The document compares the power output of a solar PV panel with diffuse reflectors and a solar tracker. An experiment was conducted where readings were taken simultaneously from the panel with reflectors and the panel with a tracker. The results found that the panel with reflectors generated higher power output from 11am to 2pm, while the panel with a tracker generated higher power at other times. However, the average daily power output of the two systems was about the same. Considering the higher cost and complexity of the tracking system, the diffuse reflector system was determined to be the better overall option.
Development of FPGA based Dual Axis Solar Tracking Systemdrboon
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) meet critical timing and performance requirements with parallel processing and real-time control application performance, allowing greater system integration and lower development cost. This paper describes a dual axis solar tracking system is based on astronomical equations. The position of sun at anytime is a function of azimuth and altitude angle values. Azimuth and altitude angle values are collected off line. The prototype of dual axis solar tracking system is developed on FPGA to implement the proposed idea. The system comprises of digital clock module, rise time module and two pulses generator modules. Pulse generator modules employ Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique for controlling two stepper motors for tracking the azimuth and altitude angles. The functionality of various blocks of the system is described in Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Hardware Description Language (VHDL). The control logic has been successfully implemented on Spartan 3E FPGA device. Xilinx ISE 14.1 suit is used for design entry, synthesis and burning the bit stream file into FPGA device. The functional verification has been performed using Xilinx simulator.
Design and Implementation of Dual Axis Solar Tracking systemIJERA Editor
Solar energy is a promising technology that can have huge long term benefits. Solar cells convert the solar energy into electrical energy. Solar tracking system is the most suited technology to improve the efficiency and enhance the performance by utilizing maximum solar energy through the solar cell. In hardware development we utilize LDR’s as sensors and two servomotors to direct the position of the solar panel. The software part is implemented on a code written using an Arduino Uno controller.
This document provides details about a dual axis solar tracker project submitted for a diploma in electrical engineering. It includes an acknowledgment, declaration, table of contents, and abstract summarizing the goal of developing a prototype solar tracking system to enhance the performance of photovoltaic modules. The working involves using light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to control servo motors that rotate the solar panel to maximize exposure to sunlight based on sensor inputs, with the aim of increasing overall power output.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a student project to design an automatic single axis solar tracker using a microcontroller. The project aims to increase the power generated by a solar panel by keeping it perpendicular to the sun's rays as the sun moves across the sky. The system will use light dependent resistors and a comparator circuit to sense the sun's position and control a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It outlines the components that will be used, including an AT89S51 microcontroller, light sensors, a comparator IC, stepper motor, and driver circuitry. It also includes diagrams of the overall system design and the power supply circuit.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
Two axis solar tracking system based on microcontrollerJagadeesh Yadav
The document describes a two-axis solar tracking system based on a microcontroller that uses light dependent resistors and differential signals from sensor pairs to control motors and position a solar panel to continuously face the sun for optimal energy collection. A PIC16F877 microcontroller receives input from four LDR sensors to calculate the angular error in both the azimuth and elevation plane and minimize the error by repositioning the panel. The system allows for increased solar collection over fixed panels and can operate independently based on location.
This document is a project report on the enhancement of a solar tracking system submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree. It includes an introduction outlining the project, a review of the project objectives, the evolution of solar trackers, and descriptions of the key system components and design considerations for the solar tracking system. The report covers types of solar trackers, the sun's apparent motion, specifications of the parts used, assembly techniques, working principles, programming, analysis, and conclusions. The project aims to develop an automatic solar tracking system to keep solar panels aligned with the sun to maximize energy production.
Development of FPGA based Dual Axis Solar Tracking Systemdrboon
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) meet critical timing and performance requirements with parallel processing and real-time control application performance, allowing greater system integration and lower development cost. This paper describes a dual axis solar tracking system is based on astronomical equations. The position of sun at anytime is a function of azimuth and altitude angle values. Azimuth and altitude angle values are collected off line. The prototype of dual axis solar tracking system is developed on FPGA to implement the proposed idea. The system comprises of digital clock module, rise time module and two pulses generator modules. Pulse generator modules employ Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique for controlling two stepper motors for tracking the azimuth and altitude angles. The functionality of various blocks of the system is described in Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Hardware Description Language (VHDL). The control logic has been successfully implemented on Spartan 3E FPGA device. Xilinx ISE 14.1 suit is used for design entry, synthesis and burning the bit stream file into FPGA device. The functional verification has been performed using Xilinx simulator.
Design and Implementation of Dual Axis Solar Tracking systemIJERA Editor
Solar energy is a promising technology that can have huge long term benefits. Solar cells convert the solar energy into electrical energy. Solar tracking system is the most suited technology to improve the efficiency and enhance the performance by utilizing maximum solar energy through the solar cell. In hardware development we utilize LDR’s as sensors and two servomotors to direct the position of the solar panel. The software part is implemented on a code written using an Arduino Uno controller.
This document provides details about a dual axis solar tracker project submitted for a diploma in electrical engineering. It includes an acknowledgment, declaration, table of contents, and abstract summarizing the goal of developing a prototype solar tracking system to enhance the performance of photovoltaic modules. The working involves using light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to control servo motors that rotate the solar panel to maximize exposure to sunlight based on sensor inputs, with the aim of increasing overall power output.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a student project to design an automatic single axis solar tracker using a microcontroller. The project aims to increase the power generated by a solar panel by keeping it perpendicular to the sun's rays as the sun moves across the sky. The system will use light dependent resistors and a comparator circuit to sense the sun's position and control a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It outlines the components that will be used, including an AT89S51 microcontroller, light sensors, a comparator IC, stepper motor, and driver circuitry. It also includes diagrams of the overall system design and the power supply circuit.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
Two axis solar tracking system based on microcontrollerJagadeesh Yadav
The document describes a two-axis solar tracking system based on a microcontroller that uses light dependent resistors and differential signals from sensor pairs to control motors and position a solar panel to continuously face the sun for optimal energy collection. A PIC16F877 microcontroller receives input from four LDR sensors to calculate the angular error in both the azimuth and elevation plane and minimize the error by repositioning the panel. The system allows for increased solar collection over fixed panels and can operate independently based on location.
