical similarities between related species, and overwhelming genetic evidence from molecular biology. Natural selection is the mechanism driving evolutionary change as it favors heritable traits that increase an organism's chances of surviving and reproducing.
Chapter 17
Evoution of Life
The Origin of Life
Did Life on Earth Originate on Mars?
Early Life on Earth
Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species
How Natural Selection Works
Adaptation
Staying Warm and Keeping Cool
Evolution and Genetics
How Species Form
Evidence of Evolution
Fossils: Earth's Tangible Evidence of Evolution
The Evolution of Humans
History of Science: The Peppered Moth
Science and Society: Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
The document provides an overview of the key concepts and evidence related to the evolution of life on Earth, including:
- The origin of life from organic molecules to early cells.
- Early life evolving from marine prokaryotes to autotrophs and eukaryotes.
- Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
- Mechanisms of evolution like natural selection, genetic drift, and speciation forming new species.
- Extensive fossil and anatomical evidence supporting evolution across species.
The document provides an overview of the key concepts and evidence related to the evolution of life on Earth, including:
- The origin of life from organic molecules to early cells.
- Early life evolving from marine prokaryotes to autotrophs and eukaryotes.
- Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
- Mechanisms of evolution like natural selection, genetic drift, and speciation forming new species through reproductive barriers.
- Extensive fossil and anatomical evidence supporting evolution across species.
This document provides a history of genetics, describing major events from ancient times through the 20th century. It outlines old ideas that had to be overcome, like spontaneous generation and inheritance of acquired traits. Key discoveries include Mendel's work in 1866, rediscovery in 1900, Morgan's work linking genes to chromosomes in 1910, and Watson and Crick's DNA structure determination in 1953. The current understanding is that DNA sequences encode instructions to build organisms, with genes expressing as RNA and protein. Mutations occur randomly and natural selection favors those that increase fitness.
This document provides information on several important evolutionary biologists and their contributions:
- Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection and established that all species descended from common ancestors.
- Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived of natural selection.
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed an early theory of evolution that was later disproven.
- Gregor Mendel established the fundamental laws of inheritance through his experiments with pea plants.
- Later scientists like Ronald Fisher, Theodosius Dobzhansky, and Julian Huxley helped develop the modern synthesis of evolution integrating genetics and natural selection.
1. Evolution is the process by which life on Earth has changed over time from early forms to the diversity seen today.
2. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859, suggesting that species evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that increase survival and reproduction.
3. Speciation, the evolution of new species, occurs when reproductive barriers emerge to prevent interbreeding between populations, most often due to geographical isolation or adaptation to new environments.
The document discusses major geological drivers of evolution including tectonic plate movement, vulcanism, climate change, and meteorite impacts. Tectonic plate movement has caused continental drift and formation of supercontinents like Pangaea, affecting species distributions. Vulcanism causes both local and global climate changes through emission of gases and particles and formation of new land barriers and islands. Climate changes over geological timescales have also impacted evolution. Meteorite impacts have precipitated mass extinctions. These geological forces alter Earth's conditions and drive evolution through large-scale migrations, speciation events, mass extinctions, and adaptive radiations.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in zoology. It discusses 7 characteristics of living things, including chemical uniqueness, complexity and hierarchical organization, reproduction, possession of a genetic code, metabolism, development, and environmental interaction. It also covers the scientific method, the difference between experimental and evolutionary science, Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution including natural selection and common descent. Finally, it discusses contributions to cellular biology including the microscope and animal rights issues in scientific testing.
Evolution is the process of change over time through natural selection. The document summarizes key evidence and theories of evolution, including:
1. Evidence from the fossil record shows gradual changes in life forms over billions of years. Comparative anatomy and embryology also provide evidence of common descent.
2. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection proposed that heritable variations arise by mutation and are selected if they confer a survival or reproductive advantage. This results in adaptation and potentially speciation.
3. Modern theories incorporate genetics and show how variation arises from sexual reproduction, mutation, and recombination of genes, and how selection can change allele frequencies to drive evolution or maintain genetic equilibrium.
The document provides an overview of biology and the scientific method. It discusses that biology is the study of living things through various branches and approaches. The scientific method is used to generate hypotheses and test theories through controlled experiments. Some key aspects of living things discussed are cells, metabolism, response to stimuli, homeostasis, growth, genetics, and reproduction. Paradigm shifts in scientific theories over time are also mentioned. The document then discusses some benefits of science like medicines and vaccines but also risks like nuclear weapons. It raises ethical issues around topics like nuclear power, animal testing, and human experimentation.
