Essential Biology: Making ATP Workbook (SL Core only)Stephen Taylor
This document contains a workbook for a biology unit on cellular respiration and photosynthesis. It includes questions assessing understanding of topics like ATP, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, and factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis. There are also sections on the carbon cycle, the greenhouse effect, and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels as shown in the Keeling Curve graph.
The document provides information about photosynthesis including:
1. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts located in plant leaves. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH.
2. The Calvin cycle uses the products of the light reactions along with CO2 to produce G3P, which can then be converted into glucose and other organic molecules.
3. The two main stages, the light reactions and Calvin cycle, work together to ultimately convert sunlight, water and CO2 into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds through the overall process of photosynthesis.
ATP is an important energy-storing molecule in cells that is produced when phosphate groups are added to ADP. Cells store energy by converting ADP to ATP, and release energy by breaking ATP back down. Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates, allowing plants to produce ATP and be autotrophs.
Liberty university biol 101 study guide quiz 3 solutions answers slideshareLiberty Liberty
This study guide covers key concepts in energy flow and cellular biology:
1. Living systems require a constant flow of energy to maintain structure and function. Energy exists in various forms and is converted between forms through chemical and physical processes.
2. Chemical reactions within cells are regulated by enzymes, which lower the activation energy needed for reactions to occur. Metabolic pathways involve sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
3. Aerobic respiration uses glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport phosphorylation to break down glucose and generate large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Photosynthesis uses light energy to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
Most of the document is a series of concept checks from a biology textbook chapter on cellular respiration. Here are the key points:
1) Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose and reaction with oxygen to release energy, captured as ATP, while producing carbon dioxide and water as waste.
2) There are three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - which take place in different parts of the cell and produce a total of 38 ATP molecules per glucose.
3) Fermentation differs in that it does not require oxygen and produces much less ATP, but is used by microbes to produce foods like cheese and yogurt and by muscles during intense exercise to produce lactic
The document is a biology exam for a 10th grade class that covers topics related to cellular respiration. It contains multiple choice and short answer questions testing student understanding of concepts like heterotrophs vs. autotrophs, the steps and products of glycolysis and cellular respiration, and how energy is captured and stored in ATP. It also includes data analysis questions applying calorie amounts to exercise activities.
The document provides instructions for students to complete assignments on brain structure and function. It includes links to online resources and outlines several key topics:
- The functions of different brain regions and how research methods like fMRI, lesion studies, and animal experiments have contributed to our understanding.
- Distinguishing the autonomic and somatic nervous systems and outlining the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems through a table.
- Describing the pupil reflex pathway and using it to determine brain death.
- Outlining the pain pathway and explaining the roles of endorphins and morphine in modulating pain.
- Summarizing an article on research that used experimental protocols to study pain
The document discusses how cells obtain and use energy through aerobic respiration. It asks a series of questions about why cells need energy, how they get it from food, and what they release. Cells need energy for processes like cell division, movement, and maintaining body temperature. They get this energy through respiration, which is the chemical reaction of glucose and oxygen that releases carbon dioxide, water, and energy. This reaction takes place in the mitochondria of cells.
Essential Biology: Making ATP Workbook (SL Core only)Stephen Taylor
This document contains a workbook for a biology unit on cellular respiration and photosynthesis. It includes questions assessing understanding of topics like ATP, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, and factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis. There are also sections on the carbon cycle, the greenhouse effect, and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels as shown in the Keeling Curve graph.
The document provides information about photosynthesis including:
1. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts located in plant leaves. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH.
2. The Calvin cycle uses the products of the light reactions along with CO2 to produce G3P, which can then be converted into glucose and other organic molecules.
3. The two main stages, the light reactions and Calvin cycle, work together to ultimately convert sunlight, water and CO2 into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds through the overall process of photosynthesis.
ATP is an important energy-storing molecule in cells that is produced when phosphate groups are added to ADP. Cells store energy by converting ADP to ATP, and release energy by breaking ATP back down. Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates, allowing plants to produce ATP and be autotrophs.
Liberty university biol 101 study guide quiz 3 solutions answers slideshareLiberty Liberty
This study guide covers key concepts in energy flow and cellular biology:
1. Living systems require a constant flow of energy to maintain structure and function. Energy exists in various forms and is converted between forms through chemical and physical processes.
