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Diabetes Mellitus Is Due To A Disorder Of Carbohydrate, protein And Lipid Metabolism As A Result Of An Absolute Or Deficiency In Metabolically Active Insulin.
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1) The two main types of diabetes - Type 1 characterized by a lack of insulin production and Type 2 characterized by insulin resistance.
2) How insulin controls blood glucose levels via its effects on various tissues like liver, muscle and fat.
3) The different types of insulin preparations used in treatment ranging from short-acting to prolonged-acting insulins.
4) Other oral hypoglycemic drugs used to treat Type 2 diabetes like sulfonylureas and meglitinide analogs which work by stimulating insulin secretion.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to either insufficient insulin production or resistance to insulin. It was first described in 1500 BC and variously classified, with the main types being type 1 caused by beta cell destruction and type 2 involving insulin resistance. Clinical signs include excessive thirst, urination, and hunger. Diagnosis involves blood glucose and A1C testing. Management focuses on diet, exercise, medication like insulin or oral drugs, monitoring, and education to control glucose and prevent complications.
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This document summarizes the pharmacology of diabetes mellitus and its treatment with insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs. It describes the different types of diabetes, symptoms, diagnosis, management of type 1 diabetes with insulin therapy and diet, and classification and use of various insulin preparations. It also discusses the management of type 2 diabetes with oral hypoglycemic agents including sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT-2 inhibitors.
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BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF DIABETES MELLITUS by DR MUSTANSAR FJMC LAHORE
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The document provides information about diabetes, including what it is, the different types of diabetes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and prevention. It explains that diabetes is caused by the body's inability to properly use insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes results from the body failing to produce insulin, while type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not properly use insulin. Risk factors, symptoms, blood tests, treatment goals and management strategies are outlined. The importance of diet, exercise, medication and monitoring are emphasized.
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Glimepiride is an effective second-generation sulfonylurea for treating type 2 diabetes that offers several advantages over other sulfonylureas. It is more specific to pancreatic beta cells, improving both first and second phase insulin secretion. It also has extrapancreatic glucose-lowering effects and a longer duration of action from once-daily dosing. Glimepiride has a favorable safety profile with fewer side effects like hypoglycemia compared to other sulfonylureas.
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This document summarizes a study comparing the use of glyburide versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. The study found that glyburide was as effective as insulin at controlling blood glucose levels and resulted in similar perinatal outcomes. Glyburide does not cross the placental barrier, so it does not pose risks of teratogenicity or neonatal hypoglycemia. While more research is still needed, the study shows promise for using glyburide as a safer alternative to insulin for treating gestational diabetes.
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This document summarizes different types of hypoglycemic agents used to treat diabetes. It describes sulfonylureas which bind to beta cell potassium channels to increase insulin release for type 2 diabetes. It also discusses enzyme inhibitors which reduce sugar absorption and biguanides which decrease glucose production and absorption. Finally, it lists some common oral and injectable hypoglycemic agents that are used, including sulfonylureas, biguanides, glitazones, and insulin analogs.
diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The main types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Complications include stroke, heart attack, kidney disease, eye disease, and nerve damage. Type 1 diabetes results from destroyed insulin-producing cells leading to insulin dependence, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Gestational diabetes occurs in 3-5% of pregnancies in the US. Testing and diagnosis involves fasting plasma glucose tests and oral glucose tolerance tests. Treatment depends on the type of diabetes and may include insulin, oral medications that stimulate insulin production, increase insulin sensitivity, or slow starch digestion.
Treatment of diabetes mellitus
1. There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: type 1 characterized by a loss of pancreatic beta cells and absolute dependence on insulin; type 2 usually occurs in adults and is characterized by reduced response to insulin.
2. Common drug treatments for diabetes include insulin, sulfonylureas which stimulate insulin release, metformin which reduces glucose production and sensitivity, acarbose which slows carbohydrate absorption, and thiazolidinediones which sensitize tissues to insulin.
3. Newer injectable drugs pramlintide and exenatide mimic hormones that regulate insulin and glucagon secretion to control post-meal blood sugar levels but can cause side effects like nausea, vomiting and hypoglycemia.