This document provides a history of genetics, describing major events from ancient times through the 20th century. It notes that early civilizations practiced selective breeding of animals and plants. In the mid-1800s, Darwin published On the Origin of Species introducing the theory of evolution, while Mendel's work on inheritance in plants was published but largely ignored. In the early 1900s, Mendel's work was rediscovered and linked to chromosomes. Major advances included discovering DNA's role as the genetic material and determining its structure. The current understanding of genetics includes DNA containing genes that encode proteins, with mutations constantly occurring but most having no effect.
This document discusses how religion arose as an evolutionary adaptation in humans to maintain important aspects of human behavior consistently over large groups and long periods of time, allowing natural selection to act on cultural evolution. It compares genetic evolution in other species to cultural evolution in humans, noting that human behavior is culturally determined rather than genetic. Religion served to prescribe ethics and virtues that standardized behaviors across populations, fulfilling the role of genetic determination in other social species and enabling cultural evolution through natural selection over generations.
This document discusses the origin and evolution of life. It begins by defining key properties of organisms, such as being complex, made of cells, and able to perform vital functions. It then explores early theories on the origins of life, including spontaneous generation and the cell theory. The document discusses the primordial soup hypothesis and experiments by Oparin and Miller supporting organic molecule formation from early Earth conditions. Finally, it analyzes fixist and evolutionist theories on the diversity of organisms, including Lamarckism on adaptation and inheritance of acquired traits, and Darwinism on natural selection.
Speciation is the formation of new biological species. The document provides three key points about speciation and its relationship to natural selection:
1. Speciation can occur when a single population becomes separated into two isolated groups. Over time, each group evolves differently through genetic variation and natural selection, resulting in reproductively isolated species.
2. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, which shows organisms changing over time and new species arising as others become extinct.
3. Natural selection plays a role in speciation when environmental changes cause isolated populations to evolve adaptations better suited to their local conditions, leading to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species over prolonged periods of separation.
Evolution is any change in the genes of a population over time. The origin of life theories propose that organic molecules assembled from inorganic elements in the primordial atmosphere and oceans around 4 billion years ago. Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection proposed that populations evolve over generations as individuals with favorable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those variations. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record showing sequences of simpler to more complex organisms over time, comparative anatomy revealing homologous and vestigial structures, and similarities in embryonic development across species.
This document discusses the experience of a researcher in genomics with applying FAIR and open approaches. It notes that making data and analysis methods FAIR and open can increase visibility, drive citations, and facilitate collaboration. However, it also enables competition to more easily access and utilize resources without contributing. Striking the right balance between openness and protecting competitive advantages is challenging. Overall, the researcher finds FAIR and open principles have greatly increased the impact and robustness of their work, but there are also costs to consider.
2018 08-reduce risks of genomics researchYannick Wurm
Geoffrey Chang, a protein crystallographer at The Scripps Research Institute, had his career trajectory disrupted when several of his high-profile papers describing protein structures had to be retracted. An in-house software program Chang's lab used to process diffraction data from protein crystals introduced a sign error that inverted the structures, invalidating biological interpretations. This included a 2001 Science paper describing the structure of the MsbA protein. A 2006 Nature paper by Swiss researchers casting doubt on Chang's MsbA structure led him to discover the software error. Chang and his co-authors sincerely regretted the confusion and unproductive research caused by the need to retract their influential papers.
Geoffrey Chang was a prominent structural biologist who received prestigious early career awards. However, his work came under scrutiny when other researchers discovered errors in his published protein structures due to a problem with his in-house data analysis software. This led Chang to retract 5 of his papers describing protein structures. The retractions were costly for Chang's career and reputation as well as for other researchers who had performed follow-up work based on the incorrect structures. The incident highlights the importance of using well-tested, reproducible analysis methods in scientific research.
Keynote talk given at Fairdom User meeting http://fair-dom.org/communities/users/barcelona-2016-first-user-meeting/ .
I begin by summarising how we apply molecular approaches to understand social behaviour in ants. Subsequently, I give an overview of the data-handling challenges the genomic bioinformatics community faces. Finally, I give an overview of some of the tools and approaches my lab have developed to help us get things done better, faster, more reliably and more reproducibly.