2. Chemical reactions within cells are regulated by enzymes, which lower the activation energy needed for reactions to occur. Metabolic pathways involve sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
3. Aerobic respiration uses glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport phosphorylation to break down glucose and generate large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Photosynthesis uses light energy to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
Most of the document is a series of concept checks from a biology textbook chapter on cellular respiration. Here are the key points:
1) Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose and reaction with oxygen to release energy, captured as ATP, while producing carbon dioxide and water as waste.
2) There are three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - which take place in different parts of the cell and produce a total of 38 ATP molecules per glucose.
3) Fermentation differs in that it does not require oxygen and produces much less ATP, but is used by microbes to produce foods like cheese and yogurt and by muscles during intense exercise to produce lactic
The document is a biology exam for a 10th grade class that covers topics related to cellular respiration. It contains multiple choice and short answer questions testing student understanding of concepts like heterotrophs vs. autotrophs, the steps and products of glycolysis and cellular respiration, and how energy is captured and stored in ATP. It also includes data analysis questions applying calorie amounts to exercise activities.
The document provides instructions for students to complete assignments on brain structure and function. It includes links to online resources and outlines several key topics:
- The functions of different brain regions and how research methods like fMRI, lesion studies, and animal experiments have contributed to our understanding.
- Distinguishing the autonomic and somatic nervous systems and outlining the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems through a table.
- Describing the pupil reflex pathway and using it to determine brain death.
- Outlining the pain pathway and explaining the roles of endorphins and morphine in modulating pain.
- Summarizing an article on research that used experimental protocols to study pain
The document discusses how cells obtain and use energy through aerobic respiration. It asks a series of questions about why cells need energy, how they get it from food, and what they release. Cells need energy for processes like cell division, movement, and maintaining body temperature. They get this energy through respiration, which is the chemical reaction of glucose and oxygen that releases carbon dioxide, water, and energy. This reaction takes place in the mitochondria of cells.
Essential Biology 10.3 Polygenic Inhertance (AHL)Stephen Taylor
The document provides instructions for students to complete for a biology class. It highlights terms in different colors that correspond to the class objectives that need to be completed before, during, and after class. It also provides several genetics problems involving polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles, and calculating possible genotypes and phenotypes. Sources are to be cited using the CSE citation method. A self-assessment rubric is to be completed before submitting work to the online platform.
Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce complex organic molecules through a process of converting carbon dioxide and water. Autotrophs like plants carry out photosynthesis, while heterotrophs rely on ingesting these organic molecules for energy through respiration. Both plant and animal respiration depend on the products of photosynthesis, as it provides the basic energy-carrying molecules that all living things rely on.
Metabolic functions occur in the cytosol and mitochondria of cells, as they produce energy and components essential for life through aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce the most ATP. It occurs through glycolysis in the cytosol, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain, which creates an ion gradient to produce additional ATP. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen using alternative electron acceptors to still break down glucose through similar steps but producing less ATP.
Metabolic functions occur in the cytosol and mitochondria of cells, as they produce energy and components essential for life through aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce the most ATP. It occurs through glycolysis in the cytosol, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain, which creates an ion gradient to produce additional ATP. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen using alternative electron acceptors to still break down glucose through similar steps but producing less ATP.
Essential Biology 11.2 Muscles and Movement AHLStephen Taylor
The document provides instructions for students to complete an assignment on muscle structure and function. Students are asked to:
1) Highlight objective 1 terms in yellow and complete responses before class.
2) Highlight objective 2 and 3 terms in green to discuss in class.
3) Review all terms after class and complete a self-assessment rubric before submitting.
4) Label structures of muscles and joints, and explain muscle contraction and the roles of actin and myosin.
5) Cite all sources using the CSE referencing style.
The document outlines a lesson plan on enzymes that includes a laboratory demonstration of the catalase enzyme. The demonstration uses hydrogen peroxide, soap, and yeast to produce "elephant toothpaste." Students make predictions, observe three trials of the experiment, and explain their observations. The first trial uses just hydrogen peroxide to show the reaction is slow without the enzyme. The second adds catalase from yeast to produce gas and bubbles. The third trial uses boiled yeast to show the enzyme is deactivated by heat. The lesson teaches how enzymes work as catalysts and how environmental factors affect their function.
