Testing of a Microcontroller Based Solar panel Tracking System iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
Testing of a Microcontroller Based Solar panel Tracking System iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
This project is based on Construction and connection of photovoltaic module and related theories about it. To utilize maximum energy from the photovoltaic cell first of all understanding of it characteristics is very important because of this in starting of project we done proper study on characteristics of photo voltaic module and maximum power point. After got proper understanding of characteristics we try to use output of photo voltaic cell efficiently with help of Maximum power point tracker and cuk converter.
Optimization of Solar Energy Production using PLC and SCADAijtsrd
This paper focuses on the maximizing the solar energy produced by Solar cells through the development of such a Sun-Tracking system that can be implemented using PLC and SCADA. The developed tracking system is innovative in relation to the usual sun tracking systems available in the market. In fact, the developed solution has many advantages in relation to similar existing devices, as this system can automatically work in order to optimize the energy production of photovoltaic cells as we know that in case of fixed Solar cells, the efficiency is very poor. This efficiency of power generation by Solar cells can be increased using this system, so that as the position of sun changes, the position of Solar cell is automatically adjusted by using stepper motors. An experimental prototype was built and field results have proven the good performance of the developed tracking system. Abhishek Kumar Chambel | Er. Bharti Sood "Optimization of Solar Energy Production using PLC & SCADA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18912.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18912/optimization-of-solar-energy-production-using-plc-and-scada/abhishek-kumar-chambel
Design and implementation of smart electronic solar tracker based on ArduinoTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Demand of energy increases in the global and exponential exhaustion is favored of resources by
fossil fuel for electricity production with the new systems development. Compared with all other remainder
energies, the specialist sun energy is the most bountiful energy and it's typically easy to be changed into
electrical energy. The main thing of using solar panel is to produce electrical energy from sun's energy but
the optimum energy can be generated by tracking solar panel due to the sun movement from east to west.
The problem can be solved by proposed systems where the sun tracking by solar panel that based on high
intensity of sun ray. This paper concentrates on tracking the sun by using servo motor coupled with solar
panel. So that, the largest quantity of sun light at the incident panel along the day at any time is better than
that for method of fixed panel array which is less efficient. The microcontroller Arduino (mode UNO) was
programmed by using C++ language while the track of sun light processing was implemented by using
light depending resistor (LDR), Chip IC H-bridge and microcontroller Arduino (UNO) circuits have been
designed by using Proteus software. By circuit design and sun tracking control process, the cost reduction
has been improved and high amount of energy was saved when implemented this system.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
the need of electrical energy is essential part of
any state to stable itself as well as to promote itself. The most
reliable resources of electrical energy are Renewable
resources. In these renewable resources, Sun is the biggest
resource of energy. In active solar technique, electrical energy
is produced by the phenomenon of Photoelectric effect. The
Reliability and efficiency of solar power system can be
improved by making sure that we are using this system
properly. First of all, the main factor of solar power generation
is the efficiency of solar cell that is made of Crystalline
Silicon cell mostly. The efficiency of solar cell is not good yet,
but the capability of solar cell to produce power is excellent.
Secondly, there are many factors affecting the efficiency of
PV system during installation and maintenance. This paper
emphasizes on the efficiency of PV module affected by
direction, angle, irradiance, shade, load and temperature. This
paper describes the conceptual design of a smart battery health
monitoring system along with protection of battery from over
charging & over discharging using an embedded system. The
working mechanism of this system is based on the input
voltages to the embedded system from the battery which are
further processed using ADC to convert them into Digital
form which are then used to observe the state of battery’s
condition The deeply study of these factors is essential before
using this system and implementation of these results after
study, enhance the efficiency of this system.
This project proposes a simplified PV module simulator with MPPT. The PV model is designed in Matlab/Simulink based on various mathematical equations. This paper explains the use of MPPT technique in a photovoltaic system. The MPPT is implemented by incremental conductance or perturbation and observation methods. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
This project is based on Construction and connection of photovoltaic module and related theories about it. To utilize maximum energy from the photovoltaic cell first of all understanding of it characteristics is very important because of this in starting of project we done proper study on characteristics of photo voltaic module and maximum power point. After got proper understanding of characteristics we try to use output of photo voltaic cell efficiently with help of Maximum power point tracker and cuk converter.
