This document evaluates the technical feasibility and economic viability of low power standalone photovoltaic sun tracking systems. An experimental investigation over one month found that a tilted single axis sun tracking system provided an average energy gain of 31.91% compared to a fixed tilted system, while a dual axis system provided a marginally higher gain of 35.3%. A cost analysis determined the cost per kWh generated was INR 2.92 for the single axis system and INR 3.42 for the dual axis system, showing the single axis system can be economically viable for low or medium power standalone solar systems.
Testing of a Microcontroller Based Solar panel Tracking System iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Optimization of Solar Energy Production using PLC and SCADAijtsrd
This paper focuses on the maximizing the solar energy produced by Solar cells through the development of such a Sun-Tracking system that can be implemented using PLC and SCADA. The developed tracking system is innovative in relation to the usual sun tracking systems available in the market. In fact, the developed solution has many advantages in relation to similar existing devices, as this system can automatically work in order to optimize the energy production of photovoltaic cells as we know that in case of fixed Solar cells, the efficiency is very poor. This efficiency of power generation by Solar cells can be increased using this system, so that as the position of sun changes, the position of Solar cell is automatically adjusted by using stepper motors. An experimental prototype was built and field results have proven the good performance of the developed tracking system. Abhishek Kumar Chambel | Er. Bharti Sood "Optimization of Solar Energy Production using PLC & SCADA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18912.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18912/optimization-of-solar-energy-production-using-plc-and-scada/abhishek-kumar-chambel
Design and implementation of smart electronic solar tracker based on ArduinoTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Demand of energy increases in the global and exponential exhaustion is favored of resources by
fossil fuel for electricity production with the new systems development. Compared with all other remainder
energies, the specialist sun energy is the most bountiful energy and it's typically easy to be changed into
electrical energy. The main thing of using solar panel is to produce electrical energy from sun's energy but
the optimum energy can be generated by tracking solar panel due to the sun movement from east to west.
The problem can be solved by proposed systems where the sun tracking by solar panel that based on high
intensity of sun ray. This paper concentrates on tracking the sun by using servo motor coupled with solar
panel. So that, the largest quantity of sun light at the incident panel along the day at any time is better than
that for method of fixed panel array which is less efficient. The microcontroller Arduino (mode UNO) was
programmed by using C++ language while the track of sun light processing was implemented by using
light depending resistor (LDR), Chip IC H-bridge and microcontroller Arduino (UNO) circuits have been
designed by using Proteus software. By circuit design and sun tracking control process, the cost reduction
has been improved and high amount of energy was saved when implemented this system.
Laboratory-Scale Single Axis Solar Tracking System: Design and ImplementationIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents the design and development of a laboratory-scale single
axis solar tracking system. The chronological method was implemented into
the system because it has high accuracy and can save more energy as
compared to other types of solar tracking system. The laboratory-scale single
axis solar tracking system can be used to identify the suitable and safe
workspace for the installation of the actual solar tracking system plant.
Besides, the validity of the laboratory-scale single axis solar tracking system
was examined experimentally. The angle of rotation, 15 per hour is
preferable to be implemented into the designed laboratory-scale single axis
sun tracking system due to the high performance ratio which is 0.83 and can
save the energy up to 25% during sunny days.
Testing of a Microcontroller Based Solar panel Tracking System iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Optimization of Solar Energy Production using PLC and SCADAijtsrd
This paper focuses on the maximizing the solar energy produced by Solar cells through the development of such a Sun-Tracking system that can be implemented using PLC and SCADA. The developed tracking system is innovative in relation to the usual sun tracking systems available in the market. In fact, the developed solution has many advantages in relation to similar existing devices, as this system can automatically work in order to optimize the energy production of photovoltaic cells as we know that in case of fixed Solar cells, the efficiency is very poor. This efficiency of power generation by Solar cells can be increased using this system, so that as the position of sun changes, the position of Solar cell is automatically adjusted by using stepper motors. An experimental prototype was built and field results have proven the good performance of the developed tracking system. Abhishek Kumar Chambel | Er. Bharti Sood "Optimization of Solar Energy Production using PLC & SCADA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18912.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18912/optimization-of-solar-energy-production-using-plc-and-scada/abhishek-kumar-chambel
Design and implementation of smart electronic solar tracker based on ArduinoTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Demand of energy increases in the global and exponential exhaustion is favored of resources by
fossil fuel for electricity production with the new systems development. Compared with all other remainder
energies, the specialist sun energy is the most bountiful energy and it's typically easy to be changed into
electrical energy. The main thing of using solar panel is to produce electrical energy from sun's energy but
the optimum energy can be generated by tracking solar panel due to the sun movement from east to west.
