Human Evolution
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Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates.
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This document discusses key concepts of evolution through natural selection including overpopulation, variation, survival of the fittest, and the formation of new species. It explains how organisms tend to overproduce offspring leading to competition over limited resources. Individuals within a population vary in traits and advantageous variations increase the chances of survival and are passed on, known as survival of the fittest. Over time, inheritance of advantageous traits can lead to the evolution of new species through adaptive radiation.
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This document provides an overview of evolution and Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. It discusses how evolution is both a fact, as organisms have changed over time as seen in the fossil record, and a theory explaining the mechanism of change. Darwin's observations of finches and tortoises on the Galapagos Islands led him to understand that organisms adapt to their environments over generations through natural selection, in which heritable traits that increase survival are passed on. His theory was supported by examples like the adaptation of peppered moths during the Industrial Revolution.
Chapter 15 Notes
1. The document discusses key concepts of evolution including natural selection, Darwin's theory, adaptations, fitness, artificial selection, and evidence that supports evolution such as homologous structures, fossils, and DNA similarities.
2. It also covers speciation, reproductive isolation through behavioral, geographic and temporal means, and forms of natural selection like sexual selection.
3. Finally, it defines convergent and divergent evolution, with convergent evolution creating analogous structures and divergent evolution creating homologous structures through genetic drift.
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Lamarck proposed that acquired traits could be inherited by offspring, while Darwin hypothesized that evolution occurs through natural selection, where organisms with traits better suited to their environment leave more descendants. Darwin's observations on his voyage on the Beagle, such as of Galapagos finches, supported this view. He concluded that natural selection can create significant differences between similar species over long periods.
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Chpt. 15.1
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle in the 1830s. While visiting the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed that related but distinct animal species inhabited different islands. He later concluded that populations on the mainland evolved over generations as they adapted to their local environments, with better adapted traits being passed down. Darwin's theory proposed that natural selection drives evolution, as organisms better suited to their environment will survive and reproduce, passing on their favorable traits.
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1. The scientific theory of evolution is supported by multiple lines of evidence, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and observed changes over time.
2. Early evolutionary thinkers like Lamarck proposed different mechanisms of evolution than what is accepted today, such as the inheritance of acquired traits based on environmental needs.
3. Modern evolutionary synthesis incorporates Darwin's idea of descent with modification through natural selection acting on random genetic mutations and variations that arise during reproduction. Traits that increase reproductive success and survival become more common in populations over generations.
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This document discusses key concepts of evolution through natural selection including overpopulation, variation, survival of the fittest, and the formation of new species. It explains how organisms tend to overproduce offspring leading to competition over limited resources. Individuals within a population vary in traits and advantageous variations increase the chances of survival and are passed on, known as survival of the fittest. Over time, inheritance of advantageous traits can lead to the evolution of new species through adaptive radiation.
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This document provides an overview of evolution and Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. It discusses how evolution is both a fact, as organisms have changed over time as seen in the fossil record, and a theory explaining the mechanism of change. Darwin's observations of finches and tortoises on the Galapagos Islands led him to understand that organisms adapt to their environments over generations through natural selection, in which heritable traits that increase survival are passed on. His theory was supported by examples like the adaptation of peppered moths during the Industrial Revolution.
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1. The document discusses key concepts of evolution including natural selection, Darwin's theory, adaptations, fitness, artificial selection, and evidence that supports evolution such as homologous structures, fossils, and DNA similarities.
2. It also covers speciation, reproductive isolation through behavioral, geographic and temporal means, and forms of natural selection like sexual selection.
3. Finally, it defines convergent and divergent evolution, with convergent evolution creating analogous structures and divergent evolution creating homologous structures through genetic drift.
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Lamarck proposed that acquired traits could be inherited by offspring, while Darwin hypothesized that evolution occurs through natural selection, where organisms with traits better suited to their environment leave more descendants. Darwin's observations on his voyage on the Beagle, such as of Galapagos finches, supported this view. He concluded that natural selection can create significant differences between similar species over long periods.