Enzymes are proteins that help catalyze chemical reactions in the body without being used up in the process. They are specific to different reactions and play roles both inside and outside of cells. Enzymes inside cells help with digestion and cellular processes, while enzymes outside cells aid in processes like digestion in microorganisms and the breakdown of stains in biological detergents.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body. They are made of proteins and have a specific 3D shape that allows only certain substrate molecules to bind to their active site. This locks the substrate in place and facilitates a reaction without using up the enzyme. For example, the enzyme catalase speeds up the breakdown of toxic hydrogen peroxide into harmless oxygen and water molecules.
- The document discusses biology concepts related to cells, cellular organelles, and cellular processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It provides information about the cell theory, differences between plant and animal cells, organelles like the cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and their functions. It also describes the processes of diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
- Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells and converts carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into glucose and oxygen through a chemical equation. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria and breaks down glucose and oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP.
- Cells need ATP produced through cellular respiration to power their chemical functions and keep our bodies
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and completely breaks down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and a high amount of energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and incompletely breaks down glucose to produce lactic acid or ethanol and less energy. The key differences are that aerobic respiration produces more energy through multiple pathways and requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration is faster but produces less energy without using oxygen.
The document contains a 10 question quiz about photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The questions cover the key topics of:
- The relationship between photosynthesis and respiration, and how they exchange materials.
- The main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which is the use of oxygen.
- The products of photosynthesis, which are oxygen and glucose.
- How aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and makes more ATP than anaerobic respiration, which occurs without oxygen.
- The cycle of photosynthesis and respiration, and how glucose and oxygen are exchanged between the processes.
Essential Biology 04.1 Chromosomes, Genes, Alleles, MutationsStephen Taylor
The document provides definitions and instructions for completing an assignment on genetics and evolution. Students are asked to highlight key terms, define genetic concepts, describe genetic mutations and their effects, and research genes related to sickle cell anemia and phenylketonuria using online databases. Sources should be cited using CSE style. A self-assessment rubric evaluates presentation, academic honesty, understanding of objectives, logic, research, and total score out of 10.
Cell respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into pyruvate or acetyl-CoA and use it to produce ATP through glycolysis in the cytoplasm or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP whether or not oxygen is present. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes further reactions in the mitochondria through the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to produce significantly more ATP. During aerobic respiration, the electron transport chain creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis.
This document contains an outline of topics related to photosynthesis, including:
1. An overview of the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured and used to make ATP and NADPH.
2. The light-independent reactions known as the Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed from carbon dioxide into organic compounds using energy from the light reactions.
3. Variations of photosynthesis including C4 and CAM pathways that evolved as adaptations to hot and dry climates by preventing photorespiration.
4. Key processes like transpiration through the xylem and transport of sugars through the phloem.
5. The significance of photosynthesis in providing oxygen and glucose to support life on
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an organic chemical that transfers energy within cells. As the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer, ATP is found in all living things. Energy can change forms but cannot be created or destroyed, transferring from one type to another like from chemical to kinetic energy. Thermodynamics demonstrates how energy from the sun is transferred through grass, then a cow that eats the grass, and finally a human that eats the cow. Muscles, digestion, and tissue repair all require ATP to provide energy.
This document provides information about respiration and the effects of tobacco smoke on health. It begins by stating the learning objectives which are to describe the effect of lactic acid in muscles during exercise and the effects of tobacco smoke and its components (nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide) on health. It then discusses the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, where they occur in the body, and what happens when muscles carry out anaerobic respiration due to not receiving enough oxygen during vigorous exercise. The document also describes how the body removes lactic acid and the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Organisms obtain energy through chemical reactions. Autotrophs like plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, an endothermic reaction that stores energy. Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms. All organisms must obtain energy from outside sources according to the first law of thermodynamics. Chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes to make them fast enough to support life. Energy is required for synthesis reactions and released by decomposition reactions like cellular respiration. ATP is used to store and transport energy in cells.
The document discusses energy transformations in living organisms. It explains that glucose is the main source of chemical energy for plants and animals. ATP is the energy currency of cells and is regenerated through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration can occur aerobically, using oxygen to produce more ATP, or anaerobically through fermentation without oxygen. Photosynthesis captures solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Plants have evolved C3, C4, and CAM pathways to photosynthesize that help conserve water in different environments.