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The document discusses the classification, treatment, and glucose lowering therapies for different types of diabetes. It provides details about the mechanisms of action, examples, A1C reduction, advantages, disadvantages, contraindications, and dosages of various antidiabetic drugs. Insulin is indicated for gestational diabetes, type 1 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Metformin, amylin agonists, and GLP1 agonists cause weight loss while sulfonylureas, pioglitazone, and insulin cause weight gain. Pioglitazone reduces fatty liver but increases risk of fractures and heart failure.
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1) There are several classes of anti-diabetic drugs that treat diabetes mellitus by lowering blood glucose levels, including insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors.
2) Insulin secretagogues like sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release from the pancreas. Insulin sensitizers like biguanides and thiazolidinediones improve target cell response to insulin without increasing secretion.
3) Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors prevent carbohydrate digestion and absorption, reducing post-meal blood sugar spikes. DPP-4 inhibitors prolong incretin hormone activity, increasing insulin release and reducing glucagon levels in response to meals.
Ueda2015 type 2 dm management dr.mesbah kamel
This document discusses the management of type 2 diabetes with a focus on glimepiride. It provides information on:
1) Glimepiride's mechanism of action in stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and increasing insulin sensitivity in tissues, addressing both causes of hyperglycemia.
2) Evidence that glimepiride is effective at controlling blood glucose both as a monotherapy and in combination with other drugs or insulin, with studies showing its ability to lower A1C levels over 18 months and reduce insulin requirements when used with insulin.
3) Benefits of glimepiride including controlling glycemia with less insulin secretion compared to other sulfonylureas, improving treatment adherence through once daily dos
Management of inpatient hyperglycemia
- Correction insulin is preferable to sliding scale insulin for managing inpatient hyperglycemia as it treats current high blood sugars and prevents future highs through the use of basal, nutritional, and correctional insulin components.
- The case study patient should be started on correctional insulin therapy which includes initiation of basal insulin, nutritional insulin with meals, and additional correctional insulin for blood sugars over target.
- When initiating or adjusting insulin therapy in the hospital, consideration should be given to the patient's diabetes type and weight to determine the total daily insulin dose and regimen. Frequent monitoring and adjustments are important to achieve good glycemic control.
Adverse effects of drugs
to learn the side effects of drugs.
how to decrease the drugs when patient is on plant based natural diet.
Dr Paawan Wadhawan is a Diabetologist who reverses the diabetes with diet only.
Oral hypoglycemic agents in diabetes
This document discusses oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat diabetes mellitus. It describes several classes of drugs including sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, bile acid sequestrants, bromocriptine, and SGLT-2 inhibitors. Each drug class is explained in terms of its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, side effects, and other details. The document provides an overview of current oral medication options for lowering blood glucose levels in diabetes.
Sulfonylureas
Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic drugs that enhance insulin secretion from the pancreas. They work by blocking ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells, which leads to insulin release. Common side effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain. Examples include glibenclamide, glipizide, and glimepiride. Choice of sulfonylurea depends on factors like duration of action, renal function, and patient age. They are generally effective treatments for type 2 diabetes but require caution in elderly patients or those with kidney/liver problems.
Oral hypoglycemics
This document discusses oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin used to treat diabetes. It describes the two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by insulin deficiency and type 2 caused by insulin resistance. The document outlines several classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs including biguanides, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. It provides details on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, effects and side effects of drugs from each class.
Anti diabetic drugs
This document summarizes diabetes mellitus and insulin. It describes the different types of diabetes, how blood glucose and insulin levels are monitored, and the mechanisms and effects of insulin in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. It also discusses various insulin preparations and oral anti-diabetic drugs used to treat diabetes, including their mechanisms of action, dosages, durations, and potential adverse effects.
Oral agents for diabetic management
This document provides information on oral agents for diabetic management. It discusses the types of diabetes, targets for treatment, and classes of oral antidiabetic drugs including their mechanisms and side effects. Metformin is recommended as first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes. Sulfonylureas increase insulin secretion but can cause hypoglycemia. Acarbose reduces postprandial glucose levels. Combination therapy or adding basal insulin may help achieve better glycemic control for patients not at target on oral agents alone. Proper use of medication including right drug, dose, administration method and timing is important for effective management of diabetes.