This document is a project report on the enhancement of a solar tracking system submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree. It includes an introduction outlining the project, a review of the project objectives, the evolution of solar trackers, and descriptions of the key system components and design considerations for the solar tracking system. The report covers types of solar trackers, the sun's apparent motion, specifications of the parts used, assembly techniques, working principles, programming, analysis, and conclusions. The project aims to develop an automatic solar tracking system to keep solar panels aligned with the sun to maximize energy production.
Design and Development of Reliable Solar Tracking System with Rotation and Ti...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a solar tracking system that allows for both rotation and tilt of solar panels. The system uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity and determine the sun's position. An Arduino microcontroller receives input from the LDRs and controls stepper motors to rotate the solar panel. A mechanical damper is also used to tilt the panel for maximum sunlight absorption. The tracking system aims to keep the solar panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day for improved energy collection efficiency compared to fixed panels.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Dual Axis Automated Solar Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of a dual axis automated solar tracking system. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and the benefits of increasing solar panel efficiency. It then describes the design and testing of a prototype dual axis solar tracker, which uses light dependent resistors and servo motors to orient solar panels perpendicular to the sun throughout the day. Experimental results show that the dual axis tracker increased average solar panel voltage by 8.61% compared to a stationary system. Therefore, solar tracking systems can significantly boost solar energy harvesting efficiency.
This document describes a mathematical model of a solar power plant that was developed to study the effects of temperature variations on photovoltaic module and overall plant performance. The model consists of blocks that simulate solar flux, temperature over time, individual photovoltaic modules, and a maximum power point tracking control algorithm. Simulation results show that higher module temperatures decrease output power at a given solar flux level due to lower module voltage. Forcing cooling can increase overall plant efficiency from 11% to 31% by mitigating these temperature effects. The model is implemented in Matlab/Simulink and allows accelerated study of plant operation under different conditions.
This document summarizes a presentation on a dual axis solar tracker. It introduces the objective of improving various skills and demonstrates how a solar tracker can adjust its position to maximize sunlight absorption. It addresses the problem that fixed solar panels cannot adjust their orientation to changing sunlight and presents a solar tracking system as a solution to ensure panels receive direct rays and maximum intensity from the sun to optimize solar panel output. It concludes by listing three references on related topics including solar tracking and maximizing solar energy absorption.
IRJET- Dual Axis Solar Tracking System using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual-axis solar tracking system developed using Arduino that aims to maximize solar energy collection. It discusses how solar trackers can improve power gain by rotating panels to always face the sun's position. A dual-axis tracker is able to rotate in both horizontal and vertical directions, unlike single-axis trackers. The proposed system uses Arduino, light dependent resistors, motors, and a display to control panel rotation based on sun position. Experimental results show the dual-axis system improves efficiency by 30-45% compared to fixed and single-axis mounting.
Development of Automatic PV Power Pack Servo Based Single Axis Solar Tracking...IOSR Journals
This document describes the development of an automatic single-axis solar tracking system using a servo motor mechanism. The system includes light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity, a microcontroller to send signals to the servo motor, and a mechanical structure to support the photovoltaic panel. The controller coding and servo mechanism were first simulated using PROTEUS 7 software. Then a prototype was developed including the mechanical structure, LDR sensors, microcontroller, servo motor, and battery. Testing showed the tracking system improved average efficiency by 7.67% compared to a fixed panel.
This document describes a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the design and development of a dual axis solar tracker system. A dual axis solar tracker is able to track the sun's movement across both axes (east-west and north-south) to maximize solar panel exposure and increase energy generation by 35-45% compared to a fixed panel. The system is controlled using an Arduino UNO microcontroller and sensors to position the solar panel towards the strongest sunlight.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
single axis solar tracker with out micro controllerNarendhar Kumar
This document is a project report for a solar tracker system developed by six students. It includes:
1) An introduction describing solar energy potential in India and motivation for the project.
2) Details of the solar tracker system components including a light sensor, motor driver, comparator, battery, and DC motor.
3) A circuit diagram and description of how the solar tracker functions to keep the solar panel oriented towards the sun using feedback from the light sensor.
4) Acknowledgements and future work sections noting the guidance received and potential to improve the system with a real-time clock.
In summary, the document presents a student project to develop a single-axis solar tracker using various electrical components
IRJET - Study and Analysis of Arduino based Solar Tracking PanelIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on improving the efficiency of solar panels through the use of an Arduino-based solar tracking system. It analyzes different types of solar tracking mechanisms and implements a microcontroller-controlled system using light sensors to orient a solar panel optimally towards the sun. Experimental results show the tracking panel produced 30-40% more power than a fixed panel over the course of a day, demonstrating the effectiveness of the solar tracking approach in boosting solar panel output.
The document describes a student project to design and test a universal solar tracker. A prototype solar tracking system was designed in SolidWorks and built using existing components. An Arduino microcontroller board controls the system based on input from light dependent resistors. Testing found that the solar tracker increased power output over a fixed position system, demonstrating the benefits of tracking systems for improving photovoltaic solar energy efficiency. A cost analysis found the system would sell for £551.14, significantly lower than other trackers on the market.
A solar tracking system uses a microcontroller and light dependent resistors (LDRs) to automatically orient a solar panel towards the sun throughout the day. The system includes a microcontroller, motor driver IC, two LDRs, DC motor, and power supply. It works by using the LDRs to sense light levels on both sides of the panel and sending that input to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the motor driver and DC motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly, maximizing exposure to sunlight and boosting the system's efficiency. The document outlines the hardware components, block diagram, and software tools needed to design and implement the microcontroller-based solar tracking system.