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Chpt. 15.1
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle in the 1830s. While visiting the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed that related but distinct animal species inhabited different islands. He later concluded that populations on the mainland evolved over generations as they adapted to their local environments, with better adapted traits being passed down. Darwin's theory proposed that natural selection drives evolution, as organisms better suited to their environment will survive and reproduce, passing on their favorable traits.
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2. Early evolutionary thinkers like Lamarck proposed different mechanisms of evolution than what is accepted today, such as the inheritance of acquired traits based on environmental needs.
3. Modern evolutionary synthesis incorporates Darwin's idea of descent with modification through natural selection acting on random genetic mutations and variations that arise during reproduction. Traits that increase reproductive success and survival become more common in populations over generations.
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Natural selection is a process by which beneficial traits become more common in a population over generations. It occurs through adaptation as individuals with traits that increase reproductive success are more likely to pass on those traits. There are different types of natural selection including directional selection which favors extreme phenotypes, stabilizing selection which favors intermediate phenotypes, and diversifying selection which maintains diversity in heterogeneous environments. Reproductive success and fitness are measures of how likely an individual is to contribute offspring to the next generation and natural selection acts upon traits that increase these measures.
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Charles Darwin studied medicine at Edinburgh University but was repulsed by surgery without anesthesia. He then studied to become a clergyman at Cambridge University. After Cambridge, he was recommended for a surveying trip on the HMS Beagle where he worked as a naturalist for 5 years sailing around the world. His observations and evidence collected on this voyage, especially from the Galapagos Islands, led to his theory of evolution by natural selection, which challenged the prevailing views that species were fixed and unchanging and had been created only a few thousand years ago.
Section14
1) Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing evidence during his voyage on the HMS Beagle and being influenced by Thomas Malthus' ideas about population growth.
2) Darwin proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection of heritable traits that aid survival and reproduction in their environments.
3) Other influential early evolutionists included Jean-Baptiste Lamarck who proposed the inheritance of acquired traits, Charles Lyell who demonstrated the power of geologic forces over long periods, and James Hutton who viewed the Earth as shaped by gradual processes over deep time.
Evidences of evolution
The document discusses four main categories of evidence for evolution: the fossil record, biochemical evidence, comparative anatomy, and observable events. It describes examples for each category, such as fossils showing gradual changes over time, similarities in genetic codes and proteins between organisms, homologous and vestigial structures, and studies observing evolutionary changes like beak size shifts in Darwin's finches. Overall, the document outlines the key types of evidence that support the theory of evolution through natural selection.
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This document presents an overview of evolution through natural selection. It defines evolution as cumulative heritable changes in a population over time. It provides evidence for evolution through fossil records showing changes over generations, as well as examples of artificial and natural selection leading to changes in populations. Specifically, it discusses how overproduction of offspring combined with variation and environmental pressures results in natural selection of traits increasing the chance of survival, and gives examples of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and pesticide resistance in rats evolving through this process.
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The document discusses key concepts in evolution including:
1) Natural selection and artificial selection lead to gradual changes in species over time as organisms adapt to their environments.
2) Charles Darwin's observations on his voyage on the Beagle led him to propose the theory of evolution by natural selection to explain changes in species over time.
3) Evidence for evolution includes comparative anatomy, fossils, and DNA similarities that demonstrate common ancestry between species.
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This document outlines six types of evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1. Anatomical evidence such as homologous organs with the same pattern but different functions, analogous organs that evolved independently to serve the same purpose, and vestigial organs that are evolutionary remnants.
2. Fossil evidence showing that ancient species share similarities with modern species and intermediate forms that show evolutionary transitions between groups.
3. Embryonic evidence that embryos of different but related species resemble each other, indicating their shared evolutionary history.
4. Biogeographical evidence of how species are distributed geographically.
5. Molecular evidence from similarities in DNA and proteins.
6. Other unspecified evidence supporting evolution
DARWINIAN THEORY
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He published On the Origin of Species in 1859, which introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over successive generations through a process of natural selection. Darwin developed his theory after observing different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. His theory caused a paradigm shift in biology by establishing that life evolved over time through a process of descent with modification from common ancestors. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provided a natural explanation for adaptation and speciation.