Oral antidiabetics by Dr. Mushtaq Ahmed, Associate Professor, Pharmacology, P...
Oral antidiabetics by Dr. Mushtaq Ahmed, Associate Professor, Pharmacology, P...Dr Mushtaq Ahmad Hakim
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and its classification and management. It begins with an overview of diabetes, noting that it is a metabolic disorder resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. It then discusses the classification of diabetes into type 1, type 2, gestational, and other specific types. Statistics on the prevalence of diabetes globally and in India are provided. The pathophysiology and progression of type 2 diabetes is examined. Oral hypoglycemic agents and their mechanisms of action are outlined, including sulphonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. The roles of exercise, diet, and weight control in diabetes management are also summarizedViewers also liked (20)
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Recent advances in treatment of diabetes melltius
The document discusses recent advances in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It describes newer rapid-acting and long-acting insulin formulations that have faster onset of action and longer duration compared to regular human insulin. It also summarizes several new classes of oral hypoglycemic agents in development, including SGLT2 inhibitors, dual PPAR agonists, glucokinase activators, and GIP antagonists, and discusses their mechanisms of action and potential benefits for treating diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus
This document discusses the management of diabetes mellitus. It covers non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment methods, goals of treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, steps in glycemic control, drug classifications including sulfonylureas, metformin, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, and incretins. It also discusses indications for insulin use, characteristics of insulin preparations, hypoglycemia, and combination therapy approaches.
4.4 regulation of blood glucose.ppt
This document summarizes the regulation of blood glucose and clinical aspects of glucose homeostasis. It discusses how blood glucose levels are maintained through the balance of glucose entry and utilization in the body. The normal ranges for blood glucose are provided. Diabetes is diagnosed based on plasma glucose tests. The document outlines the metabolic and hormonal mechanisms that regulate blood glucose levels, including the roles of insulin, glucagon, and other hormones. Clinical signs of abnormal blood glucose conditions like hypoglycemia and diabetes are also summarized.
ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS
This document provides an overview of oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat diabetes mellitus. It discusses the different types of diabetes and mechanisms of several classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs. The classes covered include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, bile acid sequestrants, and amylin analogues. For each class, the document discusses mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, advantages, disadvantages, and contraindications. It concludes that lifestyle modifications and metformin are usually first-line treatments for diabetes
Diabetes mellitus pharma 3 fall 2018
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a lack of insulin production and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin and can often be managed through lifestyle changes and oral medications, though some people may eventually require insulin therapy. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after giving birth but increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. The main goals of diabetes treatment and management are to control blood glucose levels and minimize the risk of short and long-term complications.
DIABETES MELLITUS BY SREYOSHI MAJUMDER
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. There are four main types: type 1 caused by beta cell destruction; type 2 caused by insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion; gestational occurring during pregnancy; and prediabetes where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis. Risk factors include family history, obesity, lack of exercise, and certain medical conditions. Management involves monitoring blood glucose, nutritional and lifestyle changes, exercise, diabetes education, and pharmacological treatments like insulin, oral medications, and management of complications.
Oral hypoglycemic agents
This document discusses oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs), which are drugs taken orally to lower blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes. It describes two main types of diabetes and explains how OHAs work to increase insulin secretion, sensitivity, and decrease glucose absorption. The document classifies OHAs and discusses specific drug classes like sulfonylureas including first generation drugs like tolbutamide and second generation drugs like glipizide. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications and side effects of various OHAs.
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This document discusses oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs), which are drugs taken orally to lower blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes. It describes two main types of diabetes (type 1 caused by lack of insulin, type 2 caused by insulin resistance) and how OHAs work to increase insulin secretion, sensitivity, or decrease glucose absorption. Two major classes of OHAs are discussed - sulfonylureas which stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas, and glinides which have a rapid onset and short duration of action. Specific drugs from each class like tolbutamide, glipizide, and nateglinide are also summarized, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindic
The pancreas and glucose homeostasis l4
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels due to a lack of insulin. There are two main types: type 1 involves a failure of insulin production while type 2 involves a gradual deterioration of insulin production. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is used to monitor blood glucose levels over several weeks. Insulin regulates glucose homeostasis by promoting glucose uptake and inhibiting glucose production in the liver and breakdown of fats and proteins. Complications of long-term diabetes include damage to blood vessels leading to issues like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Oral anti-diabetic drugs work by various mechanisms like stimulating insulin release, reducing glucose production, or increasing insulin sensitivity.
