This document discusses the development of an intelligent sun-tracking system to optimize solar energy production from photovoltaic cells. The system uses a programmable logic controller and supervisory control and data acquisition to automatically adjust the position of solar cells based on the sun's changing position. An experimental prototype was built with a solar cell mounted on a structure with two motorized axes controlled by stepper motors. Testing showed the system effectively tracks the sun to maximize energy production compared to fixed solar cells. The system aims to increase the efficiency of solar energy harvesting and generation.
Design and implementation of smart electronic solar tracker based on ArduinoTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Demand of energy increases in the global and exponential exhaustion is favored of resources by
fossil fuel for electricity production with the new systems development. Compared with all other remainder
energies, the specialist sun energy is the most bountiful energy and it's typically easy to be changed into
electrical energy. The main thing of using solar panel is to produce electrical energy from sun's energy but
the optimum energy can be generated by tracking solar panel due to the sun movement from east to west.
The problem can be solved by proposed systems where the sun tracking by solar panel that based on high
intensity of sun ray. This paper concentrates on tracking the sun by using servo motor coupled with solar
panel. So that, the largest quantity of sun light at the incident panel along the day at any time is better than
that for method of fixed panel array which is less efficient. The microcontroller Arduino (mode UNO) was
programmed by using C++ language while the track of sun light processing was implemented by using
light depending resistor (LDR), Chip IC H-bridge and microcontroller Arduino (UNO) circuits have been
designed by using Proteus software. By circuit design and sun tracking control process, the cost reduction
has been improved and high amount of energy was saved when implemented this system.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Dual Axis Automated Solar Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of a dual axis automated solar tracking system. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and the benefits of increasing solar panel efficiency. It then describes the design and testing of a prototype dual axis solar tracker, which uses light dependent resistors and servo motors to orient solar panels perpendicular to the sun throughout the day. Experimental results show that the dual axis tracker increased average solar panel voltage by 8.61% compared to a stationary system. Therefore, solar tracking systems can significantly boost solar energy harvesting efficiency.
This document describes an automatic solar tracker designed using a microcontroller. It uses light dependent resistors as sensors to track the sun's position and maximize the efficiency of solar panels. The solar tracker operates in both normal and bad weather conditions. In normal conditions, the sensors detect sunlight and the solar panel tracks the sun. In bad weather when sensors cannot detect sunlight, the tracker rotates the panel in 3.75 degree increments every 15 minutes based on the earth's rotation. The tracker was tested and shown to successfully track the sun and increase in water temperature inside the solar cooker.
This document describes the design and testing of a cost-effective microcontroller-based dual axis solar tracking sensor. The sensor uses an organic photovoltaic cell to detect solar irradiance and track the maximum power point of the sun in both altitude and azimuth axes. It was found to track the true sun position with satisfactory accuracy. The compact design allows for easy mounting and integration with solar panels of any size. The sensor operates independently of location or time of day, stopping at night and returning the panel in the morning. It provides a low-cost solution for improving solar energy extraction through active tracking.
Solar Tracking For Maximum Utilization Of Solar EnergyIRJET Journal
This document describes a solar tracking system that aims to maximize solar energy utilization by automatically adjusting the position of solar panels to always face the sun. It uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) and a DC motor controlled by a microcontroller to enable one-axis of horizontal tracking automatically and another axis of vertical tracking manually. By more accurately positioning the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day, the system can increase energy collection efficiency compared to fixed panels. It discusses the hardware components, control logic, and concludes that such a low-cost tracking system has potential to increase renewable energy access in rural areas.
Laboratory-Scale Single Axis Solar Tracking System: Design and ImplementationIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents the design and development of a laboratory-scale single
axis solar tracking system. The chronological method was implemented into
the system because it has high accuracy and can save more energy as
compared to other types of solar tracking system. The laboratory-scale single
axis solar tracking system can be used to identify the suitable and safe
workspace for the installation of the actual solar tracking system plant.
Besides, the validity of the laboratory-scale single axis solar tracking system
was examined experimentally. The angle of rotation, 15 per hour is
preferable to be implemented into the designed laboratory-scale single axis
sun tracking system due to the high performance ratio which is 0.83 and can
save the energy up to 25% during sunny days.
Testing of a Microcontroller Based Solar panel Tracking System iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design and implementation of smart electronic solar tracker based on ArduinoTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Demand of energy increases in the global and exponential exhaustion is favored of resources by
fossil fuel for electricity production with the new systems development. Compared with all other remainder
energies, the specialist sun energy is the most bountiful energy and it's typically easy to be changed into
electrical energy. The main thing of using solar panel is to produce electrical energy from sun's energy but
the optimum energy can be generated by tracking solar panel due to the sun movement from east to west.
The problem can be solved by proposed systems where the sun tracking by solar panel that based on high
intensity of sun ray. This paper concentrates on tracking the sun by using servo motor coupled with solar
panel. So that, the largest quantity of sun light at the incident panel along the day at any time is better than
that for method of fixed panel array which is less efficient. The microcontroller Arduino (mode UNO) was
programmed by using C++ language while the track of sun light processing was implemented by using
light depending resistor (LDR), Chip IC H-bridge and microcontroller Arduino (UNO) circuits have been
designed by using Proteus software. By circuit design and sun tracking control process, the cost reduction
has been improved and high amount of energy was saved when implemented this system.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Dual Axis Automated Solar Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of a dual axis automated solar tracking system. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and the benefits of increasing solar panel efficiency. It then describes the design and testing of a prototype dual axis solar tracker, which uses light dependent resistors and servo motors to orient solar panels perpendicular to the sun throughout the day. Experimental results show that the dual axis tracker increased average solar panel voltage by 8.61% compared to a stationary system. Therefore, solar tracking systems can significantly boost solar energy harvesting efficiency.
This document describes an automatic solar tracker designed using a microcontroller. It uses light dependent resistors as sensors to track the sun's position and maximize the efficiency of solar panels. The solar tracker operates in both normal and bad weather conditions. In normal conditions, the sensors detect sunlight and the solar panel tracks the sun. In bad weather when sensors cannot detect sunlight, the tracker rotates the panel in 3.75 degree increments every 15 minutes based on the earth's rotation. The tracker was tested and shown to successfully track the sun and increase in water temperature inside the solar cooker.
This document describes the design and testing of a cost-effective microcontroller-based dual axis solar tracking sensor. The sensor uses an organic photovoltaic cell to detect solar irradiance and track the maximum power point of the sun in both altitude and azimuth axes. It was found to track the true sun position with satisfactory accuracy. The compact design allows for easy mounting and integration with solar panels of any size. The sensor operates independently of location or time of day, stopping at night and returning the panel in the morning. It provides a low-cost solution for improving solar energy extraction through active tracking.
Solar Tracking For Maximum Utilization Of Solar EnergyIRJET Journal
This document describes a solar tracking system that aims to maximize solar energy utilization by automatically adjusting the position of solar panels to always face the sun. It uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) and a DC motor controlled by a microcontroller to enable one-axis of horizontal tracking automatically and another axis of vertical tracking manually. By more accurately positioning the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day, the system can increase energy collection efficiency compared to fixed panels. It discusses the hardware components, control logic, and concludes that such a low-cost tracking system has potential to increase renewable energy access in rural areas.