Cellular respiration powerpoint unit 5 continued (revised2006)mpiskel
The document discusses cellular respiration and photosynthesis. It begins by reviewing the stages of cellular respiration, including glycolysis which produces 2 ATP in the cytoplasm, and aerobic respiration which produces 36 ATP in the mitochondria. It then explains that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite but related processes, with photosynthesis producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, and cellular respiration breaking down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. The relationship between the two processes allows both plants and animals to obtain energy for metabolic functions.
Essential Biology Respiration (Core & AHL/Option C)Stephen Taylor
This document provides information and questions about cellular respiration. It begins with definitions of cell respiration and asks students to state the word and symbol equations. Tables are included to compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and events of aerobic respiration. Diagrams of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are labeled. The role of the mitochondrion and its structures in respiration are described. The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are explained. Sample exam questions assess understanding of topics like aerobic vs anaerobic respiration and the role of acetyl CoA.
The document discusses aerobic metabolism and related topics. It begins with questions about the electron transport chain, chemio-osmotic theory of ATP generation, and where the electron transport chain occurs in prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells. It then asks about the malate-aspartate shuttle and glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. The document goes on to discuss metabolic profiles in different tissues, metabolic control by hormones, metabolic responses to stress, and factors in obesity.
Essential Biology 10.3 Polygenic Inhertance (AHL)Stephen Taylor
The document provides instructions for students to complete for a biology class. It highlights terms in different colors that correspond to the class objectives that need to be completed before, during, and after class. It also provides several genetics problems involving polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles, and calculating possible genotypes and phenotypes. Sources are to be cited using the CSE citation method. A self-assessment rubric is to be completed before submitting work to the online platform.
Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce complex organic molecules through a process of converting carbon dioxide and water. Autotrophs like plants carry out photosynthesis, while heterotrophs rely on ingesting these organic molecules for energy through respiration. Both plant and animal respiration depend on the products of photosynthesis, as it provides the basic energy-carrying molecules that all living things rely on.
Metabolic functions occur in the cytosol and mitochondria of cells, as they produce energy and components essential for life through aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce the most ATP. It occurs through glycolysis in the cytosol, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain, which creates an ion gradient to produce additional ATP. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen using alternative electron acceptors to still break down glucose through similar steps but producing less ATP.
Metabolic functions occur in the cytosol and mitochondria of cells, as they produce energy and components essential for life through aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce the most ATP. It occurs through glycolysis in the cytosol, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain, which creates an ion gradient to produce additional ATP. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen using alternative electron acceptors to still break down glucose through similar steps but producing less ATP.
Essential Biology 11.2 Muscles and Movement AHLStephen Taylor
The document provides instructions for students to complete an assignment on muscle structure and function. Students are asked to:
1) Highlight objective 1 terms in yellow and complete responses before class.
2) Highlight objective 2 and 3 terms in green to discuss in class.
3) Review all terms after class and complete a self-assessment rubric before submitting.
4) Label structures of muscles and joints, and explain muscle contraction and the roles of actin and myosin.
5) Cite all sources using the CSE referencing style.
The document outlines a lesson plan on enzymes that includes a laboratory demonstration of the catalase enzyme. The demonstration uses hydrogen peroxide, soap, and yeast to produce "elephant toothpaste." Students make predictions, observe three trials of the experiment, and explain their observations. The first trial uses just hydrogen peroxide to show the reaction is slow without the enzyme. The second adds catalase from yeast to produce gas and bubbles. The third trial uses boiled yeast to show the enzyme is deactivated by heat. The lesson teaches how enzymes work as catalysts and how environmental factors affect their function.
Enzymes are proteins that help catalyze chemical reactions in the body without being used up in the process. They are specific to different reactions and play roles both inside and outside of cells. Enzymes inside cells help with digestion and cellular processes, while enzymes outside cells aid in processes like digestion in microorganisms and the breakdown of stains in biological detergents.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body. They are made of proteins and have a specific 3D shape that allows only certain substrate molecules to bind to their active site. This locks the substrate in place and facilitates a reaction without using up the enzyme. For example, the enzyme catalase speeds up the breakdown of toxic hydrogen peroxide into harmless oxygen and water molecules.