Darwinโs Voyage
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. During his voyage on the HMS Beagle in the 1830s, Darwin observed how organisms on different islands were similar yet had important differences. He determined that adaptations help organisms survive and reproduce, and that over long periods of time, natural selection can lead to the accumulation of beneficial traits and disappearance of harmful traits, resulting in new species.
Darwin, Evolution, & Natural Selection (Intro)
Charles Darwin observed various plants and animals during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. On the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that marine iguanas had adaptations for swimming while land iguanas had adaptations for climbing trees. He also saw that different species of finches had beaks adapted to their specific food sources. This led Darwin to conclude that natural selection results in organisms becoming perfectly adapted to their environments over generations, and to develop his theory of evolution.
Darwins concept
Darwins concept
He was born February 12th 1809
Darwin developed the biological theory of evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors.
In 1831, he began a 5 year voyage on the HMS Beagle that would change his life.
Darwin thought about the patterns heโd seen on his voyage
He realized that there were many similarities between the animals heโd seen
There was evidence that suggested that species were not fixed and that they could change by some natural process
Proposed that the use or disuse of organs caused organisms to gain or lose traits over time.
These new characteristics could be passed on to the next generation.
Lamarckโs hypotheses were incorrect in many ways
However, Lamarck was one of the first to:
Suggest that species are not fixed
Explain that evolution uses natural processes
Recognize that there is a link between an organismโs environment and its body structures
Lamarckโs work paved the way for later biologists, including Darwin
In 1798, Thomas Malthus noticed that people were being born faster than people were dying.
How this helped Darwin
He reasoned that what Malthus proposed for human populations also applied to all living things.
Struggle for Existence
From Malthusโ theory of supply and demand, Darwin reasoned that if more individuals are produced than can survive, they will have to compete for food, living space and other necessities of life
Darwin described this as the struggle for existence
Individuals have natural variations among their inheritable traits
Fast predators capture prey more efficiently
Prey that are faster, better camouflaged or better protected avoid being caught.
Any heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its environment is called an adaptationโโ
Ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment is called FITNESS
Fitness is a result of adaptation
Good adaptations allow organisms to survive and are passed on to their offspring.
Good fitness: reproduce
Low fitness: few offspring/extinction
Natural Selection Notes
Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection after observing variations in finch beaks on the Galapagos Islands. He proposed that organisms produce more offspring than can survive, and the individuals with traits best suited to the environment will survive and pass on those traits, leading to evolution over many generations as less adapted traits die out. Natural selection acts on inherited variation through processes like predation, disease, and competition for limited resources.
1. Natural Selection
The document summarizes key aspects of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It describes how Darwin observed variation among finch species on the Galapagos Islands and concluded that small populations of an original finch species from South America adapted over generations to different food sources and environments on each island, leading to the emergence of new species through natural selection. The document also contrasts Darwin's theory with Lamarck's idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, stating that Darwin believed advantageous traits were passed on to offspring through inheritance rather than acquisition during an organism's lifetime.
Growth & development
In multi-celled organisms, growth occurs through the production of new cells, which increases the total number of cells and total surface area to volume ratio. Metamorphosis in animal development allows for different forms adapted to different environments and food sources over an organism's lifespan. This provides advantages like access to new resources and habitats as the organism matures.
Evolution and Biodiversity 2016
This document summarizes key concepts related to evolution and biodiversity. It discusses evidence for evolution such as the fossil record and homologous/analogous structures. It also describes Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, focusing on how natural selection acts on phenotypic variation in populations to change the gene pool over generations. Finally, it discusses modern classification systems and how cladistics is used to construct phylogenies based on shared derived characteristics.
5.1 evidence for evolution
The document provides evidence for evolution from multiple sources, including the fossil record, homologous and vestigial structures, selective breeding experiments, biogeography, and molecular data. It discusses several key understandings:
1) Evolution occurs through heritable changes in species over time.
2) The fossil record shows a progression of species over layers of sedimentary rock based on radioactive dating techniques.