Laboratory-Scale Single Axis Solar Tracking System: Design and ImplementationIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents the design and development of a laboratory-scale single
axis solar tracking system. The chronological method was implemented into
the system because it has high accuracy and can save more energy as
compared to other types of solar tracking system. The laboratory-scale single
axis solar tracking system can be used to identify the suitable and safe
workspace for the installation of the actual solar tracking system plant.
Besides, the validity of the laboratory-scale single axis solar tracking system
was examined experimentally. The angle of rotation, 15 per hour is
preferable to be implemented into the designed laboratory-scale single axis
sun tracking system due to the high performance ratio which is 0.83 and can
save the energy up to 25% during sunny days.
Testing of a Microcontroller Based Solar panel Tracking System iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Two Axes Sun Tracking System for Heliostat in Algeriaijeei-iaes
In this paper, using Proteus software, sun tracking system with two axes program has developed
and simulated for site of GHARDAIA, in the south of ALGERIA. Two direct current motors have used to
move heliostat in North–South and East–West axis polar, in order to tracking the sun path.In addition, the
distinction between day and night has provided by light dependent resistor (LDR).An algorithm of two axes
sun tracking system hab developed and simulated under Proteus software, after DC motor’s parameters
have verified and simulated under MATLAB software. The results show that: in the first, the development
of the heliostat control requires the knowledge of the position of each heliostat relative to the tower to
ensure the proper operation of the motors, and the uniformity of the reflected beam to the target.Then the
choice of the drive motors is based on the useful power, including the weight of the heliostat, and all efforts
affects on operation of motors in different seasons of the year, like the wind.And The position of the
heliostat depends of chopper duty cycle.Finally,Conducting a power tower with mobile heliostats requires a
techno-economic study on all components (heliostats, tower...) of the plant, for example weather two
motors for each heliostat field.
Study of using solar energy system to supply a data centerIRJET Journal
This document studies using a solar energy system to supply the power needs of a data center. It summarizes the basic components of the system, which includes solar panels, batteries, a charge controller, inverters/converters, and the power grid. It then presents simulation results of the system modeling the solar irradiance in Tehran and the varying power demands of the data center. The results show the solar panels can generate up to 1.2 MW at midday, but most of the time cannot meet the full 2 MW load of the data center. The batteries charge and discharge to help meet demands, with one battery acting as primary and the other as backup. The power grid supplies any remaining load needs when the solar and batteries
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
Major depletion of fossil fuel and the increase of greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide, chloroflurocarbons (CFCs), hydroflurocarbon (HFCs), perflurocarbons (PFCs) and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) worldwide are the catalyst for the interest of many counties towards renewable energy. The rising cost of electricity due to higher demand and less resource also led to the renewable energy venture. One of the most famous renewable energy is solar energy. Unfortunately, renewable energies are dependent on environment conditions, too. One of the major problems that affect the output energy of the solar panel is the cloud shadowing problem. Photovoltaic solar and wind hybrid system is capable to reduce the effects of the cloud shadowing by harvesting two different energy resources. However, the availability of wind energy harvesting has shown its instability performance. In this work, the photovoltaic solar array of the laboratory-scale single axis solar tracking system to maximize the output energy of the solar panel is examined experimentally. The solar array is connected in series and parallel configurations, and is experimented under different partical-shadowed conditions. The experimentation is done to develop a solar array that has a minimum effect towards this type of occurances. Experimental results proved that the parallel configured solar panel has showed less influence by the cloud shadowing as compared to the single one.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
The document discusses solar resource assessment for solar PV power plants. It describes the importance of solar resource assessment for investment decisions in renewable energy projects. Key factors in solar resource assessment are discussed such as the types of solar irradiation data needed including direct normal irradiation, global horizontal irradiation, and diffuse horizontal irradiation. Methods for obtaining this data are also outlined including ground measurements and satellite-derived data. The characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each method are provided. Validation of satellite data with ground measurements is described as important for obtaining accurate solar resource estimates.
This paper presents the design and implementation of a closed-loop solar tracker system. The demand for clean energy sources has increased along with the rising demand for electrical energy and the increasing amount of environment pollution triggered by fuel consumption. Among these sources, solar energy is considered the most feasible given its wide availability and easy operation in different environments. The main purpose of this study is to maximize the generated photovoltaic power and reduce CO2 emissions by designing an efficient and low-cost solar tracking system. An aligned closed-loop solar tracker is designed and constructed to achieve the best accuracy. The proposed system shows more freedom in its movement to overcome the problems associated with the tilt of the frame-holder. A PIC microcontroller based on the Flowcode programming language is used, the position feedback is detected by using a photo-sensor, and the H-Bridge driver is used to control two DC motors. According to the experimental results, the proposed system shows significant improvements in efficiency compared with stationary solar tracking systems.
An interactive approach for solar energy system:design and manufacturing IJECEIAES
The energy production in the word is a very complex problem with decreasing the pollution. Therefore, the aim is to find an optimal solution, this research focuses on the development and the optimization of parabolic concentrator using an interactivity approach and virtual design tools. Recently, several works have been developed in this area. In this study, a new conception, design Optimization approach has been involved in system energy design including new concept. The design strategy has been successfully applied to design problems. The optimizer tool developed for based on Heuristic: Gravitational Search Algorithm. The results of the presented in this paper are significant in the system energy design, which presents an effective approach of development by reducing the cost of installation, the time of analysis by increasing the radiation and solar flux concentrated within the parabola generating an increase in accumulated energy.
Evaluation of Technical Feasibility and Economic Viability of Low Power Stand...Premier Publishers
This document evaluates the technical feasibility and economic viability of low power standalone photovoltaic sun tracking systems. An experimental investigation over one month found that a tilted single axis sun tracking system provided an average energy gain of 31.91% compared to a fixed tilted system, while a dual axis system provided a marginally higher gain of 35.3%. A cost analysis determined the cost per kWh generated was INR 2.92 for the single axis system and INR 3.42 for the dual axis system, showing the single axis system can be economically viable for low or medium power standalone solar systems.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a student project to design an automatic single axis solar tracker using a microcontroller. The project aims to increase the power generated by a solar panel by keeping it perpendicular to the sun's rays as the sun moves across the sky. The system will use light dependent resistors and a comparator circuit to sense the sun's position and control a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It outlines the components that will be used, including an AT89S51 microcontroller, light sensors, a comparator IC, stepper motor, and driver circuitry. It also includes diagrams of the overall system design and the power supply circuit.