- The document discusses biology concepts related to cells, cellular organelles, and cellular processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It provides information about the cell theory, differences between plant and animal cells, organelles like the cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and their functions. It also describes the processes of diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
- Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells and converts carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into glucose and oxygen through a chemical equation. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria and breaks down glucose and oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP.
- Cells need ATP produced through cellular respiration to power their chemical functions and keep our bodies
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and completely breaks down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and a high amount of energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and incompletely breaks down glucose to produce lactic acid or ethanol and less energy. The key differences are that aerobic respiration produces more energy through multiple pathways and requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration is faster but produces less energy without using oxygen.
The document contains a 10 question quiz about photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The questions cover the key topics of:
- The relationship between photosynthesis and respiration, and how they exchange materials.
- The main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which is the use of oxygen.
- The products of photosynthesis, which are oxygen and glucose.
- How aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and makes more ATP than anaerobic respiration, which occurs without oxygen.
- The cycle of photosynthesis and respiration, and how glucose and oxygen are exchanged between the processes.
Essential Biology 04.1 Chromosomes, Genes, Alleles, MutationsStephen Taylor
The document provides definitions and instructions for completing an assignment on genetics and evolution. Students are asked to highlight key terms, define genetic concepts, describe genetic mutations and their effects, and research genes related to sickle cell anemia and phenylketonuria using online databases. Sources should be cited using CSE style. A self-assessment rubric evaluates presentation, academic honesty, understanding of objectives, logic, research, and total score out of 10.
Cell respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into pyruvate or acetyl-CoA and use it to produce ATP through glycolysis in the cytoplasm or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP whether or not oxygen is present. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes further reactions in the mitochondria through the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to produce significantly more ATP. During aerobic respiration, the electron transport chain creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis.
This document contains an outline of topics related to photosynthesis, including:
1. An overview of the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured and used to make ATP and NADPH.
2. The light-independent reactions known as the Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed from carbon dioxide into organic compounds using energy from the light reactions.
3. Variations of photosynthesis including C4 and CAM pathways that evolved as adaptations to hot and dry climates by preventing photorespiration.
4. Key processes like transpiration through the xylem and transport of sugars through the phloem.
5. The significance of photosynthesis in providing oxygen and glucose to support life on
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an organic chemical that transfers energy within cells. As the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer, ATP is found in all living things. Energy can change forms but cannot be created or destroyed, transferring from one type to another like from chemical to kinetic energy. Thermodynamics demonstrates how energy from the sun is transferred through grass, then a cow that eats the grass, and finally a human that eats the cow. Muscles, digestion, and tissue repair all require ATP to provide energy.
This document provides information about respiration and the effects of tobacco smoke on health. It begins by stating the learning objectives which are to describe the effect of lactic acid in muscles during exercise and the effects of tobacco smoke and its components (nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide) on health. It then discusses the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, where they occur in the body, and what happens when muscles carry out anaerobic respiration due to not receiving enough oxygen during vigorous exercise. The document also describes how the body removes lactic acid and the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Organisms obtain energy through chemical reactions. Autotrophs like plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, an endothermic reaction that stores energy. Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms. All organisms must obtain energy from outside sources according to the first law of thermodynamics. Chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes to make them fast enough to support life. Energy is required for synthesis reactions and released by decomposition reactions like cellular respiration. ATP is used to store and transport energy in cells.
The document discusses energy transformations in living organisms. It explains that glucose is the main source of chemical energy for plants and animals. ATP is the energy currency of cells and is regenerated through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration can occur aerobically, using oxygen to produce more ATP, or anaerobically through fermentation without oxygen. Photosynthesis captures solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Plants have evolved C3, C4, and CAM pathways to photosynthesize that help conserve water in different environments.
Cellular respiration powerpoint unit 5 continued (revised2006)mpiskel
The document discusses cellular respiration and photosynthesis. It begins by reviewing the stages of cellular respiration, including glycolysis which produces 2 ATP in the cytoplasm, and aerobic respiration which produces 36 ATP in the mitochondria. It then explains that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite but related processes, with photosynthesis producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, and cellular respiration breaking down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. The relationship between the two processes allows both plants and animals to obtain energy for metabolic functions.