Veterinary Pharmacology of Hormone secreted by pancreas
The pancreas secretes several important hormones including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. The endocrine part of the pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans. The main cell types in the islets are alpha cells which secrete glucagon, beta cells which secrete insulin and amylin, delta cells which secrete somatostatin, and F cells which secrete pancreatic polypeptide. These hormones regulate important metabolic processes like blood glucose levels. Insulin lowers blood glucose while glucagon raises it. Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon.
Anaesth. consideration endocrine 2
1. Diabetes mellitus results from inadequate insulin supply or inadequate tissue response to insulin, leading to hyperglycemia. There are three main types: type 1 is autoimmune and causes complete insulin deficiency; type 2 is more common and involves relative insulin deficiency and insulin resistance; type 1b is a rare form not caused by autoimmunity.
2. Symptoms of diabetes include fatigue, weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia, and blurry vision. Diagnosis involves blood glucose criteria and HbA1c levels. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral medications like metformin and sulfonylureas, and insulin for more severe cases.
3. Complications include diabetic ketoacidosis, characterized by
342702880 antidiabetics-ppt
This document discusses various classes of antidiabetic drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It describes metformin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Metformin works by reducing hepatic glucose production and increasing glucose uptake in muscle. Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Meglitinides also stimulate rapid insulin secretion. Thiazolidinediones enhance insulin sensitivity. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors delay carbohydrate absorption in the gut. The document outlines the mechanisms of action, adverse effects, clinical uses, and considerations for each drug class.
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The document discusses disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It begins by defining diabetes mellitus as a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. It then describes the two main types: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), which results from destruction of insulin-producing beta cells and requires insulin treatment; and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), which is more common and often associated with obesity. It further discusses disorders like glycogen storage diseases, pentosuria, galactosemia, and regulation of blood glucose levels. Lipid disorders like hyperlipidemia are also briefly mentioned.Insulin and antidiabetics 24.2.15
1. The document discusses insulin and antidiabetic drugs for treatment of diabetes mellitus. It describes the normal pancreatic axis and role of insulin and glucagon in maintaining glucose homeostasis.
2. It explains the two main types of diabetes - Type 1 characterized by lack of insulin production and Type 2 characterized by insulin resistance. Treatment for Type 1 involves insulin injections while Type 2 focuses on lifestyle changes and oral hypoglycemic drugs.
3. Various insulin preparations are discussed based on their onset, peak time and duration of action. Other antidiabetic drug classes described are sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
Oral hypoglycaemic agents
This document summarizes different types of oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat type 2 diabetes. It discusses how the pancreas normally regulates blood glucose and defines diabetes. It then describes the mechanisms and side effects of major classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs, including biguanides (e.g. metformin), sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and others. The document provides details on how each class of drugs works to lower blood glucose levels and potential side effects.
insulinandantidiabetics-160328194408.pdf
This document discusses insulin and antidiabetic drugs. It begins by describing the pancreatic axis and role of insulin and glucagon in maintaining glucose homeostasis. It then defines diabetes mellitus and describes the main types, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. It discusses treatment approaches for both types, including lifestyle changes and various drug classes. The mechanisms and preparations of insulin are outlined in detail. Finally, it reviews common oral antidiabetic drug classes like sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
Insulin and antidiabetics
This document discusses insulin and antidiabetic drugs. It begins by describing the pancreatic axis and role of insulin and glucagon in maintaining glucose homeostasis. It then defines diabetes mellitus and describes the main types, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. It discusses treatment approaches for both types, including lifestyle changes and various drug classes. The mechanisms and preparations of insulin are outlined in detail. Finally, it reviews common oral antidiabetic drugs like sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
diabetes & perio
This document provides an overview of diabetes, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical symptoms, diagnostic criteria, complications, and relationship to periodontal disease. Diabetes is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. It results from either a deficiency in insulin production or resistance to insulin. Poorly controlled diabetes is associated with increased risk and severity of periodontal disease through mechanisms like impaired immune response and increased inflammation. Maintaining good glycemic control can help reduce the negative impacts of diabetes on periodontal health.