The problem can be solved by proposed systems where the sun tracking by solar panel that based on high
intensity of sun ray. This paper concentrates on tracking the sun by using servo motor coupled with solar
panel. So that, the largest quantity of sun light at the incident panel along the day at any time is better than
that for method of fixed panel array which is less efficient. The microcontroller Arduino (mode UNO) was
programmed by using C++ language while the track of sun light processing was implemented by using
light depending resistor (LDR), Chip IC H-bridge and microcontroller Arduino (UNO) circuits have been
designed by using Proteus software. By circuit design and sun tracking control process, the cost reduction
has been improved and high amount of energy was saved when implemented this system.
Laboratory-Scale Single Axis Solar Tracking System: Design and ImplementationIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents the design and development of a laboratory-scale single
axis solar tracking system. The chronological method was implemented into
the system because it has high accuracy and can save more energy as
compared to other types of solar tracking system. The laboratory-scale single
axis solar tracking system can be used to identify the suitable and safe
workspace for the installation of the actual solar tracking system plant.
Besides, the validity of the laboratory-scale single axis solar tracking system
was examined experimentally. The angle of rotation, 15 per hour is
preferable to be implemented into the designed laboratory-scale single axis
sun tracking system due to the high performance ratio which is 0.83 and can
save the energy up to 25% during sunny days.
Recent technological developments in pv+thermal technology a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Large amount of work had been carried out and going on in research and technological development of solar energy systems. Many systems have been innovated and approved as a product industrial bodies as per its market potential. Theoretical models have been developed, manufactured within specified design constraints and tested to get desired results. Many have optimized the systems using different advanced tools, some have developed software techniques like neural network, and the product developed is studied for market potential. The journey is going on in order to increase efficiency of system and compete with conventional energy prizes. This article gives an overview about the trend of solar technology development, future key areas in which researchers have to work for sustainable and efficient solar technology. Keywords: - PV/T, solar energy, efficiency of PV cells, hybrid systems.
A MODEL DRIVEN OPTIMIZATION APPROACH TO DETERMINE TILT ANGLE OF SOLAR COLLECT...IAEME Publication
The solar systems are an intense need to full fill the energy requirement of developing countries like India. Where, thermal and photovoltaic are the two methods to utilize the solar energy directly from sun. In these methods solar equipments (e.g. flat plat collector and Photovoltaic panel) are kept in tilted position for absorbing maximum solar flux. Hence, finding the optimum tilt angle is the problem of optimization. Therefore, in this paper model driven optimization approach such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) estimator has been proposed to find optimum tilt angle and its results are compared with analytical results. A novel cost function has been applied to determine periodical optimum tilt angle. To validate the performance of PSO estimator results, statistical analysis study is carried out. Where, three statistical approaches such as descriptive method, direct method and Altman-Bland methods are adopted. The PSO estimator results are found satisfactory to ANA results at 95% confidence interval under statistical study.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SUPERVISORY PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF STANDALONE WIND/SOLAR ENERGY GENERATION SYS...ijiert bestjournal
This paper presents a supervisory model predictive control method for the optimal management and
operation of hybrid standalone wind-solar energy generation. This work present supervisory control
system through model predictive control which calculates the power references for the wind and
solar subsystems at each sampling time while minimizing a suitable cost function. In this paper we
discuss how to extend the life time of the equipment by reducing the peak values of inrush or surge
currents, into the formulation of the model predictive control optimization problem. We present
several simulation of this system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Major depletion of fossil fuel and the increase of greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide, chloroflurocarbons (CFCs), hydroflurocarbon (HFCs), perflurocarbons (PFCs) and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) worldwide are the catalyst for the interest of many counties towards renewable energy. The rising cost of electricity due to higher demand and less resource also led to the renewable energy venture. One of the most famous renewable energy is solar energy. Unfortunately, renewable energies are dependent on environment conditions, too. One of the major problems that affect the output energy of the solar panel is the cloud shadowing problem. Photovoltaic solar and wind hybrid system is capable to reduce the effects of the cloud shadowing by harvesting two different energy resources. However, the availability of wind energy harvesting has shown its instability performance. In this work, the photovoltaic solar array of the laboratory-scale single axis solar tracking system to maximize the output energy of the solar panel is examined experimentally. The solar array is connected in series and parallel configurations, and is experimented under different partical-shadowed conditions. The experimentation is done to develop a solar array that has a minimum effect towards this type of occurances. Experimental results proved that the parallel configured solar panel has showed less influence by the cloud shadowing as compared to the single one.