Calculation of Dynamic System of Solar Photo Electric BatteriesYogeshIJTSRD
The study presents the results of the calculation of the dynamic auto rotation system of solar photovoltaic batteries, which shows that the power consumed by the auto turning device depends on the size, mass and frequency of rotation of the device. Halimov G. G | Maxamov X. T | Qurbonov B. E "Calculation of Dynamic System of Solar Photo Electric Batteries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41110.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/41110/calculation-of-dynamic-system-of-solar-photo-electric-batteries/halimov-g-g
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFICIENCY ENHANCEMENT OF THE SOLAR PANELS WITH...IAEME Publication
Nowadays solar energy is getting much attention in all the available renewable
sources. Most of the solar devices consist of a solar receptor arranged to face the sun to
get the maximum amount of sunlight on a photovoltaic panel using mirrors and auto
tracking technology. However the main defect occurs with the day and seasonal
variations. The amount of electricity produced from PV panel depends on the amount of
radiation that is focused on the PV panel. More the radiation on panel results in more
amount of electricity. In this present work an attempt is made to increase the amount of
radiation by introducing the mirror and auto tracking arrangement to allow more rays to
be concentrated on a small area of photovoltaic panel. A new platform made in shape in
parabolic which is adjusted to follow the sun. Mirrors and PV panels are attached on a
Flat shaped frame at an angle of 120° between them. A fuzzy logic controller is proposed
to estimate the exact time for sun tracking. The closet location while getting the sunlight
is considered as input taken from the database. This method minimizes the number of
motors for initial start and helps for the less quantity of energy loss in partial or full cloud
conditions. The comparison has studied for fixed PV panel and this new PV panel with
mirror and results are tabulate. The results show an increase of 33% in average of
efficiency by using mirror and tracking system
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pan...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino micro-controller with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
Design and performance evaluation of a solar tracking panel of single axis in...IJECEIAES
This document presents the design and performance evaluation of a single-axis solar tracking panel in Colombia. It describes the mechanical design of the solar tracker, including the structure and movement mechanism. It also discusses the electronic design of an interface to monitor and compare the power output of the tracking panel versus a static panel. Simulation software (Pv-Syst) was used to initially simulate performance, and data from the interface was used to validate the simulation results. The study found that the solar tracker increased minimum power output by 19% compared to the static panel, with a maximum increase of 47.84% and average monthly increase of 19.5%. This experimental result differed by only 2.5% from the Pv-Syst simulation, validating the
This document summarizes a presentation on a dual axis solar tracker. It introduces the objective of improving various skills and demonstrates how a solar tracker can adjust its position to maximize sunlight absorption. It addresses the problem that fixed solar panels cannot adjust their orientation to changing sunlight and presents a solar tracking system as a solution to ensure panels receive direct rays and maximum intensity from the sun to optimize solar panel output. It concludes by listing three references on related topics including solar tracking and maximizing solar energy absorption.
A solar tracking system uses a microcontroller and light dependent resistors (LDRs) to automatically orient a solar panel towards the sun throughout the day. The system includes a microcontroller, motor driver IC, two LDRs, DC motor, and power supply. It works by using the LDRs to sense light levels on both sides of the panel and sending that input to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the motor driver and DC motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly, maximizing exposure to sunlight and boosting the system's efficiency. The document outlines the hardware components, block diagram, and software tools needed to design and implement the microcontroller-based solar tracking system.
This document summarizes the testing of a microcontroller-based solar panel tracking system developed by students in India. The system uses light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to track the sun and keep the solar panel perpendicular to maximize energy collection. Testing found the tracking system increased battery charging efficiency by around 32% compared to a stationary panel. The tracking system allows more solar energy to be harnessed and could help address energy needs, though further research and development is still needed to improve renewable energy technologies.
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
Adaptive maximum power point tracking using neural networks for a photovoltai...Mellah Hacene
Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Neural Networks for a Photovoltaic Systems According Grid
Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, (5), 57–66, 2021. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2021.5.08
Two Axes Sun Tracking System for Heliostat in Algeriaijeei-iaes
In this paper, using Proteus software, sun tracking system with two axes program has developed
and simulated for site of GHARDAIA, in the south of ALGERIA. Two direct current motors have used to
move heliostat in North–South and East–West axis polar, in order to tracking the sun path.In addition, the
distinction between day and night has provided by light dependent resistor (LDR).An algorithm of two axes
sun tracking system hab developed and simulated under Proteus software, after DC motor’s parameters
have verified and simulated under MATLAB software. The results show that: in the first, the development
of the heliostat control requires the knowledge of the position of each heliostat relative to the tower to
ensure the proper operation of the motors, and the uniformity of the reflected beam to the target.Then the
choice of the drive motors is based on the useful power, including the weight of the heliostat, and all efforts
affects on operation of motors in different seasons of the year, like the wind.And The position of the
heliostat depends of chopper duty cycle.Finally,Conducting a power tower with mobile heliostats requires a
techno-economic study on all components (heliostats, tower...) of the plant, for example weather two
motors for each heliostat field.
Study of using solar energy system to supply a data centerIRJET Journal
This document studies using a solar energy system to supply the power needs of a data center. It summarizes the basic components of the system, which includes solar panels, batteries, a charge controller, inverters/converters, and the power grid. It then presents simulation results of the system modeling the solar irradiance in Tehran and the varying power demands of the data center. The results show the solar panels can generate up to 1.2 MW at midday, but most of the time cannot meet the full 2 MW load of the data center. The batteries charge and discharge to help meet demands, with one battery acting as primary and the other as backup. The power grid supplies any remaining load needs when the solar and batteries
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
Major depletion of fossil fuel and the increase of greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide, chloroflurocarbons (CFCs), hydroflurocarbon (HFCs), perflurocarbons (PFCs) and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) worldwide are the catalyst for the interest of many counties towards renewable energy. The rising cost of electricity due to higher demand and less resource also led to the renewable energy venture. One of the most famous renewable energy is solar energy. Unfortunately, renewable energies are dependent on environment conditions, too. One of the major problems that affect the output energy of the solar panel is the cloud shadowing problem. Photovoltaic solar and wind hybrid system is capable to reduce the effects of the cloud shadowing by harvesting two different energy resources. However, the availability of wind energy harvesting has shown its instability performance. In this work, the photovoltaic solar array of the laboratory-scale single axis solar tracking system to maximize the output energy of the solar panel is examined experimentally. The solar array is connected in series and parallel configurations, and is experimented under different partical-shadowed conditions. The experimentation is done to develop a solar array that has a minimum effect towards this type of occurances. Experimental results proved that the parallel configured solar panel has showed less influence by the cloud shadowing as compared to the single one.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
The document discusses solar resource assessment for solar PV power plants. It describes the importance of solar resource assessment for investment decisions in renewable energy projects. Key factors in solar resource assessment are discussed such as the types of solar irradiation data needed including direct normal irradiation, global horizontal irradiation, and diffuse horizontal irradiation. Methods for obtaining this data are also outlined including ground measurements and satellite-derived data. The characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each method are provided. Validation of satellite data with ground measurements is described as important for obtaining accurate solar resource estimates.
This paper presents the design and implementation of a closed-loop solar tracker system. The demand for clean energy sources has increased along with the rising demand for electrical energy and the increasing amount of environment pollution triggered by fuel consumption. Among these sources, solar energy is considered the most feasible given its wide availability and easy operation in different environments. The main purpose of this study is to maximize the generated photovoltaic power and reduce CO2 emissions by designing an efficient and low-cost solar tracking system. An aligned closed-loop solar tracker is designed and constructed to achieve the best accuracy. The proposed system shows more freedom in its movement to overcome the problems associated with the tilt of the frame-holder. A PIC microcontroller based on the Flowcode programming language is used, the position feedback is detected by using a photo-sensor, and the H-Bridge driver is used to control two DC motors. According to the experimental results, the proposed system shows significant improvements in efficiency compared with stationary solar tracking systems.
An interactive approach for solar energy system:design and manufacturing IJECEIAES
The energy production in the word is a very complex problem with decreasing the pollution. Therefore, the aim is to find an optimal solution, this research focuses on the development and the optimization of parabolic concentrator using an interactivity approach and virtual design tools. Recently, several works have been developed in this area. In this study, a new conception, design Optimization approach has been involved in system energy design including new concept. The design strategy has been successfully applied to design problems. The optimizer tool developed for based on Heuristic: Gravitational Search Algorithm. The results of the presented in this paper are significant in the system energy design, which presents an effective approach of development by reducing the cost of installation, the time of analysis by increasing the radiation and solar flux concentrated within the parabola generating an increase in accumulated energy.