Essential Biology Respiration (Core & AHL/Option C)Stephen Taylor
This document provides information and questions about cellular respiration. It begins with definitions of cell respiration and asks students to state the word and symbol equations. Tables are included to compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and events of aerobic respiration. Diagrams of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are labeled. The role of the mitochondrion and its structures in respiration are described. The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are explained. Sample exam questions assess understanding of topics like aerobic vs anaerobic respiration and the role of acetyl CoA.
The document discusses aerobic metabolism and related topics. It begins with questions about the electron transport chain, chemio-osmotic theory of ATP generation, and where the electron transport chain occurs in prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells. It then asks about the malate-aspartate shuttle and glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. The document goes on to discuss metabolic profiles in different tissues, metabolic control by hormones, metabolic responses to stress, and factors in obesity.
Session no. 3.2. energy transformation cellular respirationanonymous143
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy in the form of ATP. It involves three main stages: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate then enters the Krebs cycle where it is further oxidized, producing more ATP and electron carriers NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, driving ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis. Overall, the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule yields approximately 36 ATPs through cellular respiration.
This document discusses various ways of categorizing micro-organisms based on their nutritional requirements and metabolic processes. It describes categories such as chemotrophs and phototrophs based on energy sources, and organotrophs and lithotrophs based on reducing power sources. It also discusses categories like heterotrophs and autotrophs based on carbon sources. Further, it summarizes the key stages of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and the cell respiration process. It provides details on diagnostic tests like the oxidase test and catalase test used to identify microbes.
The document discusses cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells break down glucose and release energy. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down these products in the mitochondria, producing more ATP. Finally, the electron transport chain uses electrons from the Krebs cycle to produce the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic respiration using oxygen is the most efficient process, while anaerobic respiration such as fermentation occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle of energy storage and use.
Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with a net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Aerobic respiration includes the link reaction, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation. The link reaction forms acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA to produce NADH, FADH2, and ATP. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ATP synthase uses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP during oxidative phosphorylation. The structure of the mitochondrion supports these functions through cristae that increase surface area for the electron transport chain and an intermembrane space
Cellular metabolism allows organisms to grow through anabolic and catabolic processes. Metabolism occurs through complex biochemical pathways using enzymes and is regulated by feedback mechanisms. Cellular respiration releases energy from glucose and occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Genetic information is contained in DNA and expressed through transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins.
Cellular metabolism allows organisms to grow through anabolic and catabolic processes. Metabolism occurs through complex biochemical pathways using enzymes and is regulated by feedback mechanisms. Cellular respiration releases energy from glucose and occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Genetic information is contained in DNA and expressed through transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins.
Bioenergetics is an important domain in biology. This presentation has explored ATP production and its optimum utilization in biological systems along with certain theories and experiments to give a bird's eye view of this important issue.
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence or absence of oxygen to produce ATP. In aerobic respiration, glucose undergoes glycolysis, producing pyruvate, and then the pyruvate enters the mitochondria and undergoes the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to yield much more ATP than anaerobic respiration. The mitochondria are specialized organelles that contain an inner membrane with cristae to increase surface area for ATP production via ATP synthase using a proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain.
Calvin's experiment used radioactive carbon-14 to track the pathway of carbon fixation in photosynthesis. Samples of algae exposed to carbon-14 were taken at intervals and the radioactive compounds identified. Glycerate-3-phosphate was found to be the first labeled compound, indicating it is the initial product of carbon fixation. Analysis of later samples revealed a range of labeled intermediate and final products, elucidating the steps of the Calvin cycle. Calvin's discoveries depended on advances in technology like the discovery of carbon-14 and the development of autoradiography.
This document provides information about plant respiration. It begins with defining respiration as an intracellular process of oxidation that breaks down organic substances to produce energy in the form of ATP. The key steps of aerobic respiration are then summarized: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. Glycolysis produces a small amount of ATP through partial oxidation of glucose. The Krebs cycle further oxidizes molecules to generate more ATP. During the electron transport system, ATP is extensively produced through oxidative phosphorylation as electrons are transferred through protein complexes. Anaerobic respiration is also discussed as an energy-producing process that occurs without oxygen.