An interactive approach for solar energy system:design and manufacturing IJECEIAES
The energy production in the word is a very complex problem with decreasing the pollution. Therefore, the aim is to find an optimal solution, this research focuses on the development and the optimization of parabolic concentrator using an interactivity approach and virtual design tools. Recently, several works have been developed in this area. In this study, a new conception, design Optimization approach has been involved in system energy design including new concept. The design strategy has been successfully applied to design problems. The optimizer tool developed for based on Heuristic: Gravitational Search Algorithm. The results of the presented in this paper are significant in the system energy design, which presents an effective approach of development by reducing the cost of installation, the time of analysis by increasing the radiation and solar flux concentrated within the parabola generating an increase in accumulated energy.
Experimental Analysis of Factors Affecting the Power Output of the PV Module IJECEIAES
Energy is the driving force in all the sectors as it acts like an index of standard of living or prosperity of the people of the country. However heavy dependence on fossil fuels leads to global warming, hence there is a need for the use of clean, sustainable, and eco friendly form of energy. Among the various types of non-conventional energy solar energy is the fundamental as it is abundant, pollution free and universally available.Even though the main input to the PV system is the solar radiation still there are other factors which affects the efficiency of the pv module. In this paper real time experiment has been conducted to analyze the effect of various factors like irradiance, temperature, and angle of tilt, soiling, shading on the power output of the pv module. Temperature is a negative factor which reduces the efficiency of the module and can be reduced by various cooling arrangements. Presence of dust particles and shading obstructs the incident solar radiations entering the panel and the effect is seen in the iv and pv curve .For better performance solar tracking at maximum power point is suggested to improve the power output of the pv module.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Recent technological developments in pv+thermal technology a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Large amount of work had been carried out and going on in research and technological development of solar energy systems. Many systems have been innovated and approved as a product industrial bodies as per its market potential. Theoretical models have been developed, manufactured within specified design constraints and tested to get desired results. Many have optimized the systems using different advanced tools, some have developed software techniques like neural network, and the product developed is studied for market potential. The journey is going on in order to increase efficiency of system and compete with conventional energy prizes. This article gives an overview about the trend of solar technology development, future key areas in which researchers have to work for sustainable and efficient solar technology. Keywords: - PV/T, solar energy, efficiency of PV cells, hybrid systems.
A MODEL DRIVEN OPTIMIZATION APPROACH TO DETERMINE TILT ANGLE OF SOLAR COLLECT...IAEME Publication
The solar systems are an intense need to full fill the energy requirement of developing countries like India. Where, thermal and photovoltaic are the two methods to utilize the solar energy directly from sun. In these methods solar equipments (e.g. flat plat collector and Photovoltaic panel) are kept in tilted position for absorbing maximum solar flux. Hence, finding the optimum tilt angle is the problem of optimization. Therefore, in this paper model driven optimization approach such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) estimator has been proposed to find optimum tilt angle and its results are compared with analytical results. A novel cost function has been applied to determine periodical optimum tilt angle. To validate the performance of PSO estimator results, statistical analysis study is carried out. Where, three statistical approaches such as descriptive method, direct method and Altman-Bland methods are adopted. The PSO estimator results are found satisfactory to ANA results at 95% confidence interval under statistical study.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SUPERVISORY PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF STANDALONE WIND/SOLAR ENERGY GENERATION SYS...ijiert bestjournal
This paper presents a supervisory model predictive control method for the optimal management and
operation of hybrid standalone wind-solar energy generation. This work present supervisory control
system through model predictive control which calculates the power references for the wind and
solar subsystems at each sampling time while minimizing a suitable cost function. In this paper we
discuss how to extend the life time of the equipment by reducing the peak values of inrush or surge
currents, into the formulation of the model predictive control optimization problem. We present
several simulation of this system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Major depletion of fossil fuel and the increase of greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide, chloroflurocarbons (CFCs), hydroflurocarbon (HFCs), perflurocarbons (PFCs) and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) worldwide are the catalyst for the interest of many counties towards renewable energy. The rising cost of electricity due to higher demand and less resource also led to the renewable energy venture. One of the most famous renewable energy is solar energy. Unfortunately, renewable energies are dependent on environment conditions, too. One of the major problems that affect the output energy of the solar panel is the cloud shadowing problem. Photovoltaic solar and wind hybrid system is capable to reduce the effects of the cloud shadowing by harvesting two different energy resources. However, the availability of wind energy harvesting has shown its instability performance. In this work, the photovoltaic solar array of the laboratory-scale single axis solar tracking system to maximize the output energy of the solar panel is examined experimentally. The solar array is connected in series and parallel configurations, and is experimented under different partical-shadowed conditions. The experimentation is done to develop a solar array that has a minimum effect towards this type of occurances. Experimental results proved that the parallel configured solar panel has showed less influence by the cloud shadowing as compared to the single one.