IRJET- Smart and Intelligent Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino Micro-Cont...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an intelligent dual axis solar tracker using an Arduino microcontroller. It begins with an introduction to the increasing demand for renewable energy and benefits of solar tracking systems compared to fixed solar panels. It then provides details on the hardware components used, including light dependent resistors to sense the sun's position, Arduino as the controller, and servo motors to rotate the solar panels on two axes. Experimental results show the dual axis tracker has the highest efficiency at 67% and power output compared to single axis and fixed systems. A cost analysis in MATLAB found the dual axis system saves over Rs. 5000 annually in electricity costs compared to other methods.
Solar Tracking For Maximum Utilization Of Solar EnergyIRJET Journal
This document describes a solar tracking system that aims to maximize solar energy utilization by automatically adjusting the position of solar panels to always face the sun. It uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) and a DC motor controlled by a microcontroller to enable one-axis of horizontal tracking automatically and another axis of vertical tracking manually. By more accurately positioning the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day, the system can increase energy collection efficiency compared to fixed panels. It discusses the hardware components, control logic, and concludes that such a low-cost tracking system has potential to increase renewable energy access in rural areas.
Design and Construction of Automatic Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System Using Li...Mahfuza Mansura
Solar energy is most promising green energy resource.. This project was done to increase the power produced by solar PV Cells by developing a advance dual-axis solar tracking system.
Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding renewable energy
resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the technologies associated
with this area. Our project will include the design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar
panel tracking system. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is
able to remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A working
system will ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements
will also be presented .Sustainable energy systems are necessary for the economic growth and a
healthy environment. To overcome the issues about lack of energy sources the use of renewable
energy resources needs to be enhanced manifold. The main purpose of this paper is to present a
control system which will cause better alignment of Photo voltaic (PV) array with sun light and to
harvest solar power. The proposed system changes its direction in two axis to trace the coordinate of
sunlight by detecting change in light intensity through light sensors. Hardware testing of the proposed
system is done for checking the system ability to track and follow the sunlight in an efficient way.
Dual axis solar tracking system superiority over single axis solar tracking and fixed PV system is also
presented.
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
This document provides information on solar tracking systems and photovoltaic panels. It discusses how solar tracking systems can increase the efficiency of photovoltaic panels by keeping them oriented towards the sun throughout the day. By maintaining an angle of incidence close to 0 degrees, solar tracking maximizes the amount of sunlight absorbed. This can boost the output of PV panels by 30-50% compared to fixed panels. The document also provides details on the components and functioning of solar tracking systems, including sensors, microcontrollers and motors. It examines how improvements in solar cell technology and solar tracking have increased the viability of solar power as a renewable energy source.
Usage Of Dual Axis Solar Tracking System ,Advanced Sensor And Real Time Clo...Isra Abdul Razack
Usage Of Dual Axis Solar Tracking System ,Advanced Sensor And Real Time Clock based Intelligent System For Energy Harvesting
An electro mechanical device
orienting a solar photovoltaic panel in the direction of the sun. It may be
Single-axis
Dual-axis
Increasing by 30 to 60 percent by utilizing a
tracking system instead of a stationary array
A digital system to calculate sun radiation
Stepper motor and photo resistors to redirect the panel
Position angles in registers
The document describes a student project to create a solar tracker for a solar panel. The goals are to maximize solar energy collection by moving the panel automatically to track the sun's movement and to design and build an electronic circuit to control a DC motor for panel movement based on light sensor input. Key components discussed include an MSP430 microcontroller, light sensors, a motor driver chip, DC motor, and supporting electronics. Block diagrams and prototype photos are provided. Advantages of solar energy discussed include its abundance, pollution-free use, and suitability for remote applications.
Design and Development of Reliable Solar Tracking System with Rotation and Ti...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a solar tracking system that allows for both rotation and tilt of solar panels. The system uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity and determine the sun's position. An Arduino microcontroller receives input from the LDRs and controls stepper motors to rotate the solar panel. A mechanical damper is also used to tilt the panel for maximum sunlight absorption. The tracking system aims to keep the solar panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day for improved energy collection efficiency compared to fixed panels.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Dual Axis Automated Solar Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of a dual axis automated solar tracking system. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and the benefits of increasing solar panel efficiency. It then describes the design and testing of a prototype dual axis solar tracker, which uses light dependent resistors and servo motors to orient solar panels perpendicular to the sun throughout the day. Experimental results show that the dual axis tracker increased average solar panel voltage by 8.61% compared to a stationary system. Therefore, solar tracking systems can significantly boost solar energy harvesting efficiency.
This document describes a mathematical model of a solar power plant that was developed to study the effects of temperature variations on photovoltaic module and overall plant performance. The model consists of blocks that simulate solar flux, temperature over time, individual photovoltaic modules, and a maximum power point tracking control algorithm. Simulation results show that higher module temperatures decrease output power at a given solar flux level due to lower module voltage. Forcing cooling can increase overall plant efficiency from 11% to 31% by mitigating these temperature effects. The model is implemented in Matlab/Simulink and allows accelerated study of plant operation under different conditions.
This document summarizes a presentation on a dual axis solar tracker. It introduces the objective of improving various skills and demonstrates how a solar tracker can adjust its position to maximize sunlight absorption. It addresses the problem that fixed solar panels cannot adjust their orientation to changing sunlight and presents a solar tracking system as a solution to ensure panels receive direct rays and maximum intensity from the sun to optimize solar panel output. It concludes by listing three references on related topics including solar tracking and maximizing solar energy absorption.
IRJET- Dual Axis Solar Tracking System using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual-axis solar tracking system developed using Arduino that aims to maximize solar energy collection. It discusses how solar trackers can improve power gain by rotating panels to always face the sun's position. A dual-axis tracker is able to rotate in both horizontal and vertical directions, unlike single-axis trackers. The proposed system uses Arduino, light dependent resistors, motors, and a display to control panel rotation based on sun position. Experimental results show the dual-axis system improves efficiency by 30-45% compared to fixed and single-axis mounting.