Biology 12 - Inside the Mitochondria - Section 6-4JEmmons
The document outlines the key stages of cellular respiration within mitochondria when oxygen is present. It discusses how pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA which enters the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. The citric acid cycle converts the acetyl groups to CO2 while producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to establish a hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, allowing ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis. The maximum ATP yield from completely oxidizing one glucose molecule is approximately 30 ATP.
Cell respiration involves the controlled release of energy through the breakdown of organic molecules like glucose. There are two main types: aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water; and anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen. Aerobic respiration occurs in three main stages - glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the link reaction in the mitochondria, and the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in the mitochondrial matrix. This process generates ATP through redox reactions and chemiosmosis.
The document discusses the importance of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the energy currency of cells. ATP stores and transports energy within cells and is involved in many physiological processes. It is produced through cellular respiration in the mitochondria, which are often called the "powerhouses of the cell." ATP provides energy for activities in the body through various energy-releasing reactions and is essential for functions like muscle movement, talking, and other daily activities and sports.
The document discusses photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It explains that:
1) Photosynthesis uses light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen. The products of photosynthesis are then used as reactants in cellular respiration.
2) Photosynthesis stores energy in chemical bonds, while cellular respiration releases energy by breaking those bonds.
3) There are two types of cellular respiration - aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and produces much more ATP, and anaerobic respiration which occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP.
The document provides information about metabolism and various metabolic pathways. It defines metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism. It then describes the three main pathways of cellular respiration - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. It explains the catabolism of glucose to pyruvic acid in glycolysis, the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA and its entry into the Krebs cycle, and how ATP is generated in the electron transport system through oxidative phosphorylation. Finally, it summarizes how lipids and proteins are broken down into acetyl CoA and fed into the Krebs cycle.
This document provides information about metabolism and various metabolic pathways. It defines metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism. It then describes the catabolism of glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. These pathways break down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Lipids and proteins are also catabolized through beta oxidation and deamination to feed into the Krebs cycle. Key terms related to metabolic pathways are defined.
The document provides information about metabolism and various metabolic pathways. It defines metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism. It then describes the three main pathways of cellular respiration - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. It explains the events that occur in each pathway, such as how glucose is broken down in glycolysis to form pyruvic acid. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvic acid, producing ATP and reduced NADH and FADH2. These reduced molecules are used in the electron transport system to power ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
Cellular respiration occurs in four stages to produce ATP from glucose:
1. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm, producing 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules.
2. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, producing more NADH.
3. Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria, producing 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, and 6 NADH as carbons are removed and oxidized.
4. Oxidative phosphorylation uses the electron transport chain to produce ATP from NADH and FADH2, yielding up to 34 additional ATP molecules.
Similar to Essential Biology: Making ATP Workbook (HL/ SL OpC) (20)
How International Is Our School? MA DissertationStephen Taylor
This dissertation describes the development and pilot testing of tools to evaluate the international-mindedness and global engagement (IMaGE) of schools. The author conducted a literature review to define IMaGE and identify 8 factors ("radials") that influence it. Rubrics were created to measure each radial. The tools were pilot tested via case study at the author's international school in Japan. 10 faculty volunteers used the rubrics to assess the school's IMaGE, generating a "web chart." Results provided preliminary feedback on the school's IMaGE and identified areas for improvement. While limitations restrict reliability, the web chart showed potential as an evaluation tool if further developed and tested with larger samples. The study aimed to advance understanding of
Defining Inquiry for the PreK-12 continuum. Inquiry as a 'theory of everything' of good education, built on a solid foundation of well-taught knowledge, skills and concepts.
This is an assignment for my University of Bath MA in International Education, based on the tensions in transition from MYP to DP. It revolved around the different schools of through about learning and, most importantly, inquiry. It focuses on the different approaches to inquiry characterised by Dewey and Vygotsky, before moving onto a modern look at evidence-based practices.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis through transcription and translation. It provides two examples (SET A and SET B) that go through the steps of: 1) completing the DNA strand, 2) transcribing the DNA into mRNA, and 3) translating the mRNA into an amino acid sequence at the ribosome. For each example, it lists the number of codons, amino acids, and base pairs involved.