An interactive approach for solar energy system:design and manufacturing IJECEIAES
The energy production in the word is a very complex problem with decreasing the pollution. Therefore, the aim is to find an optimal solution, this research focuses on the development and the optimization of parabolic concentrator using an interactivity approach and virtual design tools. Recently, several works have been developed in this area. In this study, a new conception, design Optimization approach has been involved in system energy design including new concept. The design strategy has been successfully applied to design problems. The optimizer tool developed for based on Heuristic: Gravitational Search Algorithm. The results of the presented in this paper are significant in the system energy design, which presents an effective approach of development by reducing the cost of installation, the time of analysis by increasing the radiation and solar flux concentrated within the parabola generating an increase in accumulated energy.
Experimental Analysis of Factors Affecting the Power Output of the PV Module IJECEIAES
Energy is the driving force in all the sectors as it acts like an index of standard of living or prosperity of the people of the country. However heavy dependence on fossil fuels leads to global warming, hence there is a need for the use of clean, sustainable, and eco friendly form of energy. Among the various types of non-conventional energy solar energy is the fundamental as it is abundant, pollution free and universally available.Even though the main input to the PV system is the solar radiation still there are other factors which affects the efficiency of the pv module. In this paper real time experiment has been conducted to analyze the effect of various factors like irradiance, temperature, and angle of tilt, soiling, shading on the power output of the pv module. Temperature is a negative factor which reduces the efficiency of the module and can be reduced by various cooling arrangements. Presence of dust particles and shading obstructs the incident solar radiations entering the panel and the effect is seen in the iv and pv curve .For better performance solar tracking at maximum power point is suggested to improve the power output of the pv module.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
Microcontroller Based Solar tracking System for enhancing efficiency of a Pho...IJERA Editor
In today‟s scenario of increasing energy needs, there is a huge dependence on renewable energy sources along
with the conventional sources. One of the most important renewable energy resources is the sun. However, the
problem with solar power is that it is directly dependent on light intensity. To produce the maximum amount of
energy, a solar panel must be perpendicular to the light source. Because the sun moves both throughout the day
as well as throughout a year, a solar panel must be able to follow the sun‟s movement to produce the maximum
possible power. There are a large number of methods available for solar tracking and hence maximizing the
output .This paper proposes an Arduino Uno microcontroller board based solar tracking system. As compared to
the conventional solar panels, the one mounted with microcontroller based tracking system will give enhanced
output.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking System by Using By-Pas...IJMREMJournal
Energy is a burning issue that almost every person experience now a days. Energy demand increases exponentially
since a decade. Due to the global warming and it’s threatening impacts on human life. Therefore, to overcome
such disastrous impacts on the planet, renewable energy resources play vital role now a days. Solar energy is one
of the vastest available renewable energy resources around the globe, but the main issue is its poor efficiency.
Pakistan is facing energy shortage that can be compensated through solar power and the need is to design a project
that maximizes its efficiency. So, the research is mainly focused on improving efficiency of solar panels against
shading loss by using different techniques. In this research, different results will be obtained and compared with
different techniques which are LDR based solar tracking system, by-pass diodes technology and super capacitors.
Fabrication of solar tracker is based on Microcontroller that drives L298N driver to operate stepper motor.
Similar to Evaluation of Technical Feasibility and Economic Viability of Low Power Standalone Photo Voltaic Sun Tracking System (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Evaluation of Technical Feasibility and Economic Viability of Low Power Standalone Photo Voltaic Sun Tracking System
Singh et al. 075
This economic viability of SPV plants is possible with an
added advantage of reduced environmental pollution
leading to a clean and green environment for the future
generations. It then becomes imperative to choose the right
type of standalone SPV system that can economically
generate the required energy using technically robust SPV
power systems.
This research paper presents an experimental analysis to
substantiate the technical feasibility and economic viability
of standalone, low power consumption SPV sun tracking
systems that can be used with advantage. This analysis is
based on experiments carried out on the rooftop of Chameli
Devi Group of Institutions at Indore city, Madhya Pradesh
over a period of one month during October, 2016. Indore
city is situated at an altitude of 533 m with its geographical
location defined by a latitude of 22.614 N and longitude of
75.887 E. The city receives an annual solar insolation of
5.14 kWh/m2/day and has around 300 sunshine days in a
year. This is a really good condition, which can help in the
generation of substantial SPV energy. When the readings
were recorded during the month of October, most of the
days had good values of Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI),
this facilitated a good amount of energy generation. Atilted-
single axis sun tracking system and a dual axes sun
tracking system were the two closed loop tracking systems
used in this analysis. The performance of these tracking
systems was compared with that of a fixed-tilted system.