Development of Automatic PV Power Pack Servo Based Single Axis Solar Tracking...IOSR Journals
This document describes the development of an automatic single-axis solar tracking system using a servo motor mechanism. The system includes light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity, a microcontroller to send signals to the servo motor, and a mechanical structure to support the photovoltaic panel. The controller coding and servo mechanism were first simulated using PROTEUS 7 software. Then a prototype was developed including the mechanical structure, LDR sensors, microcontroller, servo motor, and battery. Testing showed the tracking system improved average efficiency by 7.67% compared to a fixed panel.
This document describes a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the design and development of a dual axis solar tracker system. A dual axis solar tracker is able to track the sun's movement across both axes (east-west and north-south) to maximize solar panel exposure and increase energy generation by 35-45% compared to a fixed panel. The system is controlled using an Arduino UNO microcontroller and sensors to position the solar panel towards the strongest sunlight.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
single axis solar tracker with out micro controllerNarendhar Kumar
This document is a project report for a solar tracker system developed by six students. It includes:
1) An introduction describing solar energy potential in India and motivation for the project.
2) Details of the solar tracker system components including a light sensor, motor driver, comparator, battery, and DC motor.
3) A circuit diagram and description of how the solar tracker functions to keep the solar panel oriented towards the sun using feedback from the light sensor.
4) Acknowledgements and future work sections noting the guidance received and potential to improve the system with a real-time clock.
In summary, the document presents a student project to develop a single-axis solar tracker using various electrical components
IRJET - Study and Analysis of Arduino based Solar Tracking PanelIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on improving the efficiency of solar panels through the use of an Arduino-based solar tracking system. It analyzes different types of solar tracking mechanisms and implements a microcontroller-controlled system using light sensors to orient a solar panel optimally towards the sun. Experimental results show the tracking panel produced 30-40% more power than a fixed panel over the course of a day, demonstrating the effectiveness of the solar tracking approach in boosting solar panel output.
The document describes a student project to design and test a universal solar tracker. A prototype solar tracking system was designed in SolidWorks and built using existing components. An Arduino microcontroller board controls the system based on input from light dependent resistors. Testing found that the solar tracker increased power output over a fixed position system, demonstrating the benefits of tracking systems for improving photovoltaic solar energy efficiency. A cost analysis found the system would sell for £551.14, significantly lower than other trackers on the market.
A solar tracking system uses a microcontroller and light dependent resistors (LDRs) to automatically orient a solar panel towards the sun throughout the day. The system includes a microcontroller, motor driver IC, two LDRs, DC motor, and power supply. It works by using the LDRs to sense light levels on both sides of the panel and sending that input to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the motor driver and DC motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly, maximizing exposure to sunlight and boosting the system's efficiency. The document outlines the hardware components, block diagram, and software tools needed to design and implement the microcontroller-based solar tracking system.
IRJET- Smart and Intelligent Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino Micro-Cont...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an intelligent dual axis solar tracker using an Arduino microcontroller. It begins with an introduction to the increasing demand for renewable energy and benefits of solar tracking systems compared to fixed solar panels. It then provides details on the hardware components used, including light dependent resistors to sense the sun's position, Arduino as the controller, and servo motors to rotate the solar panels on two axes. Experimental results show the dual axis tracker has the highest efficiency at 67% and power output compared to single axis and fixed systems. A cost analysis in MATLAB found the dual axis system saves over Rs. 5000 annually in electricity costs compared to other methods.
Solar Tracking For Maximum Utilization Of Solar EnergyIRJET Journal
This document describes a solar tracking system that aims to maximize solar energy utilization by automatically adjusting the position of solar panels to always face the sun. It uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) and a DC motor controlled by a microcontroller to enable one-axis of horizontal tracking automatically and another axis of vertical tracking manually. By more accurately positioning the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day, the system can increase energy collection efficiency compared to fixed panels. It discusses the hardware components, control logic, and concludes that such a low-cost tracking system has potential to increase renewable energy access in rural areas.
Design and Construction of Automatic Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System Using Li...Mahfuza Mansura
Solar energy is most promising green energy resource.. This project was done to increase the power produced by solar PV Cells by developing a advance dual-axis solar tracking system.
Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding renewable energy
resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the technologies associated
with this area. Our project will include the design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar
panel tracking system. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is
able to remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A working
system will ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements
will also be presented .Sustainable energy systems are necessary for the economic growth and a
healthy environment. To overcome the issues about lack of energy sources the use of renewable
energy resources needs to be enhanced manifold. The main purpose of this paper is to present a
control system which will cause better alignment of Photo voltaic (PV) array with sun light and to
harvest solar power. The proposed system changes its direction in two axis to trace the coordinate of
sunlight by detecting change in light intensity through light sensors. Hardware testing of the proposed
system is done for checking the system ability to track and follow the sunlight in an efficient way.
Dual axis solar tracking system superiority over single axis solar tracking and fixed PV system is also
presented.
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
This document provides information on solar tracking systems and photovoltaic panels. It discusses how solar tracking systems can increase the efficiency of photovoltaic panels by keeping them oriented towards the sun throughout the day. By maintaining an angle of incidence close to 0 degrees, solar tracking maximizes the amount of sunlight absorbed. This can boost the output of PV panels by 30-50% compared to fixed panels. The document also provides details on the components and functioning of solar tracking systems, including sensors, microcontrollers and motors. It examines how improvements in solar cell technology and solar tracking have increased the viability of solar power as a renewable energy source.
Usage Of Dual Axis Solar Tracking System ,Advanced Sensor And Real Time Clo...Isra Abdul Razack
Usage Of Dual Axis Solar Tracking System ,Advanced Sensor And Real Time Clock based Intelligent System For Energy Harvesting
An electro mechanical device
orienting a solar photovoltaic panel in the direction of the sun. It may be
Single-axis
Dual-axis
Increasing by 30 to 60 percent by utilizing a
tracking system instead of a stationary array
A digital system to calculate sun radiation
Stepper motor and photo resistors to redirect the panel
Position angles in registers
The document describes a student project to create a solar tracker for a solar panel. The goals are to maximize solar energy collection by moving the panel automatically to track the sun's movement and to design and build an electronic circuit to control a DC motor for panel movement based on light sensor input. Key components discussed include an MSP430 microcontroller, light sensors, a motor driver chip, DC motor, and supporting electronics. Block diagrams and prototype photos are provided. Advantages of solar energy discussed include its abundance, pollution-free use, and suitability for remote applications.