Evaluation of Technical Feasibility and Economic Viability of Low Power Stand...Premier Publishers
This document evaluates the technical feasibility and economic viability of low power standalone photovoltaic sun tracking systems. An experimental investigation over one month found that a tilted single axis sun tracking system provided an average energy gain of 31.91% compared to a fixed tilted system, while a dual axis system provided a marginally higher gain of 35.3%. A cost analysis determined the cost per kWh generated was INR 2.92 for the single axis system and INR 3.42 for the dual axis system, showing the single axis system can be economically viable for low or medium power standalone solar systems.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a student project to design an automatic single axis solar tracker using a microcontroller. The project aims to increase the power generated by a solar panel by keeping it perpendicular to the sun's rays as the sun moves across the sky. The system will use light dependent resistors and a comparator circuit to sense the sun's position and control a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It outlines the components that will be used, including an AT89S51 microcontroller, light sensors, a comparator IC, stepper motor, and driver circuitry. It also includes diagrams of the overall system design and the power supply circuit.
Calculation of Dynamic System of Solar Photo Electric BatteriesYogeshIJTSRD
The study presents the results of the calculation of the dynamic auto rotation system of solar photovoltaic batteries, which shows that the power consumed by the auto turning device depends on the size, mass and frequency of rotation of the device. Halimov G. G | Maxamov X. T | Qurbonov B. E "Calculation of Dynamic System of Solar Photo Electric Batteries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41110.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/41110/calculation-of-dynamic-system-of-solar-photo-electric-batteries/halimov-g-g
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFICIENCY ENHANCEMENT OF THE SOLAR PANELS WITH...IAEME Publication
Nowadays solar energy is getting much attention in all the available renewable
sources. Most of the solar devices consist of a solar receptor arranged to face the sun to
get the maximum amount of sunlight on a photovoltaic panel using mirrors and auto
tracking technology. However the main defect occurs with the day and seasonal
variations. The amount of electricity produced from PV panel depends on the amount of
radiation that is focused on the PV panel. More the radiation on panel results in more
amount of electricity. In this present work an attempt is made to increase the amount of
radiation by introducing the mirror and auto tracking arrangement to allow more rays to
be concentrated on a small area of photovoltaic panel. A new platform made in shape in
parabolic which is adjusted to follow the sun. Mirrors and PV panels are attached on a
Flat shaped frame at an angle of 120° between them. A fuzzy logic controller is proposed
to estimate the exact time for sun tracking. The closet location while getting the sunlight
is considered as input taken from the database. This method minimizes the number of
motors for initial start and helps for the less quantity of energy loss in partial or full cloud
conditions. The comparison has studied for fixed PV panel and this new PV panel with
mirror and results are tabulate. The results show an increase of 33% in average of
efficiency by using mirror and tracking system
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pan...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino micro-controller with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
Design and performance evaluation of a solar tracking panel of single axis in...IJECEIAES
This document presents the design and performance evaluation of a single-axis solar tracking panel in Colombia. It describes the mechanical design of the solar tracker, including the structure and movement mechanism. It also discusses the electronic design of an interface to monitor and compare the power output of the tracking panel versus a static panel. Simulation software (Pv-Syst) was used to initially simulate performance, and data from the interface was used to validate the simulation results. The study found that the solar tracker increased minimum power output by 19% compared to the static panel, with a maximum increase of 47.84% and average monthly increase of 19.5%. This experimental result differed by only 2.5% from the Pv-Syst simulation, validating the
This document summarizes a presentation on a dual axis solar tracker. It introduces the objective of improving various skills and demonstrates how a solar tracker can adjust its position to maximize sunlight absorption. It addresses the problem that fixed solar panels cannot adjust their orientation to changing sunlight and presents a solar tracking system as a solution to ensure panels receive direct rays and maximum intensity from the sun to optimize solar panel output. It concludes by listing three references on related topics including solar tracking and maximizing solar energy absorption.
A solar tracking system uses a microcontroller and light dependent resistors (LDRs) to automatically orient a solar panel towards the sun throughout the day. The system includes a microcontroller, motor driver IC, two LDRs, DC motor, and power supply. It works by using the LDRs to sense light levels on both sides of the panel and sending that input to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the motor driver and DC motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly, maximizing exposure to sunlight and boosting the system's efficiency. The document outlines the hardware components, block diagram, and software tools needed to design and implement the microcontroller-based solar tracking system.
This document summarizes the testing of a microcontroller-based solar panel tracking system developed by students in India. The system uses light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to track the sun and keep the solar panel perpendicular to maximize energy collection. Testing found the tracking system increased battery charging efficiency by around 32% compared to a stationary panel. The tracking system allows more solar energy to be harnessed and could help address energy needs, though further research and development is still needed to improve renewable energy technologies.
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
Adaptive maximum power point tracking using neural networks for a photovoltai...Mellah Hacene
Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Neural Networks for a Photovoltaic Systems According Grid
Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, (5), 57–66, 2021. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2021.5.08
This document describes an automatic solar tracker system that aims to maximize solar energy collection. It discusses how solar tracking systems can improve efficiency by keeping solar panels oriented towards the sun. The methodology section outlines the key components of the system, including solar panels, light sensors, a microcontroller, positioning actuators. Test results and data analysis are used to evaluate how well the tracker aligns panels with the sun and improves power output compared to a fixed panel system.
The document describes a solar tracking system that uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to optimize the power output of solar panels. It discusses how single-axis and dual-axis trackers work to keep the panels oriented towards the sun throughout the day. Experimental results showed that a dual-axis active tracker increased power output compared to fixed panels, while a passive tracker using reflectors performed nearly as well at lower cost. The system aims to maximize solar energy collection with a low-cost design.
DESIGN OF DUAL AXIS SOLAR TRACKER SYSTEM BASED ON FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEMSijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference SystemsIJSCAI Journal
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
Performance Enhancement of DC Load and Batteries in Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
To avoid the pollution and to save the non conventional resources, use of renewable energy sources such as wind energy, bio gas, hydro and solar potential has increased and become essential to adopt a low cost generating system in remote areas. Besides the variety of energy sources, solar power advantages are easy to make apparent compared to other methods. For many years, solar energy is the series source of vast amounts of freely available energy, but modern technology has harnessed it. In this paper a proper battery charge controller used in the Standalone Photovoltaic PV system. The power is transfer to the dc load and manages storage level available in this proposed technique. From the PV array the maximum power is extracted by using three different methods. In this proposed technique ‘perturb and observe' and the ‘incremental conductance' control methods and algorithms are analyzed. The system modelling as well as simulation results are presented. Dr. N. Prakash "Performance Enhancement of DC Load and Batteries in Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21638.pdf
Development of Automatic PV Power Pack Servo Based Single Axis Solar Tracking...IOSR Journals
This document describes the development of an automatic single-axis solar tracking system using a servo motor mechanism. The system includes light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity, a microcontroller to send signals to the servo motor, and a mechanical structure to support the photovoltaic panel. The controller coding and servo mechanism were first simulated using PROTEUS 7 software. Then a prototype was developed including the mechanical structure, LDR sensors, microcontroller, servo motor, and battery. Testing showed the tracking system improved average efficiency by 7.67% compared to a fixed panel.