The tilt angle of both the fixed and tracked system was
equal to the latitude of Indore city, i.e. 23. The PV panels
were mounted with the downward slope towards south.
Both the fixed and tracked systems used polycrystalline PV
panels of Vikram Solar make with a power rating of 37 Wp.
Calibrated, digital measuring instruments were used for
measuring all the electrical parameters in the experiment.
Inaccuracies associated with all the measuring instruments
were taken into consideration while recording the
experimental results. Due to clear weather conditions on
most of the days, both the tracking systems were able to
provide substantial average energy gains over the month-
long duration.
The tilted single axis tracking system provided an average
energy gain of 31.91 % while the dual axes tracking system
provided an average energy gain of 35.30 %. It is observed
that there is no significant difference between the energy
gains of the two tracking systems.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Several investigators around the world have worked on the
design, development and performance evaluation of both
the single axis and dual axes SPV sun tracking systems.
Their performances have been compared with fixed-
inclined SPV panels and energy gains have been
estimated. Most of the investigators have obtained
reasonably good energy gains using both these tracking
systems (S.P. Singh et al., 2017).
Table I shows the various values of energy gains obtained
by researchers for both single and dual axes tracking
systems. It is observed from Table I that the energy gain
values of single axis SPV systems vary from a minimum
value of 20 % to a maximum value of 59 % and for a dual
axes system, the energy gain varies from a minimum value
of 6.7 % to a maximum value of 60.45 %. Differences in the
values of energy gains obtained by these researchers can
be attributed to several factors like, geographical location of
the experimental site, season during which experiments
were conducted, weather conditions on the day when
readings were recorded, number of days considered for
calculation of energy gain and positioning of the fixed and
tracking systems during experimentation. However, the
values of energy gains for both the single and dual axes
trackers as mentioned by the researchers have been
compiled and tabulated for study.
TABLE I: SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW
S/No. Authors/ Year of Publication Ref.
No.
% Energy gain
Min Max Avg
Single axis sun tracking systems
1 Saxena& Dutta (1990) 2 30 60 40
2 Khalil & El Singaby (2003) 3 -- -- 50
3 Abdallah (2004) 4 34.4 37.5 35.95
4 Al Mohammed (2004) 5 -- -- 20
5 Sungur (2007) 6 -- -- 32.5
6 Abdallah&Badran (2008) 7 -- -- 22
7 Sefa et al., (2009) 8 -- -- 45
8 Colak&Demirtas (2010) 9 -- -- 45
9 Rustemli et al., (2010) 10 -- -- 29.4
10 Al-Haddad & Hassan (2011) 11 -- -- 57
11 Beg et al., (2011) 12 -- -- 23
12
Hamed & El Moghany
(2012)
13 -- -- 24
13 Dakkak & Babelli (2012) 14 -- -- 31
14 Hu & Yachi (2013) 15 -- -- 59
15 RitikaWahal et. al. (2015) 30 17.61
Dual axes sun tracking systems
1 Patil et al., (1997) 16 -- -- 30
2 Helwa et al., (2000) 17 -- -- 30
3 Abdallah&Nijmeh (2003) 18 -- -- 41.3
4 Khadera et al., (2006) 19 37.5
5 Rubio et al., (2007) 20 47.5
6 Rebhi et al., (2009) 21 18.75
7 Sungur (2009) 22 -- -- 42.6
8 Huang et al., (2009) 23 -- -- 6.7
9 Al Naima & Al Taee (2010) 24 22.5
10 Senpinar&Cebeci (2012) 25 14
11 Wang & Lu (2013) 26 -- -- 28.3
12 Sadyrbayev et al., (2013) 27 -- -- 31.3
13 Zhan et al., (2013) 28 16.5
14 Azizi&Ghaffari (2013) 29 -- -- 60.45
15 RitikaWahal et. al. (2015) 30 -- -- 50.92
3. Evaluation of Technical Feasibility and Economic Viability of Low Power Standalone Photo Voltaic Sun Tracking System
Int. Res. J. Power Energy Engin. 076
It is to be noted that the energy gain values of the single
axis and dual axes tracking systems match quite closely
and the difference between them is observed to be quite
marginal. Experimental results obtained by the authors for
both the single axis and dual axes tracking systems over a
period of one month confirm the above-mentioned results.
The energy gain obtained for single axis system was 31.91
% and that of the dual axes system was 35.30 %.
Most of the researchers have opted to use single axis SPV
systems because of the important advantages like low
fabrication cost when compared to a dual axes SPV system.
