final thesis submission presentation

GRID INTERACTIVE SPV POWER
GENERATION AND CONTROL USING
MATLAB/SIMULINK
Presented By: Vikas Deep Juyal
M. Tech. Final Year
ID No. 47046
(Dr. Sudha Arora)
Advisor
Professor and Head -EED
(Dr. Ravi Saxena)
Member
Associate Professor- EED
(Prof. Abhishek Yadav)
Member
Associate Professor- EED

OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVE OF THE THESIS
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 IDENTIFYING RESEARCH GAPS
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
 RESULT & DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSION
 FUTURE SCOPE
 RESEARCH PAPER BASED ON THESIS
 LITERATURE CITED 211/24/2016 7:33:51 AM

INTRODUCTION
 India- improved living standards, grown population :- increased energy
demand.
 Economical and environmental impact of fossil fuels :- investigate
sustainable solutions.
 Hence :- Focus on green and clean renewable energy.
 High voltage and high power grid connected systems are more efficient in
the field of power electronics.
Role of Renewable Energy
 Solve sustainability problems occurred with traditional fuels.
 Relatively more clean , pollution free and non- exhaustible.
 Effective in reducing carbon footprints.
 Reliable off-grid energy solution :- useful for remote locations.
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3

INTRODUCTION (CONT..)
Motivation and Background
 India is ranked number one in terms of solar electricity production per
watt installed, with an insolation of 1700 to 2500 kilowatt hours per
kilowatt peak (kWh/KWp).
 Solar power in India is a fast developing industry, with a cumulative
installed grid connected solar power capacity of 8,062 MW (8 GW) as of
31 July 2016.
 In January 2015 the Indian government significantly expanded its solar
plans, targeting US$100 billion of investment and 100 GW of solar
capacity (including 40 GW from rooftop solar) by 2022.
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Growth of Solar Power in India (http://mnre.gov.in)

Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) System
 Generates power from abundantly available sunlight, without any
pollution.
 Made of PV arrays, which in turn are made up of panels which are made
of PV cells.
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Photovoltaic effect and PV system (www.wikipedia.org)

Classification of Photo-Voltaic (PV) system
PV system can be classified mainly into two categories:
 Grid-connected PV system and ,
 Standalone PV system.
Grid-connected PV system
 Preferred over standalone system due to efficient operation.
 The power electronic devices such as DC-DC converters and DC-AC
inverters are used as an interface between them.
 Regardless of the interface configuration, the correct flow of energy from
the generator to the grid or vice-versa must be guaranteed.
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 7

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
 The output characteristics of solar photovoltaic power generation system,
appear to be non-linear due to various external conditions like light
intensity, temperature and load characteristics and their dependent
parameters.
 'Maximum Power Point' (MPP) must be tracked.
Converters
 A DC to DC conversion stage is usually used to realize the maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) for solar photovoltaic (SPV) applications, or
bidirectional power flow control for energy storage application.
 The DC to AC conversion stage is used to control the power and current
injected into utility grid.
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8

Multi-Level Inverter (MLI)
 Achieve high power ratings than traditional two level inverter.
 Advantage of enabling the inter-connection of renewable energy sources
like solar/wind, and hence improve the energy utilization of the system.
 Provide less distorted and nearly sinusoidal voltage.
Types of Multi-Level Inverter (MLI)
Multi-level inverters (MLIs) may be classified into three types.
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 9
Multilevel
Inverter
Diode
Clamped
MLI
Cascaded
H-Bridge
MLI
Flying
Capacitor
MLI

INTRODUCTION (CONT..)Harmonics
 Due to wide range of semiconductor and other non-linear devices, power
quality has to be deteriorated; this phenomenon is also termed as
harmonic pollution.
Filters
 Since we know the order of characteristic harmonics, it can be eliminated
using passive tuned filters, whereas for elimination of non-characteristic
type, we need different filtering scheme.
Active Power filters (APF)
 Wide applications in modern electrical distribution system now for
eliminating the harmonics .
 Also be used to compensate the reactive power requirement of the non-
linear loads.
 Shunt active power filters (SAPF) peruse better dynamic performance and
need an accurate control algorithm so that they can provide robust
performance. 11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM
10