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Tms profile
The Institute of Team Management Studies collects data from around the world to look at work preferences across a variety of samples. The current database contains more than 151,000 people from 162 countries, 76 industries, and 246 professions.
The data for professions is interesting in that it shows significant distribution differences in the way that people like to work. To highlight some of the differences it is worth comparing three profession samples (Bankers, Psychologists, and Electrical Engineers) with the worldwide sample, using the Team Management Wheel.
So when you next facilitate a team development or strategic planning workshop, reflect on whether you are 'shortcutting' the road to high performance. The High-Energy Teams model illustrates well the path that needs to be travelled. It's a difficult but clear route 'through a jungle'. Sometimes it's tempting for a team to take a shortcut, but keep in mind that 'shortcutting creates erosion'.
Copyright © Team Management Systems.
Perjeta
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Perjeta® (pertuzumab)* in combination with Herceptin® (trastuzumab) and docetaxel chemotherapy for people with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer who have not received prior anti-HER2 therapy or chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer.1
The combination of Perjeta, trastuzumab and docetaxel chemotherapy was the only regimen that has been shown to significantly improve the time people with previously untreated HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer lived without their disease getting worse (median progression-free survival, or PFS, 18.5 vs. 12.4 months; 6.1 months improvement) compared to trastuzumab and docetaxel chemotherapy
The breast
The breast is composed of lobes, lobules, and ducts. It receives its blood supply from the internal and external mammary arteries. Lymph drainage is primarily to the axillary lymph nodes.
Breast anatomy and development can vary between individuals. Common benign breast conditions include fibroadenomas, cysts, and fibrocystic changes.
Breast cancer originates in the breast ducts or lobules. HER2-positive breast cancer is a type where cancer cells overexpress the HER2 receptor, causing rapid growth. Physical signs may include a painless breast mass, nipple retraction, and enlarged lymph nodes.
Gazyva
Gazyva is a medicine that works with the body’s own immune system to attack blood cells called B-cells that have a certain marker on their surface (CD20). B-cells are the cause of common blood cancers.1,2
Gazyva is FDA-approved for the treatment of people with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in combination with chlorambucil chemotherapy.3
Phase III clinical data showed that Gazyva plus chlorambucil chemotherapy helped people with CLL live longer without the disease worsening than chlorambucil chemotherapy alone.3
Listening OR HEARNG
Noise in the background - you are not concentrating on the sounds at all and nothing is registering with you. Ignoring would be another way to describe this type of listening. There is nothing wrong with passive listening if it's truly not important, but passive listening - which we might more aptly call Not Listening - is obviously daft and can be downright dangerous if the communications are important.
Why we no longer need hr departments
The time has come for HR (Human Resources) departments to call it a day. HR departments often portray themselves as a valued business partner for management and staff alike. However, how can anyone take a department seriously that refers to people as ‘resources’? Nothing matters more to companies than the people who work there. Companies are nothing without the right people! And I am sure that not one, single individual wants to be referred to as a ‘human resource’.So, the first point I want to make is that the name is wrong: very wrong. It signals to everyone that this department manages ‘human resources’ in a top-down fashion, i.e. managing humans in a similar way to other resources such as finance, property or machines. If departments can’t see that this is sending out the wrong messages, then they don’t deserve to be there anyway.
Designing and managing services
The document discusses the nature and characteristics of services. It notes that services are intangible, inseparable, variable, and perishable. It also discusses the distinctive characteristics of services like intangibility where services cannot be seen before purchase. It discusses how marketers can address these characteristics through strategies like standardizing service delivery to reduce variability. The document also discusses marketing strategies for services, noting people, physical evidence, and process must be considered in addition to the traditional 4Ps. It emphasizes the importance of internal marketing to train employees.