In addition to the cost factor, technical complexity and
maintenance are other problems that go against a dual axes
system. Finally, the economic viability can be evaluated
after calculating the cost per unit energy generated by both
the sun tracking systems.
THE PROPOSED SYSTEMS
It was planned to develop sun tracking systems that could
be technically feasible and economically viable so as to be
easily affordable and within the reach of rural and suburban
population. The systems were designed and developed by
granting top priority to cost economics. Thus, each and
every functional block used in the tracking systems was
designed and developed to fulfill this major criterion. The
following appropriate measures ensured that the tracking
systems could meet the desired expectations
• Design of the mechanical support frame of the SPV
tracking systems
• Design of the gear mechanism to be used with the motor
• Estimation of torque requirement of the tracking motor
• Design of electronic motor control circuit
• Type of PV panel used in the system
The mechanical structures used in both the trackers were
designed using CATIA software. Based on this optimum
design, appropriate sized rectangular mild steel (MS) tubes
were used in the fabrication of the supporting mechanical
structure to reduce the overall cost. Size of bearing and
bearing seats were selected to tolerate the weight of the
SPV panel after considering the wind load. Thus, cost
cutting was accorded top priority at each and every stage of
the mechanical structure fabrication.
A helical worm gear with suitable gear ratio was designed,
keeping in mind the rate at which the SPV panel has to
rotate during the tracking process. The sun moves by 1 in
every 4 minutes, hence the movement of the panel is too
slow which necessitates a gear ratio that will require
optimum torque for the tracking motor.
The tracking systems would require a suitable motor for
aligning the PV panels to be normal to the incident solar
irradiation. From literature review it was observed that most
of the researchers used either DC motors or stepper
motors. After carrying out detailed analysis, it was decided
to use geared low power, low rpm-high torque DC motors
because it would be easy to have bidirectional rotation with
effective and easy control. The motor driver circuit IC
(L293D) used for controlling the bidirectional rotation of DC
motors is simple and cost effective.
The heart of both the sun tracking systems is the electronic
motor control circuit. It was observed during literature
survey that most of the researchers used microcontroller
based motor control circuits. After the initial rounds of
analysis, it was decided to use a closed loop motor control
circuit with optical sensors for tracking the sun accurately.
The most effective optical sensors widely used by most of
the researchers all over the world are the Light Dependent
Resistors (LDR). Major benefits of using LDRs as light
sensors are that they can withstand extreme weather
conditions; they are quite sensitive to incident solar
radiation and are cost effective. Hence, it was decided to
use a comparator based closed loop electronic control
circuit with LDRs in the proposed sun tracking systems for
fool proof operation and cost effectiveness.
There is always an option to use either mono crystalline or
poly crystalline PV panels in SPV power generating
systems. Mono crystalline panels are preferred when space
is at a premium and it is required to generate more power
using lesser number of PV panels. Mono crystalline PV
panels have higher conversion efficiencies when compared
to poly crystalline SPV panels, hence are able to generate
more power per sq. mtr. This however is at the cost of a
higher price tag. The life span of both the types of PV panels
are almost identical (25 years), hence it was decided to use
poly crystalline SPV panels in the proposed systems due to
their cost effectiveness.
Polycrystalline SPV modules (Vikram Solar make) with a
maximum power rating of 37 Wp were used in all the three
SPV systems. The PV panels used here have a VOC = 22
V and ISC = 2.7 and a conversion efficiency of 14%. 90 %
of rated output generation is guaranteed during the first 12
years and 80 % during the next 13 years. Hence, an
average value of 85% generation is considered in the cost
analysis. (Vikram Solar - Eldora Series Poly Crystalline PV
solar module Technical data sheet).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Fixed-Tilted PV panel
The fixed-tilted PV panel was rigidly fixed on to an inclined
base structure with the downward slope towards south and
the angle of inclination being equal to 23, which is equal to
the latitude of Indore city. The inclined structure was then
rigidly fixed on to a pedestal using fasteners (Fig. 3). An
inclinometer was used to fix the angle of inclination.
4. Evaluation of Technical Feasibility and Economic Viability of Low Power Standalone Photo Voltaic Sun Tracking System
Singh et al. 077
B. Single Axis Sun Tracking System
An appropriately designed mechanical support frame using
rectangular MS tubes was used to mount the poly
crystalline SPV panel of a single axis SPV system. The MS
frame is placed inclined at an angle of 23 which is equal to
the latitude of Indore city. The inclined MS frame is rigidly
fixed to a pedestal using threaded fasteners. The PV panel
is held in position using axial shafts mounted on sealed
bearings that are rigidly fixed at the top end of the vertical
arms as shown in Fig. 1.