The document discusses the genetic basis of social organization in fire ant populations. Researchers used RAD sequencing of haploid males to discover SNPs and genotype individuals at over 2,400 loci. Principal component analysis separated individuals into two clusters corresponding to their social form (single or multiple queen), with the first principal component explaining over 12% of the variance. A region on chromosome 13 containing the Gp-9 gene was completely associated with social form. This research identified a major gene influencing an important social trait using next-generation sequencing techniques.
This document provides an agenda for a spring school on bioinformatics and population genomics, including practical sessions on analyzing genomic data from reads to reference genomes and gene predictions in 6 steps: inspecting and cleaning reads, genome assembly, assessing assembly quality, predicting protein-coding genes, assessing gene prediction quality, and assessing the overall process quality using biological measures. It also addresses wifi issues that could reduce bandwidth and lists the VM password.
This document provides information about a spring school on bioinformatics and population genomics that includes practical sessions. The sessions will cover topics like short read cleaning, genome assembly, gene prediction, quality control, mapping reads to call variants, visualizing variants, analyzing variants through PCA and measuring diversity and differentiation, inferring population sizes and gene flow, and analyzing gene expression from raw sequencing data to expression levels. The document lists the team of practitioners leading the sessions and encourages participants to share their favorite software packages.
2015 12-18- Avoid having to retract your genomics analysis - Popgroup Reprodu...Yannick Wurm
Brief (15min) talk I gave at #PopGroup49 in Edinburgh providing a few simple methods to reduce risk in genomics analyses.
Please cite: Avoid having to retract your genomics analysis (2015) Y Wurm. The Winnower 2, e143696.68941 https://thewinnower.com/papers/avoid-having-to-retract-your-genomics-analysis
This document contains information about programming in R, including practical examples. It discusses accessing and subsetting data, using regular expressions for text search, creating functions, and using loops. Examples are provided to demonstrate creating vectors, accessing subsets of vectors, using regular expressions to find patterns in text, creating functions to convert between units or estimate values, and using for loops to repeat operations over multiple elements. The document suggests R is useful for working with big data in biology and other fields due to its ability to automate tasks, integrate with other tools, and handle large datasets through programming.
This document describes oSwitch, a tool that allows easy access to other operating systems via one-line commands. It works by wrapping Docker containers, allowing commands to be run in different OS environments without disrupting the user's current environment. The document provides an example usage where a user is able to run an "abyss-pe" command in a Biolinux container after it is not found in their native OS. It notes how oSwitch aims to preserve the user's current working directory, login shell, home directory and file permissions during usage.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on the genetic basis of evolution. It begins with introducing key terms like gene, locus, allele, genotype, and phenotype. It then discusses genetic drift and how drift is influenced by population size. Selection is also introduced and defined as a process where individuals with different genotypes have different fitnesses. The document emphasizes that both genetic drift and selection influence evolution, and neither process should be overemphasized. It aims to move people away from only considering selection (pan-selectionism) and highlights the importance of genetic drift.
This document discusses human evolution and recent insights from genomics. It summarizes that Neanderthals were the closest evolutionary relatives to modern humans and lived in Europe and Western Asia until disappearing 30,000 years ago. A draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome from three individuals was presented, composed of over 4 billion nucleotides. Comparisons with five modern human genomes identified regions potentially affected by selection in ancestral modern humans, involving genes related to metabolism, cognition, and skeletal development. Analysis suggests Neanderthals shared more genetic variants with non-Africans, indicating gene flow from Neanderthals into their ancestors occurred before Eurasian groups diverged.
The document discusses analyzing ancient plant and insect DNA extracted from ice core samples in Greenland. Key points:
- Plant and insect DNA was recovered from silty ice samples taken between 2-3 km deep in the Dye 3 and JEG ice cores in Greenland, dating back to before the last glacial period.
- The DNA was identified as coming from tree species like pine and alder, indicating a boreal forest environment in southern Greenland at the time, rather than today's Arctic conditions.
- Other plant species identified include those from orders like Asterales, Poales, Rosales and Malpighiales. Insect DNA from Lepidoptera was also recovered.
1. The document discusses best practices for scientific software development, including writing code for people rather than computers, automating repetitive tasks, using version control, and conducting code reviews.