Optimization of Solar Energy Production using PLC and SCADAijtsrd
This paper focuses on the maximizing the solar energy produced by Solar cells through the development of such a Sun-Tracking system that can be implemented using PLC and SCADA. The developed tracking system is innovative in relation to the usual sun tracking systems available in the market. In fact, the developed solution has many advantages in relation to similar existing devices, as this system can automatically work in order to optimize the energy production of photovoltaic cells as we know that in case of fixed Solar cells, the efficiency is very poor. This efficiency of power generation by Solar cells can be increased using this system, so that as the position of sun changes, the position of Solar cell is automatically adjusted by using stepper motors. An experimental prototype was built and field results have proven the good performance of the developed tracking system. Abhishek Kumar Chambel | Er. Bharti Sood "Optimization of Solar Energy Production using PLC & SCADA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18912.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/18912/optimization-of-solar-energy-production-using-plc-and-scada/abhishek-kumar-chambel
Design and implementation of smart electronic solar tracker based on ArduinoTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Demand of energy increases in the global and exponential exhaustion is favored of resources by
fossil fuel for electricity production with the new systems development. Compared with all other remainder
energies, the specialist sun energy is the most bountiful energy and it's typically easy to be changed into
electrical energy. The main thing of using solar panel is to produce electrical energy from sun's energy but
the optimum energy can be generated by tracking solar panel due to the sun movement from east to west.
The problem can be solved by proposed systems where the sun tracking by solar panel that based on high
intensity of sun ray. This paper concentrates on tracking the sun by using servo motor coupled with solar
panel. So that, the largest quantity of sun light at the incident panel along the day at any time is better than
that for method of fixed panel array which is less efficient. The microcontroller Arduino (mode UNO) was
programmed by using C++ language while the track of sun light processing was implemented by using
light depending resistor (LDR), Chip IC H-bridge and microcontroller Arduino (UNO) circuits have been
designed by using Proteus software. By circuit design and sun tracking control process, the cost reduction
has been improved and high amount of energy was saved when implemented this system.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
the need of electrical energy is essential part of
any state to stable itself as well as to promote itself. The most
reliable resources of electrical energy are Renewable
resources. In these renewable resources, Sun is the biggest
resource of energy. In active solar technique, electrical energy
is produced by the phenomenon of Photoelectric effect. The
Reliability and efficiency of solar power system can be
improved by making sure that we are using this system
properly. First of all, the main factor of solar power generation
is the efficiency of solar cell that is made of Crystalline
Silicon cell mostly. The efficiency of solar cell is not good yet,
but the capability of solar cell to produce power is excellent.
Secondly, there are many factors affecting the efficiency of
PV system during installation and maintenance. This paper
emphasizes on the efficiency of PV module affected by
direction, angle, irradiance, shade, load and temperature. This
paper describes the conceptual design of a smart battery health
monitoring system along with protection of battery from over
charging & over discharging using an embedded system. The
working mechanism of this system is based on the input
voltages to the embedded system from the battery which are
further processed using ADC to convert them into Digital
form which are then used to observe the state of battery’s
condition The deeply study of these factors is essential before
using this system and implementation of these results after
study, enhance the efficiency of this system.
This project proposes a simplified PV module simulator with MPPT. The PV model is designed in Matlab/Simulink based on various mathematical equations. This paper explains the use of MPPT technique in a photovoltaic system. The MPPT is implemented by incremental conductance or perturbation and observation methods. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking System by Using By-Pas...IJMREMJournal
Energy is a burning issue that almost every person experience now a days. Energy demand increases exponentially
since a decade. Due to the global warming and it’s threatening impacts on human life. Therefore, to overcome
such disastrous impacts on the planet, renewable energy resources play vital role now a days. Solar energy is one
of the vastest available renewable energy resources around the globe, but the main issue is its poor efficiency.
Pakistan is facing energy shortage that can be compensated through solar power and the need is to design a project
that maximizes its efficiency. So, the research is mainly focused on improving efficiency of solar panels against
shading loss by using different techniques. In this research, different results will be obtained and compared with
different techniques which are LDR based solar tracking system, by-pass diodes technology and super capacitors.