Attributtes of power point presentation
PowerPoint provides numerous features that offers flexibility and the ability to create a professional presentation. One of the features provides the ability to create a presentation that includes music which plays throughout the entire presentation or sound effects for particular slides. In addition to the ability to add sound files, the presentation can be designed to run, like a movie, on its own. PowerPoint allows the user to record the slide show with narration and a laser pointer. You may customize slide shows to show the slides in different order than originally design and to have slides appear multiple times
Developing pricing strategies
pricing involves the customer demand schedule, the cost function, and competitors’ prices. The question is how should a company integrate cost-, demand-, and competition-based pricing considerations? In setting a price the firm, for example Kodak, will have to consider the following cost-, demand-, and competition-based pricing decisions:
The 8 attribute of great start up internship
An internship is a method of on-the-job training for white-collar and professional careers. Internships for professional careers are similar to apprenticeships for trade and vocational jobs. Although interns are typically college or university students, they can also be high school students or post-graduate adults. On occasion, they are middle school or even elementary students. In some countries, internships for school children are called work experience. Internships may be paid or unpaid, and are usually understood to be temporary positions.
Disciplined team
Discipline Teams can be more quickly assembled, deployed, refocused and disbanded, without disrupting more permanent structures and processes
Wining
Winning isn't everything--but wanting to win is. Winning is a state of mind that embraces everything you do. Winning isn't everything, but the will to win is everything. “A winner is someone who recognizes his God-given talents, works his tail off to develop them into skills, and uses these skills to accomplish his goals. Winning is not everything, but the effort to win is. Winning isn't everything, it's the only thing
Know your-colleague
here are different characteristics in human beings which are seeked 16 personality traits from which one can judge th unknown person
Laws of-motivation
We will look at the laws of motivation. One could argue that they are principles rather than laws, but I prefer to use the word ‘laws’ because it implies that if you break them, you will receive a penalty.
Selling skills
I love the art of selling. LOVE IT. When I first entered the field of sales, the one thing I quickly grew to appreciate was the fact that anything I did to increase my ability in selling also increased my ability in life. Sales skills are life skills
Design and size of sales territories
A sales territory is composed of a group of customers or a geographic area assigned to a salesperson.
Sales person
A sales person is a tool to get your offering out to prospects and/or customers. It’s true we can control the offering and we can shape the message presented. But it’s the Sales person’s style, presentation and skills that will determine how the customer or prospect will feel about usIT’S NOT WHAT YOU SAY IT IS. IT’S HOW THEY SAY IT
Epilepsy
A group of chronic CNS disorders characterized by recurrent seizures.
Seizures are sudden, transitory, and uncontrolled episodes of brain dysfunction resulting from abnormal discharge of neuronal cells with associated motor, sensory or behavioral changes.
Aab guidelines overview_06a
Mental Disorders makeup 5 of the 10 leading causes of disability world wide – Anxiety being one of the major shareholders
Likely increase approximately 50% by 2020
Most of the conditions respond well to treatment –right approach is vital.More than 90% of the patients turn up in General practitioners’ clinic initially.Socio-economic situation / social taboos resulting in avoidance to seek medical advice.Recent Earthquake disaster in Japan is likely to increase the number by thousands
Ulcer
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
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TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
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Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Euglucon
- 15. REFERENCE VALUES CONDITION FBS RBS LEVEL AT 120 mg NORMAL BELOW 115 BELOW 200 BELOW 140 IMPAIRED 115-139 ABOVE 200 140-199 DM ABOVE 140 ABOVE 200 ABOVE 200
- 17. HbA1c
- 19. PILLARS FOR THE DIABETIC TREATMENT DIABETIC THERAPY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DIET EUGLUCON MEDICAL TREAMENT DIABETIC INSTRUCTION + SELF-MONITORING
- 35. MODE OF ACTION OF EUGLUCON ATP dependent K+ channels VDCC Ca++ CHANNEL Ca++ ACTIVATED CHANNEL Ca++ RESTING CELL K+
- 36. MODE OF ACTION OF EUGLUCON ATP dependent K+ channels VDCC Ca++ CHANNEL Ca++ ACTIVATED CHANNEL Ca++ DEPOLARIZATION K+ INSULIN SECRETION CA++
- 37. MODE OF ACTION OF EUGLUCON ATP dependent K+ channels VDCC Ca++ CHANNEL Ca++ ACTIVATED CHANNEL Ca++ REPOLARIZATION K+ - +
- 44. EUGLUCON Dosage Administration Administration scheme Daily Dose To Be Taken ½ - 1 - 2 - 2 1
- 47. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- Presenter’s Notes Metformin is absorbed along the entire gastrointestinal mucosa and improves peripheral and hepatic sensitivity to insulin. This results in increased uptake of glucose by peripheral tissues and decreased hepatic glucose production. It is not stored in the liver and it is excreted in the urine. It does not stimulate insulin production or release from the pancreas and therefore does not cause hypoglycemia. It is the treatment of choice in patients who are overweight.