OBJECTIVE OF THE THESIS
The objective of thesis can be distributed in following parts:
 To simulate a comparatively real and practical solar photo voltaic module
using specified values provided by manufacturer and by calculating several
parameters modified on ideal PV.
 To simulate MPPT algorithms along with boost converter & controller.
 To make simulation models of multi-level inverters including Diode-clamped
and Cascaded H-bridge voltage source inverter (VSI) and their control
mechanism.
 Design of a three phase non-linear load.
 Design of 3 phase-3 wire shunt active power filter using the principle of
instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) theory.
 Analysis of harmonics at point of common coupling.
1111/24/2016 7:33:51 AM

LITERATURE REVIEW
 (Sahoo 2016):- has conferred about the trends of increasing demand
which is supposed to boost further worldwide following the present
scenario. The paper reveals the detailed information about the capacity of
solar energy in India, opportunity and challenges towards solar energy.
Development in a specific program can’t be done without government
support which is generous towards solar energy. The paper also discussed
the recent trends which have been followed in solar PV progress in India.
 (Dawn et al. 2016):- have presented a research paper on current
advances of solar energy in India with a thorough study. The paper further
discussed the global power scenario as well as of India including the solar
resources that are present in India. The paper incorporated the government
targets and detailed status of grid connected solar power projects,
proposed solar parks, renewable energy certificate (REC) mechanism,
energy prices with different energy sources, land requirement for solar
power generation, season-wise direct normal irradiance (DNI), capacity
utilization factor (CUF) of solar power plant, status of solar module
manufacturing companies, energy storage for solar power in India.
12
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM

LITERATURE REVIEW (CONT..)
 (Eltawil and Zhao 2010):- have stated that intermitted sources like solar
PV have created an increment in demand variability and hence present
new aspects and challenges to extend the power system flexibility. He
mainly focused and investigated on the importance, advantages of grid
connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) and characterization of SPV
generation. A brief introduction of “grid-connected inverters” and its
controller with harmonic performance is also given.
 (Sawin et al. 2011):- have presented the Global Status Report – 2011 in
which he reported that traditional energy resources cause harmful
pollution and also fossil fuels stores are decreasing with very fast rate
which led towards increment in fuel cost; while renewable energy is
abundant, permanent and free of cost. In past decades, there are several
serious steps taken for conservation of fossil fuel and renewable energy.
He also stated several advantages and adverse effect caused by solar
photovoltaic. 11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 13

 (Obi and Bass 2016):-have presented a literature review of the trends
and recent developments related to grid connected solar photovoltaic
system (GCSPV). He also stated that grid connected solar photovoltaic
system help to control greenhouse gas emission by balancing the power
since grid-connected SPV has characteristics of bi-directional power flow.
Since there are many topologies and configurations have been developed
for Grid connected SPV systems, they must fulfill some standards which
are required for safe operation and further proliferation of GCSPV.
Advantages and challenges caused by GCSPV systems are also been
described in detail. Solar PV has inherent nature depending on
environmental factors therefore it is necessary to use some controllers
like MPP tracker to extract maximum power from the solar PV and hence
increase the system efficiency.
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 14