2. Specific approaches and tools recommended are planning for mistakes, automated testing, continuous integration, and using a coding style guide. R and Ruby style guides are provided as examples.
3. The benefits of following such practices are improving productivity, reducing errors, making code easier to read and maintain, and allowing scientists to focus on scientific questions rather than software issues. Reproducible and sustainable software is the overall goal.
This document provides an introduction to regular expressions (regex) for text search and pattern matching. It explains that regex allows for powerful text searches beyond simple keywords. Various special symbols and constructs are demonstrated that allow matching complex patterns and variants in text. Examples show matching names, sequences, microsatellite repeats and more with regex. Functions, loops and logical operators in R programming are also briefly covered.
This document provides an overview and schedule for the course "SBC 361 Research Methods & Comms". The course is a mixture of advanced analytical skills taught in computer labs using the programming language R, and theoretical content covered in lectures and workshops. It includes two workshops on careers in science and popular science writing. Students will complete assignments involving the computer practicals and tutorials, and a mock exam. The schedule details the topics to be covered each week by different professors and teaching staff. It emphasizes the importance of attending classes, completing required work, and doing additional outside reading to succeed in the course.
This document discusses computational methods and challenges for genome assembly using next-generation sequencing data. It describes the four main stages of genome assembly as preprocessing filtering, graph construction, graph simplification, and postprocessing filtering. Each stage processes the data from the previous stage to build the assembly graph and reduce complexity, though some assemblers delay filtering steps.
This document outlines the course SBC322 Ecological and Evolutionary Genomics. It discusses how new genomic technologies have changed ecology and evolution research by merging molecular and ecological approaches. It aims to critically evaluate research questions, methods, experimental designs and applications in ecological and evolutionary genomics. The course will improve students' skills in critically reading literature, understanding interdisciplinary science, and oral and written scientific communication through interactive small group work, informal and formal presentations, blog posts, and peer review.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in a bioinformatics course, including using Unix, bioinformatics algorithms, biological databases, sequencing technologies, and genome assembly and variant identification. It lists challenges for students in each topic area and provides examples of concepts that will be covered, such as using HPC systems, dynamic programming for sequence alignment, accessing databases like NCBI, processing sequencing data, and identifying variants from assembly. Images are included of different organisms like ants and sequencing technologies. The document aims to outline the scope and challenges of the bioinformatics course.
Sustainable software institute Collaboration workshopYannick Wurm
The document discusses tools for analyzing biological data. It summarizes four tools:
1. SequenceServer - A simple web interface for BLAST that handles formatting and installing BLAST locally.
2. oSwitch - Allows rapidly switching between operating systems and container environments to access specific bioinformatics software without installation.
3. GeneValidator - Helps curate gene predictions by identifying problematic predictions, choosing best alternative models, and aiding manual curation of individual genes.
4. Afra - A crowdsourcing platform that aims to crowdsource the visual inspection and correction of gene models by recruiting and training students, ensuring quality through tutorials, redundancy and senior review, and creating small, simple initial tasks.
2. Specific Questions/Comments
In 1800s, fossils showed species that no longer existed:
Some (e.g. Cuvier): !
Catastrophism: Fossils show extinct species (due to major,
sudden, catastrophic events).
Geologists (Hutton, Lyell):
Uniformitarianism: Changes in nature are gradual.
3. 3 Schools of evolutionary thought
• Linneaus: each species was separately
created.
• Lamarck: characteristics acquired by an
individual are passed on to offspring.
•Darwin & Wallace: evolution as
descent with modification.
4. Evolution by Natural Selection
• There is inherited variation within species.!
• There is competition for survival within species.!
• Genetically inherited traits affect reproduction or survival. Thus the
frequencies of variants change.
Evolutionary fitness:
A measure of the ability of genetic material to perpetuate itself
in the course of evolution. Depends on the individual’s ability to
survive, the rate of reproduction and the viability of offspring.!
(Not just numbers of offspring!)
5. Darwin’s evidence for evolution
1. The Fossil Record
2. Comparative Anatomy
3. Comparative Embryology
4. Vestigial Structures
5. Domestication (artificial selection)
8. Natural selection leads to adaptive
change
• But environmental conditions change:
What was advantageous yesterday may be a disadvantage today.