- Presenter’s Notes Renal disease is the only absolute contra-indication to metformin and serum creatinine should be checked routinely. Gastrointestinal disturbances may include anorexia, nausea, diarrhea and a metallic taste. Lactic acidosis can be caused by excessive alcohol and symptoms include nausea, vomiting & diarrhea. Metformin is taken with meals to decrease gastrointestinal effects.
- Presenter’s Notes Sulphonyureas stimulate insulin secretion by increasing pancreatic beta cell responsiveness to glucose. All people taking Sulphonylureas should receive information about the prevention and treatment of hypoglycemia. Glipizide is a potent but shorter acting OHA. Must be given before meals or it loses 40 % efficacy. Metabolism occurs mainly in the liver. It is contra-indicated in severe renal or hepatic failure. Gliclazide restores the diminished first phase of insulin secretion that is common in type 2 diabetes. It is absorbed along the gastrointestinal tract. The liver is the probable site of metabolism. Glibenclamide is a strong and long acting OHA. Should be used in caution in the elderly. Hypoglycemia may be severe, prolonged and fatal. Tolbutamide is the drug of choice in renal disease. It is relatively short acting in comparison to other Sulphonylureas. Contra-indicated in severe renal or hepatic impairment.
- Presenter’s Notes Sulphonyureas can be used in conjunction with a biguanide. This is due to the different modes of action egg metformin and localized. There is no value in using two different types of Sulphonylureas as they do not complement each other egg localized and glipizide.
- Presenter’s notes All Sulphonylureas can cause hypoglycemia and this risk increases with age and impaired renal function. Hypoglycemia is more common with longer acting sulphonylurea egg chloropropramide and glibenclamide. Weight gain can occur due to increased insulin production.
- Presenter’s notes Used if other oral agents are ineffective. It can be used in conjunction with metformin and sulphonylurea. The action depends on inhibition of intestinal enzymes involved in the digestion of some carbohydrates and thereby reduces the post prandial rise in blood glucose levels. Precautions and side effects : gastrointestinal: flatulence, abdominal pain and distention does not produce hypoglycaemia when used alone need to treat hypoglycaemia, with quick acting glucose.
- Presenter’s notes
- Presenter’s Notes Use: Type 2 diabetes (as monotherapy or with metformin). Repaglinide is a novel short-acting oral hypoglycaemic agent structurally unrelated to the sulphonylurea drugs. It lowers blood glucose levels acutely by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas, an effect which is dependent upon functioning beta cells in the pancreas. Note: Meal related dosing means a person only needs to take this medication when eating a meal.
- Presenter’s Notes Like other oral hypoglycaemic agents (sulphonylureas) repaginate is capable of causing hypoglycaemia. People with impaired renal or hepatic function may be exposed to higher concentrations of repaginate than would occur with the usual doses prescribed for people with normal function. Therefore, a more conservative dose titration with longer titration intervals should be considered. The safety of repaginate during pregnancy has not been established.
- Presenter’s Notes Rezulin is currently only to be used as adjunct therapy with insulin. It is the first medication released from this class. It is absorbed within 2-3 hours of ingestion. It should be taken with food to increase absorption. Half life of 16-34 hours.
- Presenter’s Notes Rare cases of idiosyncratic hepatocellular injury have been reported and so regular monitoring is essential.