 (Aggarwal, Kapoor, and Tripathi 1997):- have described about the
interconnection of arrays in series or in parallel according to requirement
of power. Series arrays are used to increase voltage where as parallel
connections are used to increase the current ratings for identical power
ratings. Practically it can be seen that solar photovoltaic arrays are never
identical in nature due to several parameters of materials used (series
and shunt resistance) for manufacturing the solar panel. Hence operation
of PV may become complicated under different environmental conditions.
The nature of dependence of photo-current on shunt/series resistance is
different for each array arrangement.
 (Villalva, Gazoli, & Filho, 2009):- have described the modeling of small
commercial PV besides of ideal PV first in Brazilian journal and after
modifications , in IEEE journal. Arrays are made up of various solar
panels arranged in several configurations. Paper also described the way
of combining different panels and resulted modifications in basic
equations of solar PV power generation.
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 (Sera, Teodorescu, and Rodriguez 2007): -have presented the single
diode model of PV cell with influence of series and parallel resistances
with alternative formula for dark saturation current. All basic equations of
solar PV model were modeled at standard temperature and conditions
(STC) and modified for different temperature and radiation levels. On the
basis of these models, actual behavior of the solar PV can be predicted.
 (Pranith and Bhatti 2015):- had done a detailed study for modeling and
extraction of solar module parameters and published a review paper. He
described the solar PV modules as a clean and pollution free energy
source to fulfill the increasing power demand worldwide. SPV power
systems are made up of solar PV arrays, which in turn consists modules
and PV cells further. Strong points for need of maximum power tracking
and modeling of solar PV panels. Single diode model with methods of
parameter extraction is discussed. Merits and demerits of different
parameter obtaining technique and ease of their extraction, curve fitting
are discussed also. 11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 16

 (Hussein 1995):-have studied the dependency of power which could be
seen from the I-V curve and the P-V curve. Maximum power point can be
seen from the curves or characteristics. There are several techniques in
order to maximize the PV output depending on several atmospheric, load
conditions and array configurations. Procedure to obtain maximum power
point using incremental conductance (InC) and perturb & observe (P&O)
algorithm of MPPT was also included in the study.
 (Qin and Lu 2012):-have discussed InC algorithm and P&O but with
variable step size. Thus it makes the algorithm “adaptive P&O algorithm”.
It has been seen that later algorithm was better than the first one.
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 17

 (Tan, Kirschen, and Jenkins 2004):- have presented a detailed study of
a model suitable for SPV power generation. He selected P&O algorithm
for MPPT considering the cost factor and simplicity. But he did not
emphasize on the grid integration method or any of inverter controlling
signal.
 (Verma, Singh, and Shahani 2012):-have described the MPPT based on
fuzzy-logic control which is relatively fast and stable. Boost converter and
inverter are used with three phase star-delta transformer for power quality
improvement. IcosΦ-control algorithm was used for generating the
compensating current of the inverter. In this control method, grid and load
currents were sensed and fed back to the controller. Finally the problems
related to power factor improvement and neutral current were
compensated successfully with low level of harmonics.
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 18

 (Singh, Shahani, and Verma 2015):-have created an algorithm which is
modified to generate the compensating signals to control many features of
the system. Main feature is to mitigate the current harmonics at the point
of common coupling (PCC). A DC to DC boost converter and two-level
voltage source converter (VSC) are used for load applied at PCC. Load
may be linear or non-linear depending on the system but due to increment
in power electronics devices, non linear loads are also increased with
exponential rate. Pulse width modulation (PWM) is employed to generate
gate signals of voltage source converter (VSC). He stated that poor power
quality (PQ) is main problem in grid integration whether by single phase or
three phase system. There were many literatures which didn’t consider
PQ problems but revealing the present scenario, it is necessary to take
those into consideration and modify our control algorithm according to our
requirement, which is mainly to extract a pure sinusoidal current
waveform at PCC.
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 19

 (Subjak and McQuilkin 1990):- gave a detailed study on harmonics and
its causes. Use of drives was increased as the power electronics
equipments grew up in the market at industrial level. Static devices were
used for DC inversion named rectifier where as for AC inversion inverters.
Several effects of harmonics including communication interference,
heating and several semiconductor devices’ malfunctioning effects were
also discussed in detail.
 (Singh, Al-Haddad, and Chandra 1999):-discussed active power filters
(APF) in detail. Several limitations of passive filters and increasing
harmonic pollution of systems have made APFs; a matured technology.
Active power filter (APF) injects harmonic current in the system which
would be 1800 phase shifted with load current harmonics and thus
compensate the current harmonics. He also presented a detailed view of
harmonics in different power system i.e. single phase (two-wire), three-
phase (three-wire, four-wire). Different configurations with active series,
active shunt filters or combinations has been raised in the market now a
days, named active power conditioners (APCs)/(APFs). Various control
strategies of different domain with their extraction methods are also
discussed which was very helpful for my thesis work. Different control
algorithm for generating gating pulses for APF are also discussed which11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM
20