Fabrication of solar tracker is based on Microcontroller that drives L298N driver to operate stepper motor.
Optimization of photovoltaic energy by a microcontroller saad motahhir
One of the major challenges of all nations today is to find new energy sources to meet the needs for continued growth in Energy Term. The conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaic solar cells is becoming a necessity in particular through the observation of a global evolution in clean energy that respects the environment. The main challenge is to optimize as much as possible the cost / energy ($/watt) ratio thus boosting both energy performance and at the same time take full advantage of the sun's rays throughout the day.In this context the sun trackers are such devices for efficiency improvement.
Performance Enhancement of DC Load and Batteries in Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
To avoid the pollution and to save the non conventional resources, use of renewable energy sources such as wind energy, bio gas, hydro and solar potential has increased and become essential to adopt a low cost generating system in remote areas. Besides the variety of energy sources, solar power advantages are easy to make apparent compared to other methods. For many years, solar energy is the series source of vast amounts of freely available energy, but modern technology has harnessed it. In this paper a proper battery charge controller used in the Standalone Photovoltaic PV system. The power is transfer to the dc load and manages storage level available in this proposed technique. From the PV array the maximum power is extracted by using three different methods. In this proposed technique ‘perturb and observe' and the ‘incremental conductance' control methods and algorithms are analyzed. The system modelling as well as simulation results are presented. Dr. N. Prakash "Performance Enhancement of DC Load and Batteries in Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21638.pdf
An Efficient Microcontroller Based Sun Tracker Control for Solar Cell SystemsIJECEIAES
The solar energy is fast becoming a different means of electricity resource. Now in world Fossil fuels are seriously depleting thus the need for another energy source is a necessity. To create effective utilization of its solar, energy efficiency must be maximized. An attainable way to deal with amplifying the power output of sun-powered exhibit is by sun tracking. This paper presents the control system for a solar cell orientation device which follows the sun in real time during daytime.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Design and development of advanced microcontroller based solar battery charge...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Automatic solar tracker increases the efficiency of the
solar panel by keeping the solar panel aligned with the
rotating sun. Solar tracking is a mechanized system to track
the sun’s position that increases power output of solar panel
30% to 60% than the stationary system [6]. A few design
methodology of solar tracking system has been proposed in
recent days [7]-[9]. From these literatures it is evident that
sensing of sun light, providing initial position of the solar
panel and power consumption of the motor for the tracker are
the major challenges of the solar tracking system.
Diffused reflection is another means to increase the
efficiency of the solar panel. Maximum rays from the sun
reach on the earth’s surface through interaction of clouds,
dusts and water. These rays are called diffused rays, which
reduce the output of solar cell. If diffused rays are reflected
on the panel through the reflectors it will increase the overall
output of the panel [10].
IV.PROTOTYPE OF AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER
Development of solar panel tracking system has been
ongoing for several years. As the sun moves across the sky
during the day, it is advantageous to have the solar panels
track the location of the sun, such that the panels are always
perpendicular with the position of the sun. Available solar
trackers in the market are much costly to integrate with solar
panel system [11]. In the developing countries where cost is
one of the major issues to integrate technologies, solar
tracking prototype presented at this paper can provide an
effective solution. The major components those are used in
the prototype are given below:-
• Photo resistor
• Microcontroller
• Stepper motor
A. Photo resistor
Cadmium sulphide (CdS) photo resistor is used in the
designed prototype. The CdS photo resistor is a passive
element that has a resistance inversely proportional to the
amount of light incident on it. To utilize the photo resistor, it
is placed in series with another resistor. A voltage divider is
thus formed at the junction between photo resistor and
another resistor; the output is taken at the junction point to
pass the measured voltage as input to microcontroller. Fig. 2
represents the resistance value of the photo resistor with the
illumination of light.
Fig. 2 Resistance value of CdS at various illumination level of light
Fig. 3 shows the schematic diagram of the prototype
designed in Proteus 7 professional software.