Presentation of single axis solar trackeravocado1111
This document describes a microcontroller-based single axis solar tracker project. The project aims to maximize solar energy collection by automatically adjusting the position of solar panels to always face the sun. It uses light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to sense the sun's position and control a motor to rotate the panels. When completed, this solar tracker is expected to increase energy output compared to fixed solar panels. Future work may include improving the design and reducing costs to make the system more effective and affordable.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUN TRACKER SOLAR POWERAnuj Mishra
A solar tracker system was designed and developed to increase the efficiency of solar panels. It uses a stepper motor, actuator, microcontroller and other components to orient solar panels toward the sun for maximum energy generation. By continuously tracking the sun's movement, the system can increase efficiency by 25-35% compared to fixed panels. It is useful for power generation in remote areas without electricity grids and can help reduce emissions from other power sources. While the initial investment is high, solar tracking provides flexibility and higher long-term returns from cleaner energy production.
This document discusses a dual axis solar tracker. It begins with an introduction and need for solar trackers. It then discusses the advantages of dual axis trackers in tracking the sun's east-west and north-south motion for increased power output of approximately 40%. The document includes block diagrams of the circuitry used in the solar tracker, which uses light detectors, a motor driving circuit, and geared motors to orient the solar panel towards the sun throughout the day. It concludes by stating that solar tracking systems are more efficient than fixed panels and can help reduce energy crisis by making better use of solar energy.
This document describes a solar tracking system that uses sensors and a programmable logic controller (PLC) to automatically orient solar panels towards the sun. It discusses the need for solar trackers to maximize solar panel output and efficiency. There are two main types of trackers: single-axis trackers that rotate around one axis, and dual-axis trackers that rotate around two axes to precisely follow the sun's movement. The tracking system works by using light sensors to detect sunlight intensity and signal the PLC to rotate stepper motors and align the panels accordingly. This allows it to capture 35% more energy than stationary panels.
The document describes a solar tracking system that uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to optimize the power output of solar panels. It discusses how single-axis and dual-axis trackers work to keep the panels oriented towards the sun throughout the day. Experimental results showed that a dual-axis active tracker increased power output compared to fixed panels, while a passive tracker using reflectors performed nearly as well at lower cost. The system aims to maximize solar energy collection with a low-cost design.
This document describes the design of a single-axis solar tracking system developed by students at the Islamic University of Gaza. The system uses two light dependent resistors and an LM324 integrated circuit to sense the position of the sun and control a DC gear motor to rotate the solar panel accordingly. This allows the panel to remain perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day, increasing energy capture compared to a stationary panel. The system was assembled, tested, and shown to successfully track and adjust the panel's direction based on the sun's movement.
This document describes an automatic solar tracker designed using a microcontroller. It uses light dependent resistors as sensors to track the sun's position and maximize the efficiency of solar panels. The solar tracker operates in both normal and bad weather conditions. In normal conditions, the sensors detect sunlight and the solar panel tracks the sun. In bad weather when sensors cannot detect sunlight, the tracker rotates the panel in 3.75 degree increments every 15 minutes based on the earth's rotation. The tracker was tested and shown to successfully track the sun and increase in water temperature inside the solar cooker.
IRJET- Dual Axis Solar Tracking System using LDR SensorsIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual axis solar tracking system that uses light dependent resistors (LDR) sensors and a microcontroller to automatically adjust the position of solar panels throughout the day to maximize sunlight exposure. The system includes 5 LDR sensors to detect light levels, an ATMEGA-168 microcontroller to process sensor readings and control servomotors, and DC servomotors that adjust the panels' elevation and azimuth angles based on the microcontroller's commands. The dual axis tracking allows the panels to remain perpendicular to the sun's rays for higher energy collection efficiency compared to a fixed or single axis system.
Optimization of photovoltaic energy by a microcontroller saad motahhir
One of the major challenges of all nations today is to find new energy sources to meet the needs for continued growth in Energy Term. The conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaic solar cells is becoming a necessity in particular through the observation of a global evolution in clean energy that respects the environment. The main challenge is to optimize as much as possible the cost / energy ($/watt) ratio thus boosting both energy performance and at the same time take full advantage of the sun's rays throughout the day.In this context the sun trackers are such devices for efficiency improvement.
This document describes the design and testing of a cost-effective microcontroller-based dual axis solar tracking sensor. The sensor uses an organic photovoltaic cell to detect solar irradiance and track the maximum power point of the sun in both altitude and azimuth axes. It was found to track the true sun position with satisfactory accuracy. The compact design allows for easy mounting and integration with solar panels of any size. The sensor operates independently of location or time of day, stopping at night and returning the panel in the morning. It provides a low-cost solution for improving solar energy extraction through active tracking.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking System by Using By-Pas...IJMREMJournal
Energy is a burning issue that almost every person experience now a days. Energy demand increases exponentially
since a decade. Due to the global warming and it’s threatening impacts on human life. Therefore, to overcome
such disastrous impacts on the planet, renewable energy resources play vital role now a days. Solar energy is one
of the vastest available renewable energy resources around the globe, but the main issue is its poor efficiency.
Pakistan is facing energy shortage that can be compensated through solar power and the need is to design a project
that maximizes its efficiency. So, the research is mainly focused on improving efficiency of solar panels against
shading loss by using different techniques. In this research, different results will be obtained and compared with
different techniques which are LDR based solar tracking system, by-pass diodes technology and super capacitors.
Fabrication of solar tracker is based on Microcontroller that drives L298N driver to operate stepper motor.