 (Akagi, Kanazawa, and Nabae 1984):- have provided a new approach
for power factor correction named p-q theory, by providing harmonic
reactive power compensation without energy storage elements like Land
C, which was not considered before. Thus several harmonics can be
eliminated using the modified theory and a unity power factor operation
can be obtained, which is one of the fundamental requirement of grid-
connected SPV system. Transformations are used in p-q theory to find
instantaneous active and reactive power which makes the calculation
easier and accurate.
 (Zeng et al. 2004):- have suggested hysteresis control over ramp
comparison algorithm and several advantages like its simplicity, fast
response and very good accuracy which are main features of hysteresis
current controller (HCC); make it superior for any researcher. Different
theories are discussed related to HCC which makes easier to integrate
with APF. 11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 21

 (Rodríguez, Lai, and Peng 2002):- have presented a detailed survey on
multilevel inverter including its types, need, advantages, various control
algorithms or modulation methods and their applications. Multilevel
inverters mainly use several DC sources to make stepped output
waveform from a constant DC. This mechanism of using low rated
voltage sources instead of a large voltage source reduces the stress on
switches relatively by traditional two-level inverter. Systematic
representation is done by the authors to guide for designing APF and its
applications in distribution power network including techniques used in
various renewable energy applications.
 (Rech et al. 2002):-have shown that several topologies of multilevel
inverters had been developed and matured for medium and high power
applications, due to their ability to operate at higher voltage and power
levels with limited device ratings and also because the output waveforms
presented a reduced harmonic content if compared with the two-level
inverter topologies.
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 22

 (Rodríguez et al. 2007):- gave a detailed classification of high power
drives and also of multilevel inverters. A thorough comparison between
traditional two-level inverter and multi-level inverters (MLIs) is also shown
with several advantages and advanced applications of MLI with modern
trend of renewable energy. Topologies and modulation methods of all
three basic MLI are described in schematic way.
 (Rasheed et al. 2013):-have selected two types of multilevel inverters
named cascaded H-bridge MLI and diode-clamped MLI in his study.
These MLIs are mostly used for harmonic reduction on high power
applications or in any electrical distribution systems. The study was
focused on the performance and analysis of a three phase multilevel
inverters including cascaded H-bridge and diode clamp based on SPWM
approaches. GTO modules were used to build-up inverter modules.
 (Panda and Patnaik 2015):-have presented level-wise study of current
harmonics is done on cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters (CHBMLI).
Several advantages of higher level MLI are discussed over traditional two-
level inverter and lower level MLI are discussed. 11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM
23

IDENTIFYING RESEARCH GAPS
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 24

IDENTIFYING RESEARCH GAPS
 The basic problems associated with the grid interfaced SPV power
generating system is poor power quality (PQ) in the present day
distribution systems because of voltage ﬂuctuations, waveform distortion,
and poor power factor caused by other connected linear and non-linear
loads at point of common coupling (PCC).
 Modeling of photovoltaic power must be as much close to as of real
physical world instead of an ideal solar cell, such that the results of the
simulation model and in the real implementation are approximately same.
 Harmonic distortion depends also upon the type of VSC used.
Conventional VSC has greater harmonic distortion than multi-level
converters hence multi-level inverters must be used for grid integration.
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 25

MATERIAL AND METHODS (SPV)
Characteristics of PV- Cell
 An ideal solar cell can be equivalently represented by a current source
connected in parallel with a diode, as shown in the circuit
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 26