Fig. 3 Schematic of solar tracker circuitry
In the solar tracker prototype, it is desired that output
voltage at junction point will increase as the light intensity
increases and so the photo resistor is placed at the top
position in series connection with resistor.
B. Stepper motor
Stepper motors are commonly used in precision
positioning control applications. Five characteristics of the
stepper motor have been considered while choosing stepper
motor for the solar tracker prototype. Stepper motor is
brushless, load independent, has open loop positioning
capability, good holding torque and excellent response
characteristics. The stepper motor that has been used in the
prototype has the specifications of 24 volts, 130 Ω resistance,
7.5˚per step, 4 phase, unipolar. Half stepping rotation is
considered for the tracker to control position accurately with
sun’s rotation which results in 3.75˚per step.
C. Microcontroller
The ATMEGA32 microcontroller has been used in the
prototype. Microcontroller is the heart of overall system.
ATMEGA32 microcontroller requires a 5 volt regulated
voltage supply. ‘7805’ voltage regulator is used to provide
fixed 5 volts supply to the microcontroller [12]. ATMEGA32
has some features such as analog comparator (AC), analog to
digital converter (ADC), universal synchronous asynchronous
receiver transmitter (USART), times etc [13]. Utilization
procedure of these features is given below:
1) Analog comparator: There are two pins which are
known as analog input 0 (AIN0) and analog input 1 (AIN1).
Two analog voltage signals coming from two junctions of
photo resistor circuit are fed to these pins. There is a bit
called analog comparator output (ACO) which is set to either
‘1’ or ‘0’ and can be defined as:-
ACO=
⎩
⎨
⎧
<
>
01
01
1
0
AINAIN
AINAIN
VV
VV
(1)
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3. 2) Analog to digital converter: Among 8 analog to digital
converter input pins ADC0 and ADC1 have been used; where
10 ADCADC VV > is expected. Differential input is converted
into digital value and the most 8 significant bits are defined
as ADC_result to compare with threshold.
ADC_result = [VADC0 – VADC1] digital (2)
This threshold value, set according to the photo resistor
response against the solar radiation intensity, is provided,
since ADC_result alone might be insufficient for rotation of
motor.
And if ADC_result > Threshold; motor rotates one step.
3) Timers: Built-in timer of ATMEGA32 is utilized to
create delay. The Earth rotates on its own axis, with respect
to the sun 360˚ in a day and so it rotates, (360˚/24=) 15˚ an
hour or 3.75˚ in 15 minutes. Delay for 1.5 minutes and 15
minutes are required. These delays are mentioned as short
delay and moderate delay respectively.
4) Algorithm: In the proposed algorithm two variables I
and Count have been used. I represents total number of
rotation the motor must make to track the sun from dawn to
dusk. First hour after the sunrise and last hour before the
sunset is not considered for the tracking, as in the first hour
after sunrise the west sensor does not have sufficient light
than the east one; the tracker remains off (Fig. 6). The last
hour before sunset will provide additional energy to rotate the
panel in the initial position and so the tracker no more rotates
to the west rather it will rotate reversely. As 2 hours in day
time are not considered for tracking, (2Ҳ15˚=) 30˚ of rotation
is not required to be done by the solar tracker. Half stepping
of stepper motor is considered which gives 3.75˚ rotation in
each stepping; approximately ((180˚-30˚)/3.75˚=) 40
rotations are required in each day to track the sun at daylight.
Count is used for counting the number of ‘wait’ states when
weather is cloudy and ADC does not permit to rotate the
motor.
A small scale prototype of the solar tracker has been made
to check feasibility of the design methodology. At initial
stage a small plastic board, considered as the solar panel, is
mounted on an aluminium shaft. Fig. 4 illustrates the dummy
panel along with other circuitry of the prototype.
Fig. 4 Solar tracker prototype
V. OPERATION OF THE SOLAR TRACKER
Solar tracker provides three ways of operation and control
mechanism through the programme written in microcontroller.
Operational flow chart of the solar tracker is given in Fig. 5.
START
SET COUNT=0
I=0
TURN ON ANALOG
COMPARATOR
ACO==1?
TURN OFF ANALOG
COMPARATOR
TURN ON ADC
ADC_result
>threshold?
