This document summarizes different classes of drugs used to treat diabetes, including their mechanisms of action, effects, clinical applications, pharmacokinetics, and toxicities. The main classes discussed are insulins, sulfonylureas, glitinides, biguanides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, and incretin-based drugs. Insulins are used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes by activating insulin receptors and reducing blood glucose levels. Common side effects include hypoglycemia and weight gain. Sulfonylureas and glitinides are insulin secretagogues used for type 2 diabetes that close potassium channels on beta cells to increase insulin release, while
Drugs for treatment of Diabetes MellitusNaser Tadvi
These slides contain the brief description of Insulin and the other oral drugs indicated in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Their mechanism of action, effects, uses, Adverse effects etc.
Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by an increase in plasma blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
Diabetes has many causes but is most commonly due to type 1 or type 2 diabetes
Drugs for treatment of Diabetes MellitusNaser Tadvi
These slides contain the brief description of Insulin and the other oral drugs indicated in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Their mechanism of action, effects, uses, Adverse effects etc.
Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by an increase in plasma blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
Diabetes has many causes but is most commonly due to type 1 or type 2 diabetes
Sulfonylureas for Diabetes: A deep insightRxVichuZ
This powerpoint presentation solely deals with Sulfonylureas, that come under Insulin secretagogues. Their complete pharmacological profile, with pharmacovigilance parameters, important catchpoints and mnemonics have been explained.
Diabetic drugs is a very important topic for pg entrance.....so all about it has been discussed in detail as required for pg entrance....do make use of it...
A PowerPoint presentation on "NSAIDS" suitable for reading by UG and PG Medical/Paramedical students of Pharmacology and Pharmacy sciences. This Ppt. is prepared for academic purpose only and already presented to my students in one of the theory classes of mine.
Sulfonylureas for Diabetes: A deep insightRxVichuZ
This powerpoint presentation solely deals with Sulfonylureas, that come under Insulin secretagogues. Their complete pharmacological profile, with pharmacovigilance parameters, important catchpoints and mnemonics have been explained.
Diabetic drugs is a very important topic for pg entrance.....so all about it has been discussed in detail as required for pg entrance....do make use of it...
A PowerPoint presentation on "NSAIDS" suitable for reading by UG and PG Medical/Paramedical students of Pharmacology and Pharmacy sciences. This Ppt. is prepared for academic purpose only and already presented to my students in one of the theory classes of mine.
Pancreas makes a hormone called insulin. It helps your cells turn glucose, a type of sugar, from the food you eat into energy. Diabetes happens when one or more of the following occurs:
Your pancreas does not make any insulin.
Your pancreas makes very little insulin.
Your body does not respond the way it should to insulin
A brief description of Diabetes with management guidelines
according to different diabetes foundation and their treatment with drugs and their MOA dose and side effects
1. Drugs Used for Diabetes
Subclass Mechanism of
Action
Effects Clinical
Applications
Pharmacokinetics,
Toxicities, Interactions
Insulins
Rapid-acting:
Lispro, aspart,
glulisine
Activate insulin
receptor
Reduce circulating
glucose promote
glucose transport and
oxidation, glycogen,
lipid, protein synthesis,
and regulation of gene
expression
Type 1 and
type 2
diabetes
Parenteral
(subcutaneous or
intravenous)
Duration varies
Toxicity:
Hypoglycemia,
weight gain,
lipodystrophy (rare)
Short-acting:
Regular
Intermediate-
acting: NPH
Long-acting:
Detemir,
glargine
Sulfonylureas
Glipizide Insulin
secretagogue:
Close K+ channels
in beta cells,
increase insulin
release
In patients with
functioning beta cells,
reduce circulating
glucose, increase
glycogen, fat, and
protein formation gene
regulation
Type 2
diabetes
Orally active
Duration 10–24 h
Toxicity:
Hypoglycemia,
weight gain
Glyburide
Glimepiride
Tolazamide, tolbutamide, chlorpropamide: Older sulfonylureas, lower potency, greater toxicity; rarely
used
Glitinides
Repaglinide Insulin
secretagogue:
Similar to
sulfonylureas with
some overlap in
binding sites
In patients with
functioning beta cells,
reduces circulating
glucose increases
glycogen, fat, and
protein formation gene
regulation
Type 2
diabetes
Oral very fast onset of
action
duration 5–8 h Toxicity:
Hypoglycemia
Nateglinide Insulin
secretagogue:
Similar to
sulfonylureas with
some overlap in
binding sites
In patients with
functioning beta cells,
reduces circulating
glucose increases
glycogen, fat, and
protein formation
gene regulation
Type 2
diabetes
Oral
very fast onset and short
duration (< 4 h)
Toxicity: Hypoglycemia
Biguanides
Metformin Obscure: Reduced
hepatic and renal
gluconeogenesis
Decreased endogenous
glucose production
Type 2
diabetes
Oral Toxicity:
Gastrointestinal symptoms,
lactic acidosis (rare). Cannot
use if impaired renal/hepatic
function congestive heart
failure, hypoxic/acidotic
states, alcoholism
2. Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose, Inhibit intestinal-
glucosidases
-Reduce conversion of
starch and
disaccharides to
monosaccharides
-Reduce postprandial
hyperglycemia
Type 2
diabetes
Oral
Rapid onset
Toxicity: Gastrointestinal
symptoms cannot use if
impaired renal/hepatic
function, intestinal disorders
Thiazolidinediones – Glitazones
Rosiglitazone Regulates gene
expression by
binding to PPARy
Reduces insulin
resistance
Type 2
diabetes
Oral long-acting (> 24 h)
Toxicity: Fluid retention,
edema, anemia, weight gain,
macular edema, bone
fractures in women, cannot
use if CHF, hepatic disease
may worsen heart disease
Pioglitazone Regulates gene
expression by
binding to PPARy
and PPARy
Reduces insulin
resistance
Type 2
diabetes
Can be
combined
with insulin
Oral long-acting (> 24 h)
Toxicity: Fluid retention,
edema, anemia, weight gain,
macular edema, bone
fractures in women cannot
use if CHF, hepatic disease
Incretin-based drugs
Exenatide Analog of GLP-1:
Binds to GLP-1
receptors
Reduces post-meal
glucose excursions:
increases glucose-
mediated insulin
release, lowers
glucagon levels, slows
gastric emptying,
decreases appetite
Type 2
diabetes
Parenteral (subcutaneous)
half-life ~2.4 h
Toxicity: Nausea, headache,
vomiting, anorexia, mild
weight loss, pancreatitis
Sitagliptin DPP-4 inhibitor:
Blocks degradation
of GLP-1, raises
circulating GLP-1
levels
Reduces post-meal
glucose excursions:
Increases glucose
mediated insulin
release, lowers
glucagon levels, slows
gastric emptying,
decreases appetite
Type 2
diabetes
Oral
half-life ~12 h
24-h duration of action
Toxicity: Rhinitis, upper
respiratory infections, rare
allergic reactions