IV curve for Ideal Solar Cell
The equation for the IV curve in the first quadrant is:
I=IPV −I0 [exp (qV/nkT) −1]
Which can also written as
I=IPV −I0 [exp (qV/nkT)]
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27

 Inclusion of Parasitic Resistances-
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 28

PV-Modeling
 The basic equation of PV modeling is shown below:
Where is the thermal voltage which is constant,
a- diode ideality factor.
At short circuited condition;
I=ISC,VOC=0
By differentiating the equation with respect to V and rearranging we can
write;
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 29

 But since RS≈ (0.2Ω) <<< RSH ≈ (300Ω),
Hence
RSH = Inverse of IV curve at short circuit conditions.
At open circuit condition; I=0, V=VOC
Now the equation is modified into:
Hence 11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 30

Electrical datasheet of Trina Solar PV module TSM-290 PC/PA14
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 31

Mechanical datasheet of Trina Solar PV module TSM-290 PC/PA14
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 32

IV Curves of PV module TSM-290 PC/PA14
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Calculation of RSH
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Calculation of RS
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 35
a =1.254
RS = 0.212Ω

MATERIAL AND METHODS
SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB
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Perturb & Observe MPPT (concept and shifting of MPP)
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MATERIAL AND METHODS (MPPT)

Matlab model of Perturb & Observe MPPT
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Incremental Conductance MPPT (concept and flowchart)
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 43
dI/dV= -I/V
dI/dV> -I/V
dI/dV< -I/V
I/V= instantaneous conductance
dI/dV= incremental conductance

11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 44
Incremental Conductance MPPT (Matlab model implementation)
Script model
Mathematical model

MATERIAL AND METHODS (MLI)
 “Multilevel” starts from three levels and number of voltage levels can be
taken according to the requirement as shown in fig .
45
Fig.- Multilevel inverters comprising of (a) 2-
levels (b) 3-levels (c) N-levels
Topology Levels Switches Clamping
diodes
Floating
capacitors
dc-link
capacitors
Isolated dc
sources
Diode-
clamped
3
5
m
12
24
6(m-1)
6
36
3(m-1)(m-2)
0
0
0
2
4
m-1
1
1
1
Cascaded H-
bridge
3
5
m
12
24
6(m-1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
6
3/2(m-1)
3
6
3/2(m-1)

 Oldest topology ever described for
multilevel inverter (MLI).
 Employment of two-pole three-
throw switch besides of two-pole
two- throw switch, for providing a
new level of zero voltage which was
not accessible by two-level inverter.
The switching state for different output
is shown as follows:
 When the output voltage van = Vdc /
2, the upper two switch S1 and S2
are closed.
 When van = 0, S’2 and S’1 are
closed.
 When van = −Vdc / 2, the lower two
switch S ’1 and S’2 are closed.
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 46
THREE -LEVEL DIODE CLAMPED INVERTER

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GATE PULSE GENERATOR FOR 3-LEVEL
DCMLI
 Each leg contains four MOSFETs
and all devices need separate
gating signals hence there must
be a mechanism to provide the
pulses. There are several
modulation techniques for
generating these. Phase
Opposition Disposition (POD)
modulation technique is used
here which are similar for each
leg or phase of MLI.

5-LEVEL DIODE CLAMPED MULTILEVEL
INVERTER
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PULSE GENERATOR FOR 5-LEVEL DCMLI
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GATE PULSES GENERATION
3- level DCMLI using POD
technique
5- level DCMLI using PD
technique
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3- LEVEL CASCADED H-BRIDGE MLI
 CHBMLI is constructed by series connection of ac terminals of single
phase H-bridge inverters having separate isolated DC sources.
 These sources can be a capacitive DC-link, battery bank, rectified dc from
transformer tappings, any fuel cell or any renewable energy source like
solar PV.
11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 51