3) Selective breeding demonstrates how artificial selection can cause evolution.
4) Similar structures with different functions, as well as vestigial structures, provide anatomical evidence of evolution from common ancestors.
The document presents examples for each understanding and analyzes how various data support the theory of evolution through inherited changes in populations
Lesson 18 the theory of natural selection
1) Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection in the 1840s and began writing a book compiling evidence for evolution and explaining how natural selection provides a mechanism for the origin of species.
2) In 1858, Alfred Russel Wallace proposed a nearly identical theory of natural selection, prompting Darwin to publish On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859.
3) Darwin's book used evidence from animal breeding, biogeography, and embryology to argue that species evolved over generations through a process of natural selection, where favorable heritable traits increase the survival and reproduction of individuals.
Evolution
This document discusses the key concepts and theories of evolution, including:
- Early theories like fixity of species and Lamarck's theory of acquired inheritance, which proposed that traits developed in life could be inherited.
- Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, which explained that heritable variations give some individuals an advantage to survive and reproduce, causing populations to change over generations.
- Evidence of evolution includes fossils showing anatomical changes over time, as well as comparisons within and across species.
- Microevolution occurs within populations, while macroevolution produces new species through mechanisms like natural selection and speciation.
Evolution webquest
1. Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations between species on the Galapagos Islands and noticing that species were well-adapted to their environments.
2. His theory stated that species slowly change over generations through a process of inherited variation, survival of the fittest, and descent with modification from common ancestors.
3. Natural selection acts on this variation, where individuals with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others, leading to evolution of the species over time.
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The document provides background information on the key individuals and ideas that influenced Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It describes the contributions of thinkers like Lamarck, Malthus, Lyell, and others to early concepts of evolution and population growth. It then summarizes Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he made observations of species variation that helped form his ideas, and outlines his subsequent development of the theory of evolution by means of natural selection, which he published in On the Origin of Species in 1859.
Evolution natural selection
The document discusses natural selection and evolution through Darwin's theory. It explains that populations vary genetically, individuals better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, and over generations this leads to evolution and speciation as traits accumulate. The document provides examples of fossil evidence showing changes over time, such as different horse species, and how bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics through natural selection.
Natural selection
Natural selection is a process by which beneficial traits become more common in a population over generations. It occurs through adaptation as individuals with traits that increase reproductive success are more likely to pass on those traits. There are different types of natural selection including directional selection which favors extreme phenotypes, stabilizing selection which favors intermediate phenotypes, and diversifying selection which maintains diversity in heterogeneous environments. Reproductive success and fitness are measures of how likely an individual is to contribute offspring to the next generation and natural selection acts upon traits that increase these measures.
Darwin and natural_selection
Charles Darwin studied medicine at Edinburgh University but was repulsed by surgery without anesthesia. He then studied to become a clergyman at Cambridge University. After Cambridge, he was recommended for a surveying trip on the HMS Beagle where he worked as a naturalist for 5 years sailing around the world. His observations and evidence collected on this voyage, especially from the Galapagos Islands, led to his theory of evolution by natural selection, which challenged the prevailing views that species were fixed and unchanging and had been created only a few thousand years ago.
Section14
1) Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing evidence during his voyage on the HMS Beagle and being influenced by Thomas Malthus' ideas about population growth.
2) Darwin proposed that species evolve over generations through natural selection of heritable traits that aid survival and reproduction in their environments.
3) Other influential early evolutionists included Jean-Baptiste Lamarck who proposed the inheritance of acquired traits, Charles Lyell who demonstrated the power of geologic forces over long periods, and James Hutton who viewed the Earth as shaped by gradual processes over deep time.
Evidences of evolution
The document discusses four main categories of evidence for evolution: the fossil record, biochemical evidence, comparative anatomy, and observable events. It describes examples for each category, such as fossils showing gradual changes over time, similarities in genetic codes and proteins between organisms, homologous and vestigial structures, and studies observing evolutionary changes like beak size shifts in Darwin's finches. Overall, the document outlines the key types of evidence that support the theory of evolution through natural selection.