Dual Axis Solar Tracking System with Weather Sensorijtsrd
Energy crisis is one in every of the major problems in world developing countries like Republic of India. Theres a huge gap between generation and demand of current. Nearly half of the population of the country cannot get the power supply. Renewable energy is one of the answers to solve this issue. Solar power is one in every of the foremost effective resources of the renewable energy that might play a big role to resolve this drawback. This analysis presents a performance analysis of the dual axis solar tracking system using Arduino and led and servo motors. The most objective of this research is whether the solar tracker is better than a solar panel. This work is split into 2 light dependent resistors LDR is employed to observe the almost source of illumination from the sun. Two servo motors put together accustomed move the electrical device to most source of illumination location perceived by the LDRs. In the other half, the software part is written by using C programming language which head towards to the Arduino UNO controller. The result of the solar tracking system has analyzed and compared with the mounted or static solar panel found higher performance in terms of current, power and voltage. Therefore, the solar tracking system is evidenced additional sensible for capturing the most daylight provide for star gathering applications. The result showed dual axis solar tracking system made further 10.53 watt power compared with mounted fixed and single axis solar tracking system. Components hardware and computer code. Mrs. Surbhi R. Shroff "Dual Axis Solar Tracking System with Weather Sensor" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57378.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/57378/dual-axis-solar-tracking-system-with-weather-sensor/mrs-surbhi-r-shroff
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
Photovoltaic panels tilt angle optimizationKhery Ali
This document discusses optimizing the tilt angle of photovoltaic panels. It begins by providing background on how a panel's tilt angle affects the amount of solar radiation it captures. It then describes the mathematical equations used to calculate the optimal tilt angle based on a location's latitude and the solar declination angle. The document presents experimental results from Iraq that measured the voltage output of panels tilted at different angles. The experimental optimal tilt angle was found to differ from the mathematically calculated angle, demonstrating the need for practical testing to determine the true optimized tilt.
This document is a project report on the design and implementation of a solar tracker system using a microcontroller. It includes an introduction outlining the need for renewable energy sources like solar power. The objectives are to design a system to track solar UV light for solar panels and accurately measure the sun's altitude angle from sunrise to sunset. The literature review covers types of solar trackers including single-axis and dual-axis systems. It also discusses active and passive solar tracking methods and reviews concepts like solar irradiation and efficiency of fixed and tracking solar collectors. Block diagrams, flow charts and the methodology are discussed in subsequent chapters.
Testing of a Microcontroller Based Solar panel Tracking System iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes the testing of a microcontroller-based solar panel tracking system developed by students in India. The system uses light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to track the sun and keep the solar panel perpendicular to maximize energy collection. Testing found the tracking system increased battery charging efficiency by around 32% compared to a stationary panel. The tracking system allows more solar energy to be harnessed and could help address energy needs, though further research and development is still needed to improve renewable energy technologies.
1. The document discusses solar tracking systems which allow solar panels to follow the sun's movement across the sky in order to maximize energy output. It describes how a fixed panel is less efficient since the sun's rays hit it at an angle for most of the day, while a tracking system orients the panels perpendicular to the sun to maintain optimal energy absorption.
2. It provides background on solar energy technology, including the components of solar tracking systems like sensors, motors, and controllers. The evolution of solar tracking from fixed panels to mobile systems is examined, noting tracking can increase energy output by tens of percent.
3. Maintaining the sun's rays at a near perpendicular angle through tracking is described as key to minimizing
Partial shading of photovoltaic cells and modules can significantly reduce their power output due to cells being wired in series. Even a small amount of shading on part of a module can decrease the output of the entire module. The use of bypass diodes can help mitigate these losses from shading by allowing current to bypass shaded cells, but shading still reduces the overall efficiency of photovoltaic systems.
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https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
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Comparison of power output from solar pv panels with reflectors and solar tracker
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
70
Comparison of Power Output from Solar PV Panels with
Reflectors and Solar Tracker
*Ajayi A. B., Majekodunmi O. A., Shittu A. S.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
*E-mail of corresponding author: abajayi@unilag.edu.ng
Abstract
In this paper, performance enhancement of solar Photo Voltaic (PV) panels has been experimented utilizing
diffused reflectors and solar-tracker in other to determine the one with higher power output. An intelligent solar
tracker and diffused reflector augmented systems were designed, developed and installed to compare the power
output that can be generated from each of them when standing alone; and which system will achieve higher
power output so as to reduce the number of PV panels required at any given time especially when cost is a major
factor. For this comparative study, experimental readings were simultaneously taken from the panel, with sun
tracker and the panel with diffuse reflectors aligned at 23.50
with the horizontal. Experimental results indicate
appreciable increase in the overall power output of the solar panels. It is discovered that the power output of the
panel with reflectors was higher from about 11 am till 2 pm, while the panel with tracking was higher at other
times. The average power output of the system for a day is about the same. Looking at the cost of fabrication and
the complexity of the tracking system, the reflector system is the better option.
Keywords: Diffuse Reflectors, Performance enhancement, Power output, Solar PV panels, Tracking system.