 Two units of 3-level CHBMLI are employed in a single leg and multi-
carrier modulation technique is used to generate the switching signals.
52
5- LEVEL CASCADED H-BRIDGE MLI USING
GTO
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5- LEVEL CASCADED H-BRIDGE MLI USING
IGBT
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Basic unit of CHBMLI

ACTIVE POWER FILTER(APF)
Series active power filter
 SeAPF is connected in series with the T.L.
 Acts as a controlled voltage source.
 Operate mainly as a voltage regulator.
 Compensating voltage sags and swells on the load side.
Shunt active power filter
 ShAPF is connected in parallel with the T.L.
 Acts as a controlled current source.
 Used for reactive power compensation.
Unified power quality controller
 Combination of passive, series and shunt active filters.11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM 54

SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER
 The principle of the shunt filter is to produce harmonic currents equal in
magnitude but opposite in-phase to those harmonics that are present in
the grid.
 Phase shift of the harmonic current is 180 deg.
 Non-linear load with SAPF becomes a Linear
load.
 SAPF is a closed loop structure.
 SAPF can compensate reactive power and can
also mitigate harmonics and distortions.
 I(comp) = I(load) - I(source)
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55
55

DERIVATION OF COMPENSATING SIGNALS
Compensation in
Frequency Domain
 Based on the Fourier analysis of
the distorted signals.
 The compensating harmonic
components are separated from
the harmonic-polluted signals
and combined to generate
compensating commands.
 Switching frequency of the AF is
kept generally more than twice
the highest compensating
harmonic frequency.
Compensation in Time
Domain
 Based on instantaneous
derivation of compensating
commands in the form of either
voltage or current signals from
distorted and harmonic-polluted
signals.
 Instantaneous “p-q” theory.
 Synchronous d-q reference frame
method.
 Synchronous detection method.
 Flux-based controller. 11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM
56
Important part of active filter control and affects:
(a)Their rating, (b) Transient, (c) Steady-state performance.

CONVENTIONAL POWER THEORY
 Conventional power theory was based on active, reactive and apparent-
power.
 Focused on sinusoidal voltage at constant frequency but not harmonic
frequencies.
 More efficient system with load current in phase with source voltage .
Reactive power
 Due to load current not in phase.
 Doesn’t contribute to energy transfer.
Apparent power
 For sinusoidal voltage and current.
Power factor
 Relation between true power and apparent power.
 High power factor gives better circuit utilization.
Budeanu (1927- frequency domain) and Fryze (1932- time domain) gave11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM
57

P-Q THEORY
 Since significant increase in nonlinear load.
 Conventional theory- not applicable to analysis and design the power
converters and power networks.
 In 1983 Hirofumi Akagi introduced p-q theory through his paper “The
Generalized theory of Instantaneous Reactive Power in Three Phase
Circuits”
 Most widely used for Non Linear load compensation for APF.
 Based on instantaneous power defined in time domain.
 Allowing the control of APF in the real-time.
 Consists of an algebraic transformation (Clarke transformation) of the
three-phase voltages in the a-b-c coordinates to the α-β-0 coordinates,
followed by the calculation of the p-q theory instantaneous power
components. 11/24/2016 7:33:51 AM
58

THE CLARKE TRANSFORMATION
 α & β axis are orthogonal.
 α – in direction of phase-a.
 β – is chosen in such a way that
if the voltages and currents spatial
vectors in abc frame rotates in abc
sequence ,it would rotate in α-β
sequence.
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 Transforms voltages, currents from a-b-c coordinates to mutually
perpendicular set of α-β-0 axis.
 u0,uα,uβ are the zero sequence voltage, α-axis & β-axis voltages.
 Zero- sequence components are not present in 3-phase 3-wire system.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS (P-Q)
CALCULATION OF VOLTAGES AND
CURRENTS
 u0 is neglected for 3-phase 3-wire system.
 Instantaneous voltage (e) can be expressed in a complex plane
NOTE:- The above ‘e’ & ‘i’ vectors are function of time .
 Consider following phase voltages and line currents:-
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CURRENTS
 ΦV and ΦI are the phases with respect to a given reference.
 By α-β transformation :-
 Now ‘e’ & ‘i’ vectors can be derived as follows.
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CURRENTS
 We can also write eabc into complex form as :-
 By replacing with the phase voltages :-
 By comparison we can see that :-
 Thus three phase active power can be calculated as :- 6411/24/2016 7:33:51 AM