Evolution and adaptation
Evolution occurs over many generations as organisms adapt to changing environments through natural selection. The fossil record provides evidence of how ancient organisms differed from modern ones and how life has changed over time. Fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, and DNA evidence all support the theory of evolution by indicating shared ancestry among groups of organisms.
Evolution- Laila Bangwar & Lujane Pagganwala
This document presents an overview of evolution through natural selection. It defines evolution as cumulative heritable changes in a population over time. It provides evidence for evolution through fossil records showing changes over generations, as well as examples of artificial and natural selection leading to changes in populations. Specifically, it discusses how overproduction of offspring combined with variation and environmental pressures results in natural selection of traits increasing the chance of survival, and gives examples of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and pesticide resistance in rats evolving through this process.
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The document discusses key concepts in evolution including:
1) Natural selection and artificial selection lead to gradual changes in species over time as organisms adapt to their environments.
2) Charles Darwin's observations on his voyage on the Beagle led him to propose the theory of evolution by natural selection to explain changes in species over time.
3) Evidence for evolution includes comparative anatomy, fossils, and DNA similarities that demonstrate common ancestry between species.
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This document outlines six types of evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1. Anatomical evidence such as homologous organs with the same pattern but different functions, analogous organs that evolved independently to serve the same purpose, and vestigial organs that are evolutionary remnants.
2. Fossil evidence showing that ancient species share similarities with modern species and intermediate forms that show evolutionary transitions between groups.
3. Embryonic evidence that embryos of different but related species resemble each other, indicating their shared evolutionary history.
4. Biogeographical evidence of how species are distributed geographically.
5. Molecular evidence from similarities in DNA and proteins.
6. Other unspecified evidence supporting evolution
DARWINIAN THEORY
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He published On the Origin of Species in 1859, which introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over successive generations through a process of natural selection. Darwin developed his theory after observing different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. His theory caused a paradigm shift in biology by establishing that life evolved over time through a process of descent with modification from common ancestors. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provided a natural explanation for adaptation and speciation.
Darwinโs Voyage
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. During his voyage on the HMS Beagle in the 1830s, Darwin observed how organisms on different islands were similar yet had important differences. He determined that adaptations help organisms survive and reproduce, and that over long periods of time, natural selection can lead to the accumulation of beneficial traits and disappearance of harmful traits, resulting in new species.
Darwin, Evolution, & Natural Selection (Intro)
Charles Darwin observed various plants and animals during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. On the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that marine iguanas had adaptations for swimming while land iguanas had adaptations for climbing trees. He also saw that different species of finches had beaks adapted to their specific food sources. This led Darwin to conclude that natural selection results in organisms becoming perfectly adapted to their environments over generations, and to develop his theory of evolution.
Darwins concept
Darwins concept
He was born February 12th 1809
Darwin developed the biological theory of evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors.
In 1831, he began a 5 year voyage on the HMS Beagle that would change his life.
Darwin thought about the patterns heโd seen on his voyage
He realized that there were many similarities between the animals heโd seen
There was evidence that suggested that species were not fixed and that they could change by some natural process
Proposed that the use or disuse of organs caused organisms to gain or lose traits over time.
These new characteristics could be passed on to the next generation.
Lamarckโs hypotheses were incorrect in many ways
However, Lamarck was one of the first to:
Suggest that species are not fixed
Explain that evolution uses natural processes
Recognize that there is a link between an organismโs environment and its body structures
Lamarckโs work paved the way for later biologists, including Darwin
In 1798, Thomas Malthus noticed that people were being born faster than people were dying.
How this helped Darwin
He reasoned that what Malthus proposed for human populations also applied to all living things.
Struggle for Existence
From Malthusโ theory of supply and demand, Darwin reasoned that if more individuals are produced than can survive, they will have to compete for food, living space and other necessities of life
Darwin described this as the struggle for existence
Individuals have natural variations among their inheritable traits
Fast predators capture prey more efficiently
Prey that are faster, better camouflaged or better protected avoid being caught.
Any heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its environment is called an adaptationโโ
Ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment is called FITNESS
Fitness is a result of adaptation
Good adaptations allow organisms to survive and are passed on to their offspring.