Evolution=change doesn’t only
occur by natural selection!!
!
• Also: !
• genetic drift!
• (sexual selection)!
• artificial selection (selective breeding)!
• mutation
9.
10. “Neo-Darwinism”
or
“The Modern Synthesis”
The same thing... but with better understanding of
how things work.
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (1859)!
• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)!
• Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - )!
• Population Genetics (1908; see Lectures 7-12) !
• Molecular genetics (1970s- ; see SBS 633/210 and Lecture 6)
•More stuff since then (cultural evolution, epigenetics, etc...)
11. Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884)
Austrian Monk,!
"father of genetics"
Worked out the basic
laws of inheritance:!
1. Segregation !
2. independent
assortment
Published “Experiments on Plant Hybridization” in 1865/1866
12. J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964)
“The Causes of Evolution” (1932)
first major contribution
explaining natural selection
in terms of mathematical
consequences of mendelian
genetics.
modern evolutionary
synthesis
With Fisher and Wright, one of the founders of population genetics.
Hybridization & speciation
Great science populariser
13. J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964)
• “The Creator, if He exists, has a special preference for beetles.”
(observing that 25% of known species are beetles)!
• coined the word “clone” (from the Greek word for twig) in his speech
“Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Next Ten
Thousand Years” (1963),!
•“Now my own suspicion is that the Universe is not only queerer than we
suppose, but queerer than we CAN suppose”
14. R.A. Fisher (1890-1962)
Major contributions:!
• Statisticts (lots) - e.g.
Analysis of Variance!
• Experimental Design!
• Theory of population
genetics!
• 1930 book: ” The Genetical
Theory of Natural Selection.”
15. Theodosius Dobzhansky
(1900-1975)
“Nothing in Biology makes sense
except in the light of evolution”. !
!
Genetics and the Origin of
Species, published in 1937.
Combined:!
• lab work with study of variation in the wild!
• European & US research cultures
17. William D. Hamilton (1936 - 2000)
Explained weird (i.e. unequal)
sex ratios
Explained how natural selection
acts on social behaviour (“kin
selection”)
relatedness * benefit > cost
18. John Maynard-Smith (1920-2004)
Most widely known for
•applying game theory to
evolutionary biology
•two-fold cost of sex:
1. finding a mate!
2. only have babies
19. 1976
• Dawkins summarized popularized the kin selection arguments of W.
D. Hamilton, George R. Price and John Maynard Smith
22. Patterns and processes in
evolutionary thought
New
hypotheses
New
understanding
of evolutionary!
processes
New
research
New
findings/
observations
23. EVOLUTION!
“descent with modification”
• Fossil record!
• Dating methods!
• Molecular evolution!
• Molecular clocks!
• Population genetics
New
understanding
of evolutionary!
processes
• Mechanisms!
• Environmental drivers!
•climate!
•continental drift!
•extinctions...
New
hypotheses
The Modern Synthesis
New
research
New
findings/
observations
24. What next?
• Epigenetics!
• Cultural transmission!
• Niche construction
“Extended Evolutionary Synthesis” ?
• Evodevo!
• Comparative genomics!
• Systems Biology
“Postmodern Synthesis” ?
25.
26. Schedule
1. Major transitions in evolution
2. Geological timescales!
3. Major geological drivers of evolution !
4. Recent major extinction events
27. Major transitions?
1. Smaller entities coming together to form larger entities. (e.g.
eukaryotes, multicellularity, colonies...)!
2. Smaller entities become differentiated as part of larger entity. (e.g.
organelles, anisogamy, tissues, castes...)!
3. Smaller entities are often unable to replicate without the larger
entity. (e.g. organelles, tissues, castes...).!
4. The smaller entities can disrupt the development of the larger entity,
(e.g. Meiotic drive, parthenogenesis, cancer...)!
5. New ways of transmitting information arise (e.g. DNA-protein,
indirect fitness...)
Maynard Smith and Szathmary 1995
28. Major transitions: early life
1953 Miller-Urey “primitive soup”
experiment
350° vs 0°
➔ organic molecules
29. Major transitions: early life
•Organic molecules ≠ Life!
•Early life:!
•Hereditary replication!
•Compartmentalization!
!
• First hereditary information?