P-Q THEORY IN 3-PHASE 3-WIRE SYSTEM
 The instantaneous complex power ‘s’ :-
 So we can derive ‘p’, ’q’ in function of α and β components :-
 We want the reference signal for current so current components can be
derived as :-
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 The instantaneous power on α-β coordinates are defined as :-
 Current can also defined as instantaneous active current and reactive
current.
 Real power can be written as sum of pα and pβ.
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Two important points :-
 Instantaneous real power ‘p’ is only given by –
 Relations for terms dependent of ‘q’ –
 So it’s compensation doesn’t need any energy storage system.
 Instantaneous imaginary power can be derived as :-
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PHYSICAL MEANING OF P AND Q
 Definition of ‘p’ :-
 Definition of ‘q’ :-
• The imaginary power q is proportional to the quantity of
energy that is being exchanged between the phases of the
system. It does not contribute to energy transfer* between
source and load at any time.
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PHYSICAL MEANING OF P AND Q
 p: instantaneous total energy flow per time unit
 q: energy exchanged between phases without transferring energy
p
q
a
b
c
va
vb vc
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due to fundamental reactive current
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p = vαiα + vβiβ
q =vαiβ − vβiα
Ica*
Icb*
Icc*
IMPLEMENTATION OF P-Q THEORY IN
SAPF
Through
transformation, we get
the real and imaginary
power values
By applying Inverse Clarke's
transformation, we get the actual
abc coordinates which can be
applied to the line again.
73
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MATERIAL AND METHODS (APF)
PI VOLTAGE CONTROLLER
 The peak value of reference currents is studied by regulating the DC link
voltage.
 The definite capacitor voltage will be compared with a set reference
value.
 The error signal is then fed through a PI controller, which gives to zero
steady error in tracking the reference current signal.
Fig- Block representation of PI controller
74
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PI CONTROLLER
 The output of the PI controller is presumed as peak value of the supply
current (Imax), which is composed of two components:
 Fundamental active power component of load current,
 Loss component of APF; to preserve the average capacitor voltage
to a constant value.
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HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROLLER
 Hysteresis current control is invented by Brod and Novotny in the
year 1985 which is a method used for controlling an output current
of a VSI by following the reference current.
 Method of generating the required triggering pulses by comparing the
error signal with that of the hysteresis band and it is used for
controlling the voltage source inverter so that the output current is
generated from the filter will follow the reference current waveform.
Fig- Hysteresis controller.
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HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROLLER
 This method controls the switches of the voltage source inverter asynchronously
to ramp the current through the inductor up and down, so that it follows the
reference current.
 Easiest control method to implement in the real time.
Fig- Hysteresis band controller
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IMPLEMENTATION OF P-Q THEORY
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NON-LINEAR LOAD
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RESULTS: SOLAR PV MODEL IN MATLAB
USING SIMSCAPE LIBRARY COMPONENTS
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USING SIMPOWERSYSTEM LIBRARY
COMPONENTS
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Fig.- Calculation of Ipv
Fig.- Solar PV model

USING SIMPOWERSYSTEM LIBRARY
COMPONENTS
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Fig.- Calculation of Iph
Fig.- Calculation of saturation current