The worm gear assembly along with the tracking DC motor
is mounted on one side of the vertical arms. A 3.5 rpm, 12
V DC, side shaft, geared motor issued as the tracking
motor. This motor draws a load current of about 65 mA;
hence, power consumption of the motor is as low as 0.75W.
The tracking motor rotation is controlled by an electronic
closed loop motor control circuit which is designed using a
dual comparator IC (LM358) as shown in Fig. 5. Two LDRs
separated by an opaque sheet (Fig. 6) are connected in
series with a voltage source and used as light sensors to
track the sun accurately. As the sun moves from east to
west, a shadow is cast by the opaque separator on the east
LDR while the west LDR is fully exposed to solar irradiation.
This causes a difference in value of resistance of the two
LDRs resulting in a differential voltage output. These
voltages of the two LDRs are fed to the two comparators in
which one of the inputs is connected to a reference voltage.
The two comparators then drive a motor driver circuit
(L293D) which in turn causes rotation of the motor in such
a way that the SPV panel rotates towards the west so that
it remains normal to the incident solar radiation throughout
the day from sunrise to sunset
C. Dual axes Sun Tracking System
The mechanical support frame used for the dual axes
system is designed using CATIA software so that a stable
and firm structure is designed using rectangular MS tubes
of minimum dimensions to reduce weight and cost. The
support frame is almost similar to that designed for the
single axis system, but instead of mounting this structure on
an inclined frame, it is mounted on bearings so that the
entire support frame is capable of rotating in the altitude
(north-south) plane in accordance with the sun’s movement
during the day. The base of the support frame is then rigidly
fixed on to a pedestal using fasteners as shown in Fig. 2.
In a dual axes SPV sun tracking system, it is required to
have rotation of the SPV panel in both the azimuth (east-
west) and the altitude (north-south) planes. This is made
possible using two sets of gear mechanisms with their
respective motors. The two DC motors are controlled using
two independent closed loop electronic motor control
circuits which are designed using two dual comparator ICs,
with each control circuit using 2 LDRs as shown in Fig. 6. In
all, 2 dual comparators, 4 LDRs and two motor driver
circuits are used in this dual axes SPV sun tracking system.
Operation of the electronic motor control circuit is similar to
that used in the single axis system. The SPV panel is
therefore aligned to be perfectly normal to the incident solar
radiation at any instant of time thus enabling the panel to
generate maximum PV output power.
DETAILS OF EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Technical feasibility of the proposed systems was
established by carrying out experimental tests on the single
and dual axes systems over a period of one month on the
rooftop of our college building. This field test was conducted
immediately after the monsoon season. Performance of the
single and dual axes trackers was compared with a tilted
fixed PV panel. The fixed panel was installed making an
inclination of 23 (latitude of Indore) with the downward
slope towards south. A magnetic compass was used to
locate the geographical north-south and east-west
directions to position both the tracking systems
appropriately and an inclinometer was used to adjust the
inclination angle. The tracking systems were rigidly fixed on
to three feet high pedestals to avoid any shadows being
cast on the SPV panels. All readings were recorded
manually using calibrated digital meters as shown in the
experimental set up (Fig. 4) at regular half hourly intervals,
between 6.30 AM to 6.00 PM (Total duration of 11 hours 30
minutes).
Fig.1 Tilted single axis sun tracker
5. Evaluation of Technical Feasibility and Economic Viability of Low Power Standalone Photo Voltaic Sun Tracking System
Int. Res. J. Power Energy Engin. 078
Fig.2 Dual axes sun tracker
Fig.3 Tilted fixed PV panel
Fig. 4 Experimental set up
Fig.5 Block diagram of closed loop motor control circuit
Fig. 6 LDR light sensors
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Performance analysis of the three systems in terms of their
average daily output energy and energy gain has been
carried out using the readings recorded over the entire
month. It is observed that the average per day energy
output of the single axis tracking system is almost the same
as that of the dual axes tracking system. The single axis
system has an average per day energy output of 178.5 Wh
and that of a dual axes system is 183.08 Wh. The fixed tilted
panel has an average value of 135.32 W has shown in the
graph (Fig. 7).
The energy gain is calculated using the relation:
Energy gain: [(ET – EF) / (EF)]
Where ET is energy generated by tracked system and EF
is energy generated by fixed system.
Energy Gain of single axis system will be equal to:
[(135.32 – 178.50)] / (135.32) = 0.3191 = 31.91 %
The percentage energy gain of single axis tracking system
is 31.91 % while that of the dual axes tracking system
is35.30 %. The energy gain difference is also marginal with
an increase close to 3 %. The economic viability of these
systems can be estimated by carrying out the cost analysis
of the two systems.