This document describes the development of an automatic single-axis solar tracking system using a servo motor mechanism. The system includes light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity, a microcontroller to send signals to the servo motor, and a mechanical structure to support the photovoltaic panel. The controller coding and servo mechanism were first simulated using PROTEUS 7 software. Then a prototype was developed including the mechanical design, active control components like the LDRs, microcontroller and servo motor, and a power system. Testing showed the tracking system improved average efficiency by 7.67% compared to a fixed panel.
Dual Axis Solar Tracking System with Weather Sensorijtsrd
Energy crisis is one in every of the major problems in world developing countries like Republic of India. Theres a huge gap between generation and demand of current. Nearly half of the population of the country cannot get the power supply. Renewable energy is one of the answers to solve this issue. Solar power is one in every of the foremost effective resources of the renewable energy that might play a big role to resolve this drawback. This analysis presents a performance analysis of the dual axis solar tracking system using Arduino and led and servo motors. The most objective of this research is whether the solar tracker is better than a solar panel. This work is split into 2 light dependent resistors LDR is employed to observe the almost source of illumination from the sun. Two servo motors put together accustomed move the electrical device to most source of illumination location perceived by the LDRs. In the other half, the software part is written by using C programming language which head towards to the Arduino UNO controller. The result of the solar tracking system has analyzed and compared with the mounted or static solar panel found higher performance in terms of current, power and voltage. Therefore, the solar tracking system is evidenced additional sensible for capturing the most daylight provide for star gathering applications. The result showed dual axis solar tracking system made further 10.53 watt power compared with mounted fixed and single axis solar tracking system. Components hardware and computer code. Mrs. Surbhi R. Shroff "Dual Axis Solar Tracking System with Weather Sensor" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57378.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/57378/dual-axis-solar-tracking-system-with-weather-sensor/mrs-surbhi-r-shroff
Report on the IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION...Yuvraj Singh
The document discusses various ways to improve the efficiency of solar photovoltaic power generation. It outlines how improving the conversion efficiency of solar cells, implementing solar tracking systems, utilizing maximum power point tracking technology, and researching new types of solar cells can enhance efficiency. Critical components of grid-tied solar inverter systems are also investigated to efficiently operate solar power systems. The goal is to identify areas for improving solar cell efficiency beyond the typical 10-20% range through techniques like optimizing light absorption and reducing parasitic resistance losses.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking System by Using By-Pas...IJMREMJournal
Energy is a burning issue that almost every person experience now a days. Energy demand increases exponentially
since a decade. Due to the global warming and it’s threatening impacts on human life. Therefore, to overcome
such disastrous impacts on the planet, renewable energy resources play vital role now a days. Solar energy is one
of the vastest available renewable energy resources around the globe, but the main issue is its poor efficiency.
Pakistan is facing energy shortage that can be compensated through solar power and the need is to design a project
that maximizes its efficiency. So, the research is mainly focused on improving efficiency of solar panels against
shading loss by using different techniques. In this research, different results will be obtained and compared with
different techniques which are LDR based solar tracking system, by-pass diodes technology and super capacitors.
Fabrication of solar tracker is based on Microcontroller that drives L298N driver to operate stepper motor.
Optimization of photovoltaic energy by a microcontroller saad motahhir
One of the major challenges of all nations today is to find new energy sources to meet the needs for continued growth in Energy Term. The conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaic solar cells is becoming a necessity in particular through the observation of a global evolution in clean energy that respects the environment. The main challenge is to optimize as much as possible the cost / energy ($/watt) ratio thus boosting both energy performance and at the same time take full advantage of the sun's rays throughout the day.In this context the sun trackers are such devices for efficiency improvement.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This document describes a solar tracking system that uses light sensors and a microcontroller to rotate a solar panel towards the sun for increased efficiency. It discusses two main tracking techniques - fixed control algorithms that calculate the sun's position based on time/date, and dynamic tracking that actively finds the sun's position. The system uses two LDR light sensors to detect sunlight and a motor driver controlled by a microcontroller to rotate the solar panel towards the brighter sensor. When constructed, the solar tracker was able to maintain the panel at an angle perpendicular to the sun, increasing power output by over 30% compared to a fixed panel.
This document describes a solar tracking system that uses light sensors and a microcontroller to rotate a solar panel towards the sun for increased efficiency. It discusses two main tracking techniques - fixed control algorithms that calculate the sun's position based on time/date, and dynamic tracking that actively finds the sun's position. The system uses two LDR light sensors to detect sunlight and a motor driver controlled by a microcontroller to rotate the solar panel towards the brighter sensor. This allows the panel to continuously face the sun to maximize energy collection.
This document describes a solar tracking system that uses light dependent resistors (LDRs), a microcontroller, and a servomotor to automatically rotate a solar panel towards the sun. The system uses 3 LDRs placed 30 degrees apart to sense light intensity in different directions. It can detect light across a 180 degree range. The microcontroller compares the LDR readings and controls the servomotor to rotate the panel towards the area with highest light intensity. This allows the panel to continuously face the sun and generate more electrical power than a fixed panel. The system aims to efficiently track the sun's movement and increase solar energy collection.
A Comparative Analysis of Intelligent Techniques to obtain MPPT by Metaheuris...IJMTST Journal
Main objective of this paper is to develop an intelligent and efficient Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique. Most recently introduced of intelligent based algorithm Cuckoo search algorithm has been used in this study to develop a novel technique to track the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of a solar cell module. The performances of this algorithm has been compared with other evolutionary soft computing techniques like ABC, FA and PSO. Simulations were done in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and simulation results show that proposed approach can obtain MPP to a good precision under different solar irradiance and environmental temperatures.
Similar to Optimization of Solar Energy Production using PLC and SCADA (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Optimization of Solar Energy Production using PLC and SCADA
1. International Journal of Trend in
International Open
ISSN No: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
Optimization of Solar Energy Production
Abhishek Kumar Chambel
1
Electrical and Electronics
Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi
ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on the maximizing the solar
energy produced by Solar cells through the
development of such a Sun-Tracking system that can
be implemented using PLC & SCADA.
The developed tracking system is innovative in
relation to the usual sun tracking systems available in
the market. In fact, the developed solution has many
advantages in relation to similar existing
this system can automatically work in order to
optimize the energy production of photovoltaic cells
as we know that in case of fixed Solar cells, the
efficiency is very poor. This efficiency of power
generation by Solar cells can be increased using this
system, so that as the position of sun changes,
position of Solar cell is automatically adjusted by
using stepper motors. An experimental prototype was
built and field results have proven the good
performance of the developed tracking system.
KEY WORDS: Solar Cells, Photovoltaic cells,
Tracking Systems, Intelligent sensors and Supervisory
Control.
1. INTRODUCTION
According to market economy, the increasing
worldwide demand for energy, forces a
rise on the price of fossil combustibles. In fact, it is
expected in the near future, that the demand for
energy will grow faster than the finding out of new
available fossil resources.