30. Phylogenetic Tree of Life
Bacteria
Green
Filamentous
Spirochetes bacteria
Gram
positives
Proteobacteria
Cyanobacteria
Planctomyces
Bacteroides
Cytophaga
Thermotoga
Aquifex
Archaea Eukaryota
Halophiles
Methanosarcina
Methanobacterium
Methanococcus
T. celer
Thermoproteus
Pyrodicticum
Entamoebae Slime
molds Animals
Fungi
Plants
Ciliates
Flagellates
Trichomonads
Microsporidia
Diplomonads
last universal common
ancestor (LUCA)
Woese 1990 tree based on ribosomalRNA sequences
31. Major transitions: early life
•Organic molecules ≠ Life!
•Early life of simple replicators:!
•Hereditary replication!
•Compartmentalization!
!
• First hereditary information?!
•Probably RNA: Genetic information (that can be copied)
+ Enzymatic activity.
•Amino-acids (initially as co-factors)!
•DNA (much more stable than RNA)!
• Linkage of replicators (chromosomes)
32. Major transitions: Prokaryote to Eukaryote
Prokaryotic cell
Cell membrane
infoldings
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
(containing DNA)
Endomembrane system
Nuclear membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Proteobacterium
Mitochondria
Cyanobacterium
Chloroplasts
Mitochondrion
†
†
†
1 A prokaryote grows in size
and develops infoldings in its
cell membrane to increase its
surface area to volume ratio.
2 The infoldings eventually pinch off
from the cell membrane, forming
an early endomembrane system.
It encloses the nucleoid, making a
membrane-bound nucleus.
This is the first eukaryote.
3
5 Some eukaryotes go on to acquire additional
endosymbionts—the cyanobacteria, a group
of bacteria capable of photosynthesis.
They become chloroplasts.
Ancestor of plants and algæ
Ancestor of animals, fungi,
and other heterotrophs
First eukaryote
The aerobe's ability to use
oxygen to make energy be-comes
an asset for the host,
allowing it to thrive in an in-creasingly
oxygen-rich environ-ment
as the other eukaryotes
go extinct. The proteobacterium
is eventually assimilated and
becomes a mitochondrion.
Some eukaryotes go on to ac-quire
additional endosymbionts
— the cyanobacteria, a group of
bacteria capable of photosynthe-
Anaerobic (oxygen using) proteo- sis. They become chloroplasts.
bacterium enters the eukaryote,
either as prey or a parasite, and
manages to avoid digestion. It
becomes an endosymbiont, or a
cell living inside another cell.
40. Major transitions:
eusociality
• Solitary lifestyle -- Eusociality!
1. Reproductive division of labor !
2. Overlapping generations (older
offspring help younger offspring)!
3. Cooperative care of young!
Eg: ants, bees, wasps, termites. But also:
naked mole rats, a beetle, a shrimp...
41. Major transitions: eusociality !
• Hamilton’s rule: genes for altruism increase in frequency when:
r ₒ C
indirect fitness benefits to the receiver (B) ,
reduced by the coefficient of relatedness (r) !
Hamilton, 1964
B
between altruist receiver,
exceeds costs to the altruist (C).
•General framework: Kin selection: can favor the reproductive success
of an organism's relatives (ie. indirect fitness), even at a cost to the
organism's own survival and reproduction.
59. Animal biomass (Brazilian rainforest)
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Other insects Amphibians
from Fittkau Klinge 1973
!
Earthworms
!
!
Spiders
Soil fauna excluding
earthworms,
ants termites
Ants termites
60. Schedule
1. Major transitions in evolution!
2. Geological timescales
3. Major geological drivers of evolution !
4. Recent major extinction events
61. “Complexity of life” didn’t
increase linearly.
2. Geological time scales
Defined by changes in flora and fauna (seen in fossil record).
Eon Era Period Epoch!
62. Geological timescales: Eon Era
Period Epoch
4550 Ma:
Hominids
Mammals
Land plants
Animals
Multicellular life
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
4527 Ma:
Formation of the Moon
4.6 Ga
4 Ga
3.8 Ga
3 Ga
2.5 Ga
2 Ga
First vertebrate land animals
1 Ga
542 Ma
251 Ma 65 Ma
ca. 4000 Ma: End of the
Late Heavy Bombardment;
first life
ca. 3500 Ma:
Photosynthesis starts
ca. 2300 Ma:
Atmosphere becomes oxygen-rich;
ca. 380 Ma:
ca. 530 Ma:
Cambrian explosion
750-635 Ma:
Two Snowball Earths
230-65 Ma:
Dinosaurs
2 Ma:
First Hominids
Ma = Million years ago
Ga = Billion years ago
Eon
Eon
Eon
Era
Era
Era
Phanerozoic!