TURN OFF ADC
RUN STEPPER
MOTOR 1 STEP
I++
I>40
COUNT=0
WAIT
STAND BY WAIT
TILL SUNLIGHT
WAIT
COUNT++
COUNT>10
TURN OFF ANALOG
COMPARATOR
TURN OFF ADC
I - -
BACK ROTATION
STEPPER MOTOR
I=0?
YES
NO
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
YES
Fig. 5 Operational flow chart of the solar tracker
A. Normal day light condition
Two photo resistors are used in the solar tracker to
compare the output voltages from two junctions. As the sun
rotates from east to west in the day time, AIN0 needs to
provide higher voltage than AIN1 to sense the rotation of the
sun (Fig. 6). This condition is considered as normal day light
condition and tracker rotates the panel 3.75˚ after every 15
minutes.
B. Bad weather condition
When the sky gets cloudy, there will be less striking of
light on both the photo resistors and so sufficient voltages
might not be available at junction point. The difference of
voltage at junction point will not be greater than the threshold
value to rotate the tracker. At the mean time, sun continues
rotating in the western direction. To solve this problem, a
short delay is provided which will check for voltage input
from junction point in every 1.5 minutes. Microcontroller will
use the variable Count to check for consecutively 10 times to
make the ‘wait’ state equal to 15 minutes (moderate delay) to
rotate the stepper motor one step.
C. Bidirectional rotation
At day time, the solar tracker will rotate in only one
direction from east to west. Variable I will count the total
rotation in day time and that is approximately calculated as
40 rotations considering 150˚ rotation. When the sun sets, no
more rotation is needed in western direction. For the next day,
the solar panel needs to go to the initial position in the
morning to track the sun’s position again. To do so, the
variable I that counts the number of rotation in the day time
will work out.
When the variable (I) shows value greater than 40, the
tracker stops rotating in the western direction and rotates
reversely in the eastern direction to set the tracker to the
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4. initial position for the next day. When it goes to initial
position, power supply to the tracker will be turned off and
the tracker will be in stand by till sunlight in the next morning.
(A) After Sunrise (B) Equal light on the sensors (C) Tracker Works
Fig. 6 Solar tracker working mechanism
VI.FEATURES & FUTURE WORK OF THE SOLAR TRACKER
While developing the overall system, hardware and
software portions of the project are separated into stages
consisting of light detection, microcontroller input, software
enhancements, motor driving and finally dummy panel
rotation.
The attractive feature of the constructed prototype is the
software solution of many challenges regarding solar tracking
system. The designed prototype requires only two photo
resistors to sense the light, which lessens the cost of the
system. Power consumption of the system is negligible as
‘wait’ states are calculated perfectly with the sun’s position.
Another major problem of system initialization at the start of
the day is solved through a simple programming application.
All these software based solution reduce the system cost far
more than all other systems proposed to date.
As the prototype is a miniature of main system, it has some
limitations which can be mitigated through future
developments. In stead of solar panel, a small plastic board is
rotated in the system. As a miniature system, it works out
well. Solar panel must be integrated with the system to
prepare result and cost analysis.
CdS photo resistors which have been used in the prototype
have a better response on 500nm to 700nm of wave length
[14]. As shown in Fig. 7, sunlight covers greater ranges than
CdS photo resistors [15]. Hence more sensitive photo diodes
should be used for wider range of sensitivity.
Fig. 7 Spectral irradiance of the Sun
VII. CONCLUSION
The paper has presented a means of tracking the sun’s
position with the help of microcontroller. Specially, it
demonstrates a working software solution for maximizing
solar cell output by positioning a solar panel at the point of
maximum light intensity. The prototype represents a method
for tracking the sun both in normal and bad weather condition.
Moreover, the tracker can initialize the starting position itself
which reduce the need of any more photo resistors. The
attractive feature of the designed solar tracker is simple
mechanism to control the system. The solar tracker also
provides lucrative solution for third world countries to
integrate it into their solar system with a comparatively low
cost through software based solution. Though the prototype
has limitations in hardware areas as an initial set up, still it
provides an opportunity for improvement of the design
methodology in future.
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