This market behaviour brings a positive challenge to
the scientific community as more funds
for the research and development of new alternatives
to the usual main energetic sources (fossil
combustibles). In this context, nowadays more effort
is being done to conserve the fossil fuels and also to
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | Volume - 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec
Solar Energy Production using PLC
Abhishek Kumar Chambel1
, Er. Bharti Sood2
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
This paper focuses on the maximizing the solar
energy produced by Solar cells through the
Tracking system that can
The developed tracking system is innovative in
relation to the usual sun tracking systems available in
the market. In fact, the developed solution has many
similar existing devices, as
this system can automatically work in order to
optimize the energy production of photovoltaic cells
as we know that in case of fixed Solar cells, the
efficiency is very poor. This efficiency of power
generation by Solar cells can be increased using this
system, so that as the position of sun changes, the
position of Solar cell is automatically adjusted by
using stepper motors. An experimental prototype was
built and field results have proven the good
performance of the developed tracking system.
Solar Cells, Photovoltaic cells,
igent sensors and Supervisory
According to market economy, the increasing
worldwide demand for energy, forces a continuous
rise on the price of fossil combustibles. In fact, it is
expected in the near future, that the demand for
energy will grow faster than the finding out of new
This market behaviour brings a positive challenge to
more funds are allocated
for the research and development of new alternatives
to the usual main energetic sources (fossil
In this context, nowadays more effort
is being done to conserve the fossil fuels and also to
find alternative energy resources to meet the power
demands.
In this paper a system for Optimization of Solar
Energy generation using PLC & SCADA is
developed. Nowadays, Solar power generation has
very low efficiency in terms of availability, utilization
and generation (ca. 12%).
Solar Energy is such an energy which is available to
us in abundance and without any limits. The Solar
Energy incident on Earth atmosphere is 10
The Solar Energy that reaches the earth’s surface is
1016
Watts. The total power re
world is 1013
Watt. If, 5% of the total energy received
at the surface is fully utilized, it is still 50 times more
than the actual requirement of the whole world.
This paper focuses on the optimization of the electric
energy production by solar
development of an intelligent sun
The developed tracking system is innovative in
relation to the usual sun tracking systems available in
the market. The usual available solutions for tracking
systems rely on the knowledge of the geographical
position of the solar panel on the earth surface. With
this knowledge it is possible to know the relative
position of the sun, on a time basis, according to
well-known solar tables.
Modern solutions incorporate a GPS system to
calculate the position of the solar panel on the Earth
surface. The orientations to be followed by the
photovoltaic panel, on a regular time
pre-programmed, on an open loop approach. There
are significant efforts on the optimization of sun
tracking systems as it is documented by several
registered international patents. These solutions are
based either on the above described principle either on
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
www.ijtsrd.com
Nov – Dec 2018
Dec 2018 Page: 9
PLC & SCADA
Electronics & Communication Engineering
alternative energy resources to meet the power
In this paper a system for Optimization of Solar
Energy generation using PLC & SCADA is
, Solar power generation has
very low efficiency in terms of availability, utilization
Solar Energy is such an energy which is available to
and without any limits. The Solar
Energy incident on Earth atmosphere is 1017
Watts.
The Solar Energy that reaches the earth’s surface is
Watts. The total power requirements of whole
Watt. If, 5% of the total energy received
at the surface is fully utilized, it is still 50 times more
than the actual requirement of the whole world.
This paper focuses on the optimization of the electric
solar cells through the
development of an intelligent sun-tracking system.
The developed tracking system is innovative in
relation to the usual sun tracking systems available in
the market. The usual available solutions for tracking
the knowledge of the geographical
position of the solar panel on the earth surface. With
this knowledge it is possible to know the relative
position of the sun, on a time basis, according to the
Modern solutions incorporate a GPS system to
calculate the position of the solar panel on the Earth
surface. The orientations to be followed by the
photovoltaic panel, on a regular time-base, are then
programmed, on an open loop approach. There
nificant efforts on the optimization of sun
tracking systems as it is documented by several
registered international patents. These solutions are
based either on the above described principle either on
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
the quantification of the received solar energy, eithe
on the maximization of the solar incident radiation
through the use of light concentration lens
The solution developed in this paper is innovative
related to the above referred approaches as this system
is autonomous regarding the information needed to
process the optimal orientation and it is intelligent in a
way that it monitors, on a real-time base, the
photovoltaic energy production and it avoids
systematic failures coming from changes on the
assumed values (position, initial infrastructure
orientation, cleanness of the photovoltaic cells, etc.).
2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION:
A. Overall System Presentation
The overall system is presented in fig. 1. The
complete strategy is composed by 5 sub-
1. Electro-Mechanical Structure
2. Control Unit
3. Supervisory System
4. Wind-meter
5. Photovoltaic Park.
Fig.1 overall system presentation
The developed tracking system searches the optimal
orientation of a surface, related to the sun incident
radiation. The global performance of the system is
described below. The planar surface is composed by a
photovoltaic cell which is motorized by 2
axis. These two controlled DOF (Degrees of
Freedom) are managed by a PLC (Programmable
Logic Controller) according to a search program
compares the electric power produced by the
photovoltaic cell in each correspondent orientation.
The maximal power value is stored and the
correspondent orientations on both motorized axis are
stored. This new optimal orientation of the tracking
system is then communicated to the industrial
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec
the quantification of the received solar energy, either
on the maximization of the solar incident radiation
concentration lens.
The solution developed in this paper is innovative
related to the above referred approaches as this system
is autonomous regarding the information needed to
process the optimal orientation and it is intelligent in a
time base, the
and it avoids
systematic failures coming from changes on the
assumed values (position, initial infrastructure
on, cleanness of the photovoltaic cells, etc.).
The overall system is presented in fig. 1. The
-systems:
Fig.1 overall system presentation
The developed tracking system searches the optimal
orientation of a surface, related to the sun incident
radiation. The global performance of the system is
composed by a
photovoltaic cell which is motorized by 2-orthogonal
axis. These two controlled DOF (Degrees of
Freedom) are managed by a PLC (Programmable
search program that
compares the electric power produced by the
in each correspondent orientation.
The maximal power value is stored and the
motorized axis are
stored. This new optimal orientation of the tracking
system is then communicated to the industrial
photovoltaic park in order to transfer the new optimal
orientation to all PV-production panels.
B. Electro-Mechanical Structure
The operational subset of the tracking system, named
Electro-Mechanical System, is presented in figs 2 and
3. This structure has two DOF, m
motors with incorporated encoders;
exactly the prescribed path. The
was designed using standard industrial Aluminium
profiles in order to obtain a simple and economic
structure.
The mechanical structure is mainly composed by
Bosch Profiles and Aluminium plates. The two
motorized axis are composed by Step
assembled to Aluminium shafts. Figure 2 illustrates
the several main components of the mechatronic
system:
Part n. 6 = Step-Motor to control axi
Part n. 7 = Step-Motor to control axis 2;
Part n. 8 = Photovoltaic cell (150mmx150mm).
Fig 2 Electromechanical System for Solar Tracking
Fig.3 Design of Degree of freedom
Figure 3 details the two designed degrees of freedom
(DOF).
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 10
ark in order to transfer the new optimal
production panels.
Mechanical Structure
The operational subset of the tracking system, named
Mechanical System, is presented in figs 2 and
3. This structure has two DOF, motorized by stepper
encoders; in order to track
path. The mechanical system
was designed using standard industrial Aluminium
profiles in order to obtain a simple and economic
e is mainly composed by
Profiles and Aluminium plates. The two
motorized axis are composed by Step-motors
assembled to Aluminium shafts. Figure 2 illustrates
the several main components of the mechatronic
Motor to control axis 1;
Motor to control axis 2;
(150mmx150mm).