Eon
64. Geological timescales: Eon Era
Period Epoch
4550 Ma:
Hominids
Mammals
Land plants
Animals
Multicellular life
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
4527 Ma:
Formation of the Moon
4.6 Ga
4 Ga
3.8 Ga
3 Ga
2.5 Ga
2 Ga
First vertebrate land animals
1 Ga
542 Ma
251 Ma 65 Ma
ca. 4000 Ma: End of the
Late Heavy Bombardment;
first life
ca. 3500 Ma:
Photosynthesis starts
ca. 2300 Ma:
Atmosphere becomes oxygen-rich;
ca. 380 Ma:
ca. 530 Ma:
Cambrian explosion
750-635 Ma:
Two Snowball Earths
230-65 Ma:
Dinosaurs
2 Ma:
First Hominids
Ma = Million years ago
Ga = Billion years ago
Eon
Eon
Eon
Era
Era
Era
Phanerozoic!
Eon
65. Biodiversity during the Phanerozoic
All Genera
Well-Resolved Genera
Long-Term Trend
The “Big 5” Mass Extinctions
Other Extinction Events
542 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
5
4
3
2
1
0
Millions of Years Ago
Thousands of Genera
Cm O S D C P T J K Pg N
Cambrian
67. Biodiversity during the Phanerozoic
All Genera
Well-Resolved Genera
Long-Term Trend
The “Big 5” Mass Extinctions
Other Extinction Events
542 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
5
4
3
2
1
0
Millions of Years Ago
Thousands of Genera
Cm O S D C P T J K Pg N
Cambrian
Permian Triassic Jurassic
68. Geological timescales: Eon Era
Period Epoch
4550 Ma:
Hominids
Mammals
Land plants
Animals
Multicellular life
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
4527 Ma:
Formation of the Moon
4.6 Ga
4 Ga
3.8 Ga
3 Ga
2.5 Ga
2 Ga
First vertebrate land animals
1 Ga
542 Ma
251 Ma 65 Ma
ca. 4000 Ma: End of the
Late Heavy Bombardment;
first life
ca. 3500 Ma:
Photosynthesis starts
ca. 2300 Ma:
Atmosphere becomes oxygen-rich;
ca. 380 Ma:
ca. 530 Ma:
Cambrian explosion
750-635 Ma:
Two Snowball Earths
230-65 Ma:
Dinosaurs
2 Ma:
First Hominids
Ma = Million years ago
Ga = Billion years ago
Eon
Eon
Eon
Era
Era
Era
Phanerozoic!
Eon
70. Geological timescales: Eon Era
Period Epoch
4550 Ma:
Hominids
Mammals
Land plants
Animals
Multicellular life
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
4527 Ma:
Formation of the Moon
4.6 Ga
4 Ga
3.8 Ga
3 Ga
2.5 Ga
2 Ga
First vertebrate land animals
1 Ga
542 Ma
251 Ma 65 Ma
ca. 4000 Ma: End of the
Late Heavy Bombardment;
first life
ca. 3500 Ma:
Photosynthesis starts
ca. 2300 Ma:
Atmosphere becomes oxygen-rich;
ca. 380 Ma:
ca. 530 Ma:
Cambrian explosion
750-635 Ma:
Two Snowball Earths
230-65 Ma:
Dinosaurs
2 Ma:
First Hominids
Ma = Million years ago
Ga = Billion years ago
Eon
Eon
Eon
Era
Era
Era
Phanerozoic!
Eon
71. Life
Earth
Eukaryotes
Homo sapiens: 5 meters
Whitechapel: Dinosaurs extinct
NHM: first tetrapod
Hammersmith: Cambrian explosion
72. Schedule
1. Major transitions in evolution!
2. Geological timescales!
3. Major geological drivers of evolution
4. Recent major extinction events
73. 3. Major geological drivers of evolution
Conditions on earth change.
•Tectonic movement (of continental plates)!
•Vulcanism!
•Climate change!
•Meteorites