1. Introduction
Fossil fuel is causing our world a lot of havoc in terms of environmental pollution and degradation. Fossil fuels
are non renewable energy sources. Renewable energies sources are intermittent, low density and the initial cost
of equipment needed is usually high. In other to justify the shift from fossil fuel energy sources to renewable
energy sources, the performance of the renewable energy collector has to be improved upon. The main source of
renewable energy on earth is the sun and one the renewable ways to harvest the energy of the sun is through the
solar PV panels. PV panels are arranged in the sun and connected together in other to generate electricity. The
electricity generated depends on the sun intensity and its the angle of incidence of the panels. With reflectors, the
collecting area is increased, while with the solar tracker, the angle of incidence of the Sun on the PV panel is
reduced, thereby increasing the power output for each particular system. Several works has been done in this
area. Rizk and Nagrial (2000) showed that implementing different types of reflectors in solar energy systems,
will dramatically improve energy production by means of concentrating and intensifying more sunlight onto a
solar cell. Rizwan et al. (2009), experimented performance enhancement of solar panels using diffused reflectors
and sun tracking. Their results showed that there is no need for sun tracking if diffused reflectors are installed
with the panel. Antara et al. (2010) utilized various types of reflectors at a designed angle which increased the
output power of each individual panel in different weather conditions. They concluded that by implementing
reflector with the panel, the power output of a solar panel can be increased, and the aluminum finish reflector
improved solar cell output than the other reflectors used. McFee (1975) was among the first people to construct
automatic solar tracking systems, in which an algorithm was developed to compute the total power received and
flux density distribution in a central receiver solar power system. Semma and Imamru (1980) used a simple
microprocessor to adaptively adjust the positions of the solar collectors in a photovoltaic concentrator such that
they pointed toward the sun at all times. Kalogirou (1996) proposed a one-axis tracking system which contains
three light-dependent resistors (LDRs). Gadewadikar, (1997) made solar tracking system using a microprocessor
that controls the tracking system which involves a stepper motor. Microprocessor was used to control the
tracking system by interfacing with others components. Khalifa and Al-Mutawalli (1998) developed a two-axis
sun tracking system to enhance the thermal performance of a compound parabolic concentrator. The system was
designed to track the sun’s position every three to four minutes in the horizontal plane and every four to five
minutes in the vertical plane. Yousef (1999) developed a sun tracking system in which the nonlinear dynamics of
the tracking mechanism were controlled using a fuzzy logic control algorithm implemented on a PC and
supported by an interfacing card consisting of a sensor data acquisition function, motor driving circuits, signal
conditioning circuits and serial communications. Roth et al. (2004) designed and constructed a sun tracking
system. Jong Kiun Kiet, (2006) created a Miniature Solar Tracker. This solar tracker was microcontroller based
2. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
71
and single- axis tracking systems using DC motor. The objective of this paper is to design and develop solar
power output enhancement systems and compare the output to know which is better in sub - Sahara Africa.
2. Design and Development
2.1 Description of the Components
Solar Panels: These are PV modules that converts photons in Solar rays to direct-current (DC) and voltage. The
amount of current generated by a PV panel depends on its efficiency, its size (surface area) and the intensity of
sunlight striking the surface at that moment. Table 1, gives the specification of the solar PV panels used in this
experiment.
Table 1: Specification of solar PV panel
Maximum power output, Pmax [W] 20.00
Open circuit voltage, Voc [v] 26.70
Short circuit current, Isc [A] 0.80
Nominal operating voltage, Vdc [v] 12
Cell type Mono-crystalline
Reflectors: Reflectors are reflective surfaces used for collecting and reflecting solar energy in other to boost
energy production. A flat solar panel can incorporate reflectors at the sides. The idea is to increase the sunlight
intensity onto the panel by reflecting sunlight that would normally have missed the panel, thereby increasing the
panel’s surface area. Reflectors are normally situated at an optimum angle to gain the greatest exposure to
sunlight that can be reflected to the panel. The common reflectors are the flat surface and the parabolic shapes.
Various materials are used as reflectors such as mirrors, aluminum, stainless steel, chrome film, silver surface,
and white surfaces to mention but a few. The solar PV panel and the diffuse reflector system is shown in Figure
1 below.
Figure 1: Solar PV panel with diffuse reflector system
Solar Tracker: A solar tracker is a device that orients PV panels toward the sun. The sun’s position in the sky
varies both with the seasons of the year and time of the day as the sun moves across the sky daily. Equipment
depending on solar power works best when pointed at or near the sun angle of incidence, so a solar tracker will
increase the effectiveness of such equipment. In flat-panel photovoltaic (PV) applications, trackers are used to
minimize the angle of incidence between the incoming sunlight and a photovoltaic panel which will typically
lead to an increase in electricity generation capacity of the PV panel. There are different types of solar trackers
such as the time based and the intelligent type. There is single axis tracker and also dual axis tracker (Siew,
2008). The tracker used here is the intelligent type makes use of sensors to detect the position of the sun over the
length of a day and thus the system knows the direction to which the panel will face. This system is basically a
single-axis active tracker. The solar PV panel with tracking system is shown in figure 2.
2.2 Design
In this section the design of the diffuse reflectors and solar tracking system is carried.
2.2.1 The Reflector Design
3. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
72
The solar PV panel is designed to have four reflectors, one on each side. The reflector is a flat plate made of
aluminum. The panel is oriented facing south. The analysis of the reflectors designs are given below.
The W-E Configuration Analysis
The proposed solar PV and reflector system is shown in Figure 2. The reflector is inclined from vertical at a
specified angle. Introducing trigonometric principle of similar triangles, the optimum inclination angles of the
solar PV and reflector is obtained using the incident angle of the sun at solar noon as contained in Table 2.
Table 2: The values of solar height angle for different days (Solar position locator (ESRL, 2012) )
Date Sept. 28 Sept. 29 Sept 30 Oct. 1 Oct. 2
Solar height angle (0
) 79.71 80.10 80.49 80.88 81.27
Mean solar height angle = 80.50
Figure 2: W-E configuration of the reflectors and the panel
where x = length of diffused reflector
l = length of solar panel
θ = the angle the reflector makes with the horizontal plane
Using Sine rule in triangle ABC,
)5.802sin()5.80sin( −
=
− θθ
xl
(1)
)5.80sin(
)5.802sin(
θ
θ
−
−
=
l
x (2)
By iteration, and using values for θ from 450
to 600
, and a reflector to solar PV length ratio of 1, i.e. x = l =
36cm, then the corresponding value of θ = 53.70
.
The N-S Configuration Analysis
l C
E
80.50
(2θ – 80.50
)
(80.50
– θ)
θ (1800
– θ)
x
Proposed incident
Normal to the reflecting
surface
Solar PV Panel
Reflector
A
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ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
73
The proposed solar PV and reflector system is shown in Figure 3. The same mean solar height angle as in the
previous analysis is being used.