Good fitness: reproduce
Low fitness: few offspring/extinction
Natural Selection Notes
Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection after observing variations in finch beaks on the Galapagos Islands. He proposed that organisms produce more offspring than can survive, and the individuals with traits best suited to the environment will survive and pass on those traits, leading to evolution over many generations as less adapted traits die out. Natural selection acts on inherited variation through processes like predation, disease, and competition for limited resources.
1. Natural Selection
The document summarizes key aspects of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It describes how Darwin observed variation among finch species on the Galapagos Islands and concluded that small populations of an original finch species from South America adapted over generations to different food sources and environments on each island, leading to the emergence of new species through natural selection. The document also contrasts Darwin's theory with Lamarck's idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, stating that Darwin believed advantageous traits were passed on to offspring through inheritance rather than acquisition during an organism's lifetime.
Growth & development
In multi-celled organisms, growth occurs through the production of new cells, which increases the total number of cells and total surface area to volume ratio. Metamorphosis in animal development allows for different forms adapted to different environments and food sources over an organism's lifespan. This provides advantages like access to new resources and habitats as the organism matures.
Evolution and Biodiversity 2016
This document summarizes key concepts related to evolution and biodiversity. It discusses evidence for evolution such as the fossil record and homologous/analogous structures. It also describes Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, focusing on how natural selection acts on phenotypic variation in populations to change the gene pool over generations. Finally, it discusses modern classification systems and how cladistics is used to construct phylogenies based on shared derived characteristics.
5.1 evidence for evolution
The document provides evidence for evolution from multiple sources, including the fossil record, homologous and vestigial structures, selective breeding experiments, biogeography, and molecular data. It discusses several key understandings:
1) Evolution occurs through heritable changes in species over time.
2) The fossil record shows a progression of species over layers of sedimentary rock based on radioactive dating techniques.
3) Selective breeding demonstrates how artificial selection can cause evolution.
4) Similar structures with different functions, as well as vestigial structures, provide anatomical evidence of evolution from common ancestors.
The document presents examples for each understanding and analyzes how various data support the theory of evolution through inherited changes in populations
Lesson 18 the theory of natural selection
1) Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection in the 1840s and began writing a book compiling evidence for evolution and explaining how natural selection provides a mechanism for the origin of species.
2) In 1858, Alfred Russel Wallace proposed a nearly identical theory of natural selection, prompting Darwin to publish On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859.
3) Darwin's book used evidence from animal breeding, biogeography, and embryology to argue that species evolved over generations through a process of natural selection, where favorable heritable traits increase the survival and reproduction of individuals.
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Evolution
This document discusses the key concepts and theories of evolution, including:
- Early theories like fixity of species and Lamarck's theory of acquired inheritance, which proposed that traits developed in life could be inherited.
- Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, which explained that heritable variations give some individuals an advantage to survive and reproduce, causing populations to change over generations.
- Evidence of evolution includes fossils showing anatomical changes over time, as well as comparisons within and across species.
- Microevolution occurs within populations, while macroevolution produces new species through mechanisms like natural selection and speciation.
Evolution webquest
1. Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing variations between species on the Galapagos Islands and noticing that species were well-adapted to their environments.
2. His theory stated that species slowly change over generations through a process of inherited variation, survival of the fittest, and descent with modification from common ancestors.
3. Natural selection acts on this variation, where individuals with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and pass on their genes more than others, leading to evolution of the species over time.
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Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing that species evolve over generations through natural processes. His theory proposed that species share common ancestors and that traits within a population become more or less common through natural selection as organisms with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. The theory can explain how antibiotic resistance has developed in bacteria, as bacteria with genetic mutations that allow survival despite antibiotics will pass on those resistance traits.
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Charles Darwin published evidence in 1859 that evolution occurs through natural selection. He observed that the plants and animals on the Galapagos Islands resembled those on the nearby coast of South America but were distinct species. Darwin proposed that individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits and gradually changing populations over time through evolution. The fossil record and comparisons of anatomy and DNA provide evidence that all living things share common ancestry and have evolved from earlier life forms over billions of years. Examples of natural selection include the evolution of antibiotic resistant tuberculosis strains and Darwin's finches developing different beak sizes and shapes based on available food sources.