Fig 2 Electromechanical System for Solar Tracking
Fig.3 Design of Degree of freedom
Figure 3 details the two designed degrees of freedom
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
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C. Control Unit
The control unit consist of PLC Siemens S7
system (Programmable Logic Controller). This
control system has the complete operational
management of the tracking system. The main tasks
performed by the system are:
Controlling of the two stepper motors;
Processing the data from both encoders;
Processing the voltage signal coming from the
Solar-Cell;
Processing the data from the external
sensors that informs the system about the hard
home position reference.
This PLC controls directly the tracking system and
commands all other Solar-Panels, from the solar Park,
through a Profibus-DP network.
Figure 4 shows an example of a solar park with
several PV-Panels. Figure 5 illustrates the Profibus
network implemented in this study.
Fig 4 Solar Panel Power Plant
D. Supervisory System
A SCADA system (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition) is implemented to monitor and
the tracking system. A Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) System is used as an
application development tool that enables system
integrators to create sophisticated supervisory and
control applications for a variety of technological
domains, mainly in the industry field. The main
feature of a SCADA system is its ability to
communicate with control equipment in the field,
through the PLC network. As the equipment is
monitored and data is recorded, a SCADA application
responds according to system logic requirements or
operator requests.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec
Siemens S7-300
system (Programmable Logic Controller). This
control system has the complete operational
management of the tracking system. The main tasks
motors;
Processing the data from both encoders;
oltage signal coming from the
Processing the data from the external proximity
that informs the system about the hard-
LC controls directly the tracking system and
Panels, from the solar Park,
Figure 4 shows an example of a solar park with
Panels. Figure 5 illustrates the Profibus
Fig 4 Solar Panel Power Plant
A SCADA system (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition) is implemented to monitor and supervise
the tracking system. A Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) System is used as an
application development tool that enables system
integrators to create sophisticated supervisory and
control applications for a variety of technological
domains, mainly in the industry field. The main
feature of a SCADA system is its ability to
e with control equipment in the field,
through the PLC network. As the equipment is
monitored and data is recorded, a SCADA application
responds according to system logic requirements or
In the developed supervisory
application manages the overall system dynamics.
The Communication flux between the supervisory
system and the control unit is illustrated in fig. 5. The
SCADA PC is simultaneously a SCADA server and
an internet server, as the implemented SCADA
application is web enabled.
Figure 5 This Figure from a first solar white paper.
“’Grid-Friendly’ Utility-scale PV Plants,
the basic architecture and components of a
Control system
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROTOTYPE
A. Physical Description
The prototype built followed the design presented in
figure 2. This system incorporates a PV
cell150mmx150mm, Pmax=1,12W, (Polycrystalline
Silicon wafer) and the whole structure is made
Aluminium alloy. In fig. 6 the global developed
prototype is shown.
Fig.6 Prototype assembly
The control unit was developed using an industrial
Siemens S7-300 PLC (Programmable Logic
Controller). The selected PLC system is a modular
device that is constituted by the following modules:
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 11
In the developed supervisory system, the SCADA
lication manages the overall system dynamics.
The Communication flux between the supervisory
system and the control unit is illustrated in fig. 5. The
SCADA PC is simultaneously a SCADA server and
an internet server, as the implemented SCADA
This Figure from a first solar white paper.
scale PV Plants,” illustrates
the basic architecture and components of a Plant-level
system
EXPERIMENTAL PROTOTYPE
The prototype built followed the design presented in
figure 2. This system incorporates a PV-
=1,12W, (Polycrystalline
Silicon wafer) and the whole structure is made of
Aluminium alloy. In fig. 6 the global developed
Fig.6 Prototype assembly
The control unit was developed using an industrial
300 PLC (Programmable Logic
Controller). The selected PLC system is a modular
device that is constituted by the following modules:
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
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Slot1 = Power supply PS 307-2A
Slot2 = Processor CPU 315-2DP
Slot4 = Communication module CP 342
Slot5 = Digital card DI8/DO8xDC24V/0,5A
Slot6 = Analog card AI8 x12bit
Slot7 = Analog card AO4 x12bit
Slot8 = FM card – Counter Module (FM350)
Slot9 = FM card – Counter Module (FM350)
Slot10 = FM card – Stepper Motor (FM353)
Slot11 = FM card – Stepper Motor (FM353)
Additionally, the PLC-tracker has a modem for GSM
communication that provides the system capacity to
communicate through the mobile phone network.
The driving unit is composed by two motorized axis,
with the following characteristics:
1. Axis 1
Step motor: Nanotec ST4018L0804, 50Ncm;
Opt. Encoder: HP HEDL-5540 A14, 500 Pulses
Coupling unit: Oldham D5
Proximity sensor: Omrom EA2 M8 PNP
2. Axis 2
Step motor: Nanotec ST5918L1008, 170Ncm;
Gear box: Nanotec PLE40-1S-4
Opt. Encoder: HP HEDL-5540 A14, 500 Pulses
Coupling unit: Oldham D25
Proximity sensor: Omron EA2 M8 PNP
Figure 7 details the electro-mechanical structure of
the developed sun-tracker system.
Fig 7 Prototype Assembly: Solar panel
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec
Slot4 = Communication module CP 342 -5
Slot5 = Digital card DI8/DO8xDC24V/0,5A
Counter Module (FM350)
Counter Module (FM350)
(FM353)
Stepper Motor (FM353)
tracker has a modem for GSM
communication that provides the system capacity to
communicate through the mobile phone network.
The driving unit is composed by two motorized axis,
Step motor: Nanotec ST4018L0804, 50Ncm;
5540 A14, 500 Pulses
Proximity sensor: Omrom EA2 M8 PNP
Step motor: Nanotec ST5918L1008, 170Ncm;
5540 A14, 500 Pulses
Proximity sensor: Omron EA2 M8 PNP
mechanical structure of
Solar panel
B. Implemented Control Algorithm
The software used for the PLC programming was the
Siemens Simatic Step 7, with the Simatic 7
ProdaveV5.5 needed for the communication between
the Scada system and the PLC network.
control algorithm was implemented using
Diagram language.
The developed control algorithm is illustrated in fig.
Fig.8 Control Algorithm for the Tracking System
A short description of the tasks performed by the
tracker controller, regarding the above referred
algorithm, is described below:
Box0: After reset is activated, the system stores the
PV-power generated in the actual position, P
the variable Pin. The system
null position. It moves until it finds the hard
position (both external proximity sensors on). In this
position the system assumes the absolute orientation
angles for both axis equal zero (
maximal Power, Pmax is set to zero. Both
C1, C2, are loaded;
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 12
Implemented Control Algorithm
The software used for the PLC programming was the
Siemens Simatic Step 7, with the Simatic 7
ProdaveV5.5 needed for the communication between
the Scada system and the PLC network. The designed
control algorithm was implemented using the Ladder
lgorithm is illustrated in fig.8.
Fig.8 Control Algorithm for the Tracking System
A short description of the tasks performed by the
tracker controller, regarding the above referred
described below:
Box0: After reset is activated, the system stores the
power generated in the actual position, Pactual, in
the variable Pin. The system searches its reference-
null position. It moves until it finds the hard-home
position (both external proximity sensors on). In this
position the system assumes the absolute orientation
angles for both axis equal zero (α1 = α2 = 0). The
maximal Power, Pmax is set to zero. Bothcounters,
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
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Box1: After start is activated, the system initiates the
search for the maximal power generated in axis 1,
with an angle increment α10. The system stores the
power generated in variable P1.