Figure 3: N-S configuration of the reflectors and the PV panel analysis
where x = length of diffused reflectors
l = width of solar panel
φ = angle between the North facing reflector and solar panel
θ = angle between the south facing reflector and solar panel
Using Sine rule in, triangle ABF,
)2284sin()104sin( θθ −
=
−
xl
(3)
)104sin(
)2284sin(
−
−
=
θ
θl
x (4)
Using iteration, values of x were generated using varying values of θ from 1250
to 1400
. Thus, using the obtained
from iteration and using a reflector to solar PV panel length ratio of 1, i.e. x= 29.5cm, then the corresponding
value of θ = 129.30
i.e. 105.80
from the horizontal.
Using Sine rule in triangle EFG,
)2256sin()76sin( ϕϕ −
=
−
xl
(5)
South facing
reflector
North facing reflector
Ground level
Stand
Sun ray
Normal to the reflecting
surface
Solar PV panel
80.50
80.50
23.50
φ-760
θ - 1040
θ
φ
x
x
l
A
B
F
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ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
74
)76sin(
)2256sin(
−
−
=
ϕ
ϕl
x (6)
Similarly by iteration, the value of x = 29.5cm, then the corresponding value of φ = 110.70
i.e. 45.80
from the
horizontal.
2.2.2 Solar Tracker
Basically the tracking system is a mechanism that moves the solar panel to the appropriate position to face the
sun as the earth rotates. The intelligent type of tracking system involves the use of sensors that detects the
position of the sun through out a day and thus the system knows the direction to which the panel will face. This
system is basically a single-axis active tracker. In building this system, the following components were used: the
micro-controller, the motor, the battery and the solar PV panel.
Micro-Controller
The micro-controller, Figure 4, is the brain of the tracker, and it controls the tracking system. Basically, it
receives input from the sensors, specifying the position of the sun and in response, it sends signal to the motors
that are connected to the solar panel to move to the panel to the position of the sun in which optimum solar rays
could be received. The micro-controller is made up of software and hardware components. The software
component is basically computer programs that decode the input signals and sends out appropriate signal in
response to the inputs to control the tracking system. It is connected to the sensors and the motors. The hardware
executes the command.
RA0/AN0
2
RA1/AN1
3
RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF
4
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT
6
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
7
OSC1/CLKIN
9
OSC2/CLKOUT
10
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
12
RC2/CCP1
13
RC3/SCK/SCL
14
RB7/PGD
28
RB6/PGC
27
RB5
26
RB4
25
RB3/PGM
24
RB2
23
RB1
22
RB0/INT
21
RC7/RX/DT
18
RC6/TX/CK
17
RC5/SDO
16
RC4/SDI/SDA
15
RA3/AN3/VREF+
5
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
11
MCLR/Vpp/THV
1
U1
PIC16F876A
X1
4 MHz
RV1
10k
RV2
10k
RV3
10k
VCC
GND
0.000000 LDR1
1.0
LDR2
LDR
1.0
LDR3
LDR
VCC
Q1
NPN
R1
10k
Q2
PNP
R2
10k
12v vcc
RL1
12V
Q3
IRFZ44ER3
10k
Q4
NPN
R4
10k
VCC
B1
12V
VI
1
VO
3
GND2
7805
12VVCC
Figure 4: Micro-controller circuit diagram
Motor
The motor is the prime mover in the system, which moves the solar panel into appropriate position. A 12V,
3amps DC gear motor is used. It is connected to the panel.
Battery
The tracker needs a power source to keep it running due to the irregularity of the power received from the solar
panel. A 12V rechargeable battery is used; the battery as it is connected to the tracking system is also connected
to the output of the solar panel to keep it charging.
6. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
75
3. Results and Discussion
Solar PV panels with diffused reflectors and solar tracker were constructed in other to determine the system that
will produce the higher power output. They were both placed in the sun close to each other to have the same sky
condition as practicable enough. Readings were taking on both systems simultaneously for comparison. The
longer axis of the panel is aligned horizontally in the east – west direction, facing south. The reason behind this
kind of placement is to utilize the maximum area of the panel for diffused reflection. The reflectors were fixed to
the four sides of the solar PV panel.
For the solar tracker, the solar PV panel is attached to the tracker to track the sun as it rises from the east to set at
the west. The open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc) of the solar panel of the two systems were
measured concurrently with two multi-meters. Figures 5 and 6 are the plots of the performance of the two
systems on a sunny and cloudy day respectively. In Figure 5, the reflector system is higher between 10 am and
2pm and lower at other times. This is because the angle of incidence of the sun on the solar PV panel and
reflectors is minimum.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00
Time of the day (hrs)
Shortcircuitcurrent(A)
Tracking Isc Reflector Isc
Figure 5: Short circuit current of the solar PV panels vs. time of the day (sunny day)
What was noticed during the experiment in the system with diffuse reflectors is that the east and west reflectors
were blocking the sun thus casting shadow on the solar PV panel during rising and setting of the sun, thus
causing lost of power during these periods. On a cloudy day, there is no much difference in the solar power
output as seen in Figure 6.
7. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
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Vol.3, No.7, 2013
76
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30
Time of the day (hrs)
Shortcircuitcurrent(A)
Tracker Isc Reflectors Isc
Figure 6: Short circuit current of the solar PV panels vs. time of the day (cloudy day)
Figure 7, is the plot of daily average short circuit current and shows solar PV panel with tracker producing
slightly higher power than the solar PV panel with reflectors.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Day
Shortcircuitcurrent(A)
Tracking Isc Reflector Isc
Figure 7: Average daily short circuit current
4. Conclusion
The system of solar PV panel with diffuse reflector and tracker has been designed, developed and tested. It is
discovered that the east – west oriented reflectors were blocking the sun ray up till 10 am in the morning and
from 2pm in the afternoon till sunset. This could be the reason why the short circuit current of the tracker is
higher than that of the diffuse reflector system during these periods. From this experiment, it can be concluded
that it is better to use diffuse reflectors to improve the power output of a solar PV panel because it is cheaper and
less complicated.
8. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
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Vol.3, No.7, 2013
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