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The document summarizes Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. It explains that Darwin observed variations between organisms on the Galapagos Islands and hypothesized that organisms evolve over time from common ancestors through a process of natural selection where individuals with traits best suited to their environment survive and pass on those traits. The document also discusses some of the ideas that influenced Darwin's thinking, such as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of adaptation and inheritance of acquired traits, and Thomas Malthus' theory of population growth and limited resources leading to competition. Finally, it outlines Darwin's evidence for evolution through the fossil record, biogeography, homologous structures, and embryology.
Chapter 15 notes cp
Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, whereby organisms change over generations through a process of inherited favorable traits increasing in populations due to conferring a survival or reproductive advantage in their environment. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record showing gradual changes over time, anatomical similarities between different species, and observations of how selective breeding and coevolution have shaped interdependent organisms.
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Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. As a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin made observations and collected evidence that led him to propose that life evolves over generations through a process of natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their traits. Darwin believed that all species on Earth descended with modification from common ancestors over long periods of time. His theory challenged religious orthodoxy and provided a naturalistic explanation for the diversity and complexity of life.
Biology - Chp 15 - Darwins Theory Of Evolution - PowerPoint
- Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during his voyage on the HMS Beagle from 1831 to 1836.
- He noticed that species varied between different locations and began to hypothesize that species evolved over time through natural selection, where individuals better suited to their environment were more likely to survive and pass on their traits.
- In his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, Darwin outlined his theory that evolution occurred gradually through natural selection acting on small inherited variations, resulting in the descent of all species from common ancestors and the diversification of life over deep time.
Darwins theory of evolution
Darwin's theory of evolution proposed that all species evolved over time from common ancestors through a process of natural selection acting on inheritable variation within populations. His key ideas included common descent, whereby all organisms are related through descent from some unknown ancient ancestor; gradualism, where new species slowly accumulate adaptations to different environments over time; and natural selection, in which individuals with favorable traits that aid survival are more likely to reproduce and pass on those traits.
Drawins theory of evolution powerpoint
Darwin's theory of evolution proposed that all species evolved over time from common ancestors through a process of natural selection acting on hereditary variation in populations. His main ideas included common descent, whereby all organisms are related through descent from some unknown ancient ancestor; gradualism, where new species slowly accumulate adaptations to different environments over time; and natural selection, as the mechanism driving evolution by preferentially reproducing individuals with advantageous traits.
Theory of recapitulation
This document discusses several key concepts in evolution including:
1) Ontogeny and phylogeny - how the development of individuals (ontogeny) relates to evolutionary history (phylogeny). While Ernst Haeckel proposed that ontogeny directly recapitulates phylogeny, we now understand the relationship is more complex.
2) Speciation - the formation of new species, which can occur through geographic isolation (allopatric speciation) or without isolation (sympatric speciation). Adaptive radiation is when one species diversifies into many new ecological niches.
3) Gradualism vs punctuated equilibrium - debates about whether evolution generally proceeds gradually or in rapid bursts separated by
History of evolutionery thought
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AP Biology Ch. 19 descent with modification
This document defines key terms related to evolution such as evolution, paleontology, catastrophism, gradualism, uniformitarianism, and natural selection. It then discusses the ideas of early thinkers like Hutton, Cuvier, Lamarck, and Lyell and how their ideas influenced Darwin. It describes Darwin's voyage on the Beagle where he made observations that influenced his theory of evolution by natural selection, which he published in On the Origin of Species. Natural selection results from variation within populations, the struggle for survival, and the inheritance of favorable traits, leading over generations to evolution.
Theories of evolution
Lamarckism and Darwinism are two theories of evolution. Lamarckism, proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1809, suggests that organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. Darwinism, proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859, proposes that evolution occurs through natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits. Key aspects of Darwinism include variation between individuals, the struggle for existence due to limited resources, and survival of the fittest individuals who pass on adaptive variations. Over many generations, these variations accumulate and can lead to the formation of new species.