6. Evaluation of Technical Feasibility and Economic Viability of Low Power Standalone Photo Voltaic Sun Tracking System
Singh et al. 079
TABLE II: AVERAGE PER DAY ENERGY OUTPUT
Average per day Energy output recorded during the month
of October, 2016 (RL = 8 Ohms)
Fixed system
average per day
Energy output
Tracking systems
average per day
Energy output
Percentage
Energy Gains
of tracking
systems
Fixed-Inclined
Single
axis
Dualaxes
Single
axis
Dual
axes
135.32Wh 178.5Wh 183.08 Wh 31.91 35.30
Fig. 7 Graph showing average per day energy
COST ANALYSIS
The economic viability of tracking systems can be evaluated
by determining the cost per kWh of energy generated by the
tracking system. Cost analysis of the tracking systems is
carried out as follows:
Both the tilted single axis tracking system and the dual axes
tracking systems were fabricated with locally available
materials, components and accessories in the college
workshop. The breakup of fabrication cost of the single axis
and dual axes tracking system are appended below
a. Cost of fabricating mechanical structure of single axis
tracker - INR. 1200.00
b. Cost of electrical and electronic components for motor
control system- INR. 800.00
c. Cost of PV panel- INR. 2000.00
d. Total cost of single axis tracking system and PV panel -
INR. 4000.00
e. Cost of fabricating mechanical structure of dual axes
tracking system - INR. 1800.00
f. Cost of electrical and electronic components for motor
control system- INR. 1200.00
g. Total cost of dual axes tracking system and PV panel -
INR. 5000.00
From the cost analysis it is observed that the fabrication
cost of the dual axes tracking system is about INR. 1000.00
more than that of the single axis tracking system.
Solar PV panels have an estimated life span of about 25
years with an annual reduction in energy output, we can
calculate the annual energy generation of the tracking
system by considering an average of 85% of the rated
power generation over a period of 25 years. Table III below
shows the lifetime energy generation of the tracking
systems
Table III: Cost Analysis of Single and Dual Axes System
S/N
o
Type of
Tracker
Per day
average
energy
output
(Wh)
Per
month
energy
output
(kWh)
Net
Annual
energy
output
(kWh)
Total life
time
energy
generation
for 25
years
(kWh)
Cost of
SPV
tracking
system
(INR)
Cost
per
unit of
energy
(INR)
1
Singl
e Axis
178.50 5.36 64.26 1365.53 4000.00 2.92
2
Dual
Axes
183.08 5.49 65.91 1460.58 5000.00 3.42
It is observed from the above table that the cost per kWh
(Unit) of energy generated by the single axis sun tracking
system is INR. 2.92And that for a dual axes tracking system
is INR. 3.42. It is a known fact that maintenance charges for
a dual axes system will be more than that of a single axis
tracking system due to the system complexity. In spite of
overlooking maintenance charges, the cost per kWh (Unit)
of energy generation for a dual axes tracking system is
more than that of a single axis tracking system. Hence, it is
always advantageous to use a single axis tracking system
from the economic point of view.
CONCLUSION
From the experimental and economic analysis of the two
tracking systems, we have arrived at the following
conclusions:
• From the experimental analysis carried out over a
period of one month, it is observed that the tilted single
axis tracking system provides exemplary values of
energy gains in the range of 31.91 % when compared
to a fixed tilted PV system from a similar experimental
analysis carried out over the same duration
simultaneously, the dual axes tracking system has
provided an almost close value of energy gain in the
range of 35.3 % when compared to a fixed tilted PV
system
• Cost analyses of the PV power generating systems
indicate that the cost per kWh for a single axis tracking
system is INR. 2.92 and that for a dual axes tracking is
INR.3.42.
• From the experimental and cost analysis it can be
inferred that it is advantageous to use a tilted single axis
sun tracking system instead of dual axes sun tracking
system.
• The proposed single axis tracking system can be up-
scaled and used with advantage as standalone power
135.32
178.50 183.08
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Fixed-Tilted
AverageEnergyOutput(Wh)
Single
Axis
Dual
Axes
7. Evaluation of Technical Feasibility and Economic Viability of Low Power Standalone Photo Voltaic Sun Tracking System
Int. Res. J. Power Energy Engin. 080
generating system to generate clean and green energy
that can evade environmental degradation.
• When up-scaled to generate energy on a large scale,
the cost per kWh of energy generated can be
comparable with that of conventional energy sources or
even less.
• These standalone systems can be used with advantage
in far flung remote areas where conventional power
supply is not available due to difficulty in laying power
lines.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to sincerely acknowledge the
unstinted support, encouragement and motivation of Shri.
Vinod Kumar Agarwal, Honorable Chairman of CDGI,
Indore.
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