Box2: If P1 < P max, the system goes to Box 4, and
follows for a new position;
Box3: If P1 > P max, this position is stored in the
variables: α1max, α2max. The max Power value,
P max is actualized with the new Power value P1;
Box4: Counter for axis 1 is updated;
Box5: After all orientations for axis 1 are evaluated,
regarding a fixed orientation for axis 2, axis 2 is
positioned in a new position, with an angle increment
α20, and axis 1 returns to its initial position
system re-initiates the search for the optimal
orientation of axis 1, regarding the new position of
axis 2. The information flux returns to box 1.
Box6: After all orientations for axis 1 are evaluated,
regarding all different positions of axis 2, the system
compares the maximal power found (P
initial Power generated, before the search process had
begun (Pin). If the new Power value is greater than a
pre-defined gain, this new correspondent orientation
(α1max, α2max) is sent to all park panels. If the
power gain is not enough, the new found position is
not to follow by the other PV-panels.
Box7: After a pre-defined time interval (K) the tracker
system initiates a new complete search process in both
axis. The information flux returns to box 0.
C. SCADA Supervisory System
The SCADA system used to implement this
monitoring and control strategy permits the
access to the application, depending on the user’s
responsibility degree. In this paper we developed
three user levels: Operators, Supervisors and
Administrators.
Several SCADA menus were built. The main
characteristic of a SCADA Menu is to be s
explicit and quick on transmitting the information to
the operator or to the System administrator.
One of the developed Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)
is shown in fig 9.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec
activated, the system initiates the
search for the maximal power generated in axis 1,
10. The system stores the
max, the system goes to Box 4, and
max, this position is stored in the
Power value,
max is actualized with the new Power value P1;
Box5: After all orientations for axis 1 are evaluated,
ntation for axis 2, axis 2 is
positioned in a new position, with an angle increment
20, and axis 1 returns to its initial position α1=0. The
initiates the search for the optimal
orientation of axis 1, regarding the new position of
formation flux returns to box 1.
Box6: After all orientations for axis 1 are evaluated,
regarding all different positions of axis 2, the system
compares the maximal power found (P max) with the
initial Power generated, before the search process had
Pin). If the new Power value is greater than a
defined gain, this new correspondent orientation
2max) is sent to all park panels. If the
power gain is not enough, the new found position is
interval (K) the tracker
system initiates a new complete search process in both
axis. The information flux returns to box 0.
The SCADA system used to implement this
monitoring and control strategy permits the selective
access to the application, depending on the user’s
responsibility degree. In this paper we developed
three user levels: Operators, Supervisors and
Several SCADA menus were built. The main
characteristic of a SCADA Menu is to be simple,
quick on transmitting the information to
the operator or to the System administrator.
Interfaces (GUI)
Fig 9 SCADA view of Solar Tracker
As this SCADA platform is web enabled, all the GUI
displayed data is also on-line accessible through the
internet.
In fig. 9 it is shown the developed main menu for the
sun-tracker system. The on-line available information,
referring actual data from the
position for both axis, actual PV
max. daily PV-power generated, actual efficiency
ratio.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The developed tracker for sun radiation worked very
well. The increase in power generation, in relation to
other Solar Energy-systems, without tracking devices,
is of similar magnitude (ca. 25%) as for other usual
tracking solutions. However, this system h
advantage, as it measures exactly the co
variable: the actual Solar power
Note: If we can just utilize 5% of the total available
solar energy on earth surface, it will be 50 times the
energy which is required by the whole w
this way, there will never be any shortage of power
supply except in case of non
sunlight.
In such case, the other sources of power can be used
so that we use as much less fossil fuels as possible.
REFERENCES
JOURNAL / CONFERENCE PAPERS
1. Bajpai P, Kumar S, “Design, development and
performance test of an automatic two
tracker system”, Annual IEEE Conference
Publication, India Conference (INDCON) 2011,
Electr. Eng. Dept., IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 16
18 Dec. 2011, 1–6.
2. Esram T, Kimball JW, Krein PT, Chapman PL,
Midya P, ”Dynamic maximum power point
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Dec 2018 Page: 13
Fig 9 SCADA view of Solar Tracker
As this SCADA platform is web enabled, all the GUI
line accessible through the
In fig. 9 it is shown the developed main menu for the
line available information,
referring actual data from the tracker unit is: actual
for both axis, actual PV-power generated,
power generated, actual efficiency
The developed tracker for sun radiation worked very
well. The increase in power generation, in relation to
systems, without tracking devices,
is of similar magnitude (ca. 25%) as for other usual
tracking solutions. However, this system has a relative
advantage, as it measures exactly the controlled
Solar power generation.
If we can just utilize 5% of the total available
solar energy on earth surface, it will be 50 times the
energy which is required by the whole world. And in
this way, there will never be any shortage of power
supply except in case of non-availability of direct
In such case, the other sources of power can be used
so that we use as much less fossil fuels as possible.
ONFERENCE PAPERS
Bajpai P, Kumar S, “Design, development and
performance test of an automatic two-axis solar
tracker system”, Annual IEEE Conference
Publication, India Conference (INDCON) 2011,
Electr. Eng. Dept., IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 16-
Esram T, Kimball JW, Krein PT, Chapman PL,
Midya P, ”Dynamic maximum power point
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
tracking of photovoltaic arrays using ripple
correlation control”, IEEE Transactions.
21(5), Illinois Univ., Urbana, IL,
1282–1291.
3. Feng-run Liu, Le Xiao, Wen-jia Li,” The design
of automatic solar tracking system for solar cell”,
IEEE 2nd International Conference on Artificial
Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic
Commerce (AIMSEC) 2011; North China
University of Technology, China, 8-
4451–4454
4. Huifeng Jiao, Jianzhong Fu, Yuchun Li, Jintao
Lai, “Design of automatic two-axis sun
system”, IEEE International Conference on
Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering
(MACE) 2010, Dept. of Mech. Eng., Zhejia
Univ., China, 26-28 June 2010, 2323
5. Khan MTA, Tanzil SMS, Rahman R, Alam
SMS.” Design and construction of an automatic
solar tracking system”, IEEE 6th International
Conference on Electrical and Computer
Engineering (ICECE), 2010, Dept. of Ele
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec
tracking of photovoltaic arrays using ripple
correlation control”, IEEE Transactions. 2006;
IL, Sept. 2006,
jia Li,” The design
of automatic solar tracking system for solar cell”,
IEEE 2nd International Conference on Artificial
Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic
Commerce (AIMSEC) 2011; North China
-10 Aug. 2011,
Huifeng Jiao, Jianzhong Fu, Yuchun Li, Jintao
axis sun-tracking
system”, IEEE International Conference on
Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering
(MACE) 2010, Dept. of Mech. Eng., Zhejiang
28 June 2010, 2323–2326.
Khan MTA, Tanzil SMS, Rahman R, Alam
SMS.” Design and construction of an automatic
solar tracking system”, IEEE 6th International
Conference on Electrical and Computer
Engineering (ICECE), 2010, Dept. of Electr. &
Electron. Eng., [7] Simatic Net
Profibus/ FMS. SIEMENS 12/2001.
6. System Software for S7
Reference Manual, SIEMENS 08/2000;
A5E00069892-02
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PCs, SIEMENS, 2001
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