RESULTS:
Fig.- modeling of pv equation 11/24/2016 7:33:52 AM 83

RESULTS:
Fig.- Matlab model of Solar Photovoltaic power system
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RESULTS:
Fig.-SPV power generation using P&O MPPT
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RESULTS:
Fig.- SPV power generation using Incremental Conductance MPPT
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RESULTS:
Script file based pv model
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RESULTS:
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RESULTS:
PHASE VOLTAGE OF 3- LEVEL CHBMLI
Fig.- Phase voltage of 3-level CHBMLI at fc=2500Hz
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RESULTS:
PHASE VOLTAGE OF 3-LEVEL DCMLI
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RESULTS:
LINE VOLTAGES OF 3-LEVEL DCMLI
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RESULTS:
PHASE AND LINE VOLTAGE OF 5-LEVEL
DCMLI
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RESULTS:
PHASE VOLTAGE OF 5-LEVEL DCMLI
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RESULTS:
LINE VOLTAGE OF 5-LEVEL DCMLI
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RESULTS:
5- LEVEL CHBMLI USING GTO
Fig.- Phase voltage output of 5-level MLI with fundamental sinusoidal
component 11/24/2016 7:33:52 AM 95

RESULTS:
5- LEVEL CHBMLI USING GTO
Fig.- Line voltage with fundamental component
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RESULTS:
PHASE VOLTAGE OF 5-LEVEL CHBMLI USING
IGBT
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RESULTS:
ACTIVE POWER FILTER
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RESULTS:
ACTIVE POWER FILTER
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RESULTS: ACTIVE POWER FILTER
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RESULTS:
ACTIVE POWER FILTER
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CONCLUSION
SPV Power Generation
 Parameters of solar module are calculated successfully.
 Solar power generated by mathematical model as well as by script file.
 Effect of RS, RSH, temperature, irradiance has been also considered : so
make the solar model more practical than an ideal PV model.
 P&O and IncCond. MPPT has been simulated in both script file and
mathematical model.
 Inc Cond. MPPT is been found more efficient for tracking the MPP.
Multi-level Inverter
 Diode-clamped and Cascaded H-bridge MLI have been modeled in
Matlab/simulink and stepped waveforms are generated.
 Different modulation techniques have been simulated.
 Harmonic analysis of waveform can also be done using powergui block in
Matlab. 11/24/2016 7:33:52 AM
102

CONCLUSION:
ACTIVE POWER FILTER
 SAPF has been simulated successfully in Matlab.
 p-q theory is implemented using simulink model files and script files of
different transformations.
 Waveforms are analyzed and T.H.D of current waveform is found with
reduced distortions.
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FUTURE SCOPE:
SOLAR PHOTO-VOLTAIC SYSTEM
 More accurate results can be obtained using other mathematical tools like
MATHCAD or some new algorithms.
 Two-diode model of PV- cell also be considered for better practical
implementation.
 Modified MPPT can also be used for better tracking.
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FUTURE SCOPE:
MULTI-LEVEL INVERTERS
 Level of inverters can be increased similarly for better output waveform.
 Modified modulation techniques can be used for better waveforms as
shown in next slides.
 Calculation for obtaining accurate firing angle.
 Reference signal used to create gating pulses can be improved by
applying new theories.
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FUTURE SCOPE:
Fig- Hybrid modulation technique for 5-level CHBMLI.
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FUTURE SCOPE:
Fig.- (a)-resulted waveform in the experimental branch, (b)- basic structure
used.
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FUTURE SCOPE:
ACTIVE POWER FILTER
 UPQC can be used instead of SAPF.
 Other theories which are an improvement of p-q theory, can be used.
 Adaptive current controllers and other complex methods can be employed
for précised and better gating signals.
 The APF can be tested for varying non-linear loads.
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FUTURE SCOPE:
HYBRID ACTIVE POWER FILTER- UPQC
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RESEARCH PAPER BASED ON THESIS
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110
Fig-Phase voltages of three phase 15-level
cascaded H-bridge inverter
Configuration of
inverter
%THD in phase
voltage
%THD in line
voltage
2-level inverter 133.83 85.72
5-level CHBMLI 17.01 12.47
15-level
CHBMLI
3.91 3.17
Table : Comparison of inverters on the
basis of THD

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