Theories of evolution
Lamarckism and Darwinism are two theories of evolution. Lamarckism, proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1809, suggests that organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. Darwinism, proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859, proposes that evolution occurs through natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits. Key aspects of Darwinism include variation between individuals, the struggle for existence due to limited resources, and survival of the fittest individuals who pass on adaptive variations. Over many generations, these variations accumulate and can lead to the formation of new species.
Chapter15 evolution(darwin)
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations and evidence from his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He proposed that (1) natural variation exists between individuals of a species, (2) there is a struggle for existence as members of a species compete for limited resources, and (3) the individuals best suited for their environment (the fittest) will survive and pass on their traits, leading to the evolution of species over time. Darwin provided evidence from fossils, biogeography, embryology, and homologous structures to support his theory of common descent and evolution.
Evolution Power Point
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on his observations during a voyage aboard the HMS Beagle. He noticed variations between species on different islands that helped some individuals survive and reproduce more than others. Over generations, beneficial variations became more common in populations through the natural selection process. Evolution can occur gradually over a long period of time or in short bursts through punctuated equilibrium. The fossil record, homologous and vestigial structures, and similarities in DNA provide evidence that evolution has occurred.
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Human Evolution
- 3. Properties of Life Living organisms: โ are composed of cells โ are complex and ordered โ respond to their environment โ can grow and reproduce โ obtain and use energy โ maintain internal balance โ allow for evolutionary adaptation 3
- 4. Levels of Organization Cellular Organization cells organelles molecules atoms The cell is the basic unit of life. 4
- 5. Levels of Organization Organismal Level organism organ systems organs tissues 5
- 6. Levels of Organization Population Level ecosystem community species population 6
- 7. 7
- 8. Charles Darwin Served as naturalist on mapping expedition around coastal South America. Used many observations to develop his ideas Proposed that evolution occurs by natural selection 8
- 9. Charles Darwin evolution: modification of a species over generations -โdescent with modificationโ natural selection: individuals with superior physical or behavioral characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without such characteristics 9
- 10. The voyage 10
- 11. Darwinโs Evidence Similarity of related species - Darwin noticed variations in related species living in different locations 11
- 12. 12
- 13. Darwinโs EvidencePopulation growth vs. availability of resources -population growth is geometric -increase in food supply is arithmetic 13
- 14. Darwinโs Evidence Population growth vs. availability of resources - Darwin realized that not all members of a population survive and reproduce. -Darwin based these ideas on the writings of Thomas Malthus. 14
- 15. Post-Darwin Evolution Evidence Fossil record - New fossils are found all the time - Earth is older than previously believed Mechanisms of heredity - Early criticism of Darwinโs ideas were resolved by Mendelโs theories for genetic inheritance. 15
- 16. H.M.S Beagle 16
- 17. Post-Darwin Evolution Evidence Comparative anatomy - Homologous structures have same evolutionary origin, but different structure and function. - Analogous structures have similar structure and function, but different evolutionary origin. 17
- 18. Post-Darwin Evolution Evidence Molecular Evidence - Our increased understanding of DNA and protein structures has led to the development of more accurate phylogenetic trees. 18
- 19. Reference โข https://www.slideshare.net/deyezega/read-and-download-evolution-the-human-story-any-format-ready-alice- from_search=5 โข https://www.slideshare.net/MsJGemmell/charles-darwin-2549856?qid=e5c96678-e062-4b73-b649-1a6ff27c60 from_search=5 โข https://www.slideshare.net/nelsonkelley/hevolution-honors-final?qid=26ce1ca1-d6dd-45f2-91f6-07e76ce65b9 from_search=7 โข https://www.slideshare.net/dhuston53/human-dawn-chap-1?qid=2ba07768-788d-4b92- ab09-69e65f752991&v=&b=&from_search=34 โข https://www.slideshare.net/SamerHR/understanding-evolution-56441490?qid=2ba07768- 788d-4b92-ab09-69e65f752991&v=&b=&from_search=30 19