This crossword puzzle contains clues related to cell biology terms. Across clues include osmosis, the transport of water across membranes; the endoplasmic reticulum that produces proteins; cell differentiation; the process of waste removal; chloroplasts; the unit of measurement micrometer; cytoplasm; Golgi apparatus; nucleus; pili of prokaryotes; integral membrane proteins; the surface area to volume ratio decreases as cells get larger; prokaryotes; mitochondria; selectively expressed genes during differentiation; endocytosis; cell surface proteins; reproduction; vacuoles; channel proteins; lysosomes; flagella of prokaryotes; concentration gradient; specialized cells; totipotent stem cells. Down clues include membrane selectivity;
MA International Education University of Bath assignment (Education in and International Context).
In this assignment I have tried to propose an original idea for helping schools define and measure the degree to which they demonstrate the values of international education.
Students in an IB Biology class will conduct investigations involving human test subjects. The consent form outlines that researchers will ensure subjects are not put in physical or psychological harm and any published data will be anonymous and respect subjects' privacy. Subjects must sign declaring they have permission and are willing and able to take part in the study.
This document discusses several topics in human nutrition and health:
1. It compares the components of human milk and artificial baby formula, noting that breast milk contains antibodies and fatty acids tailored for infants.
2. The benefits of breastfeeding include immunity from antibodies in breast milk, easier digestion, cost-effectiveness, bonding between mother and child, and improved nutrition that changes to match the infant's needs.
3. Type 2 diabetes symptoms include those related to high blood sugar, and causes involve lifestyle factors like obesity and physical inactivity that contribute to insulin resistance. Dietary advice for patients aims to control blood sugar levels.
Current Electricity: "I used to think... Now I think."Stephen Taylor
The document provides instructions for a student to write a blog post summarizing their understanding of current electricity. It asks the student to begin with "I used to think" to outline their initial thoughts and then "Now I think" to explain current electricity by defining key terms and describing how electricity is generated and causes work, citing at least three sources. The student is provided links to simulations to help explain concepts like magnetic fields and resistance.
This document provides an introduction to working as a chemist. It outlines the scientific method and defines key terms like facts, laws, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables. It also lists the SI units used to measure common properties in chemistry like mass, length, temperature and concentration. Students are assessed on their understanding of concepts like accuracy, precision, significant figures and processing quantitative and qualitative data. Related concepts and terminology are defined to aid understanding.
I use this lab sequence over a couple of lessons to get to grips with some basics of different types of reactions, balancing, writing formulas and problem-solving.
In this formative in-class Criterion C task, we connect the content from the last unit with some basics on Forces, using the Red Bull Stratos jump as a basis.
This document provides a critical review of a Grade 10 Introductory Physics course as part of the International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme (MYP). It examines the course's ability to achieve selected MYP science aims, including acquiring scientific knowledge and skills, developing critical thinking, and developing awareness of implications of science. The review finds tensions between the course's traditional content-focus and the MYP's emphasis on concept-based and values-based learning. While the course achieves some aims well, recommendations are made to better align it with the evolving MYP framework.
This unit plan outlines a biology unit on "The Nature of Biology" for 11th grade students. The unit will run from mid-August to mid-September and introduce key concepts in biology including structure and function, equilibrium within systems, universality vs diversity, and evolution. Students will learn about statistical analysis, classification, and evolution through topics, class notes, videos, and practical labs. Formative and summative assessments include tests, lab reports, and a student project to demonstrate their understanding of the fundamental concepts and nature of biology.
This presentation is for my class to work through as teachers are on a series of PD days. It is based on a very bad One Direction joke cracked in a class about vectors.
I split the presentation for the unit into two, as I added so many slides to help with student questions and misconceptions. This one focuses on mathematical aspects of the unit.
Here are the steps to improve the accuracy and precision of measurements:
1. Calibrate equipment regularly using standard samples of known mass/volume. This reduces systematic error.
2. Use appropriate precision tools - e.g. measuring cylinders for liquids, not beakers. This reduces random error.
3. Take multiple measurements and report the average. This reduces the effect of random error.
4. Record measurements to an appropriate number of significant figures based on the precision of the tool. This communicates the level of uncertainty.
5. Consider and report possible sources of error, both systematic and random. This provides full context for the results.
Following these steps helps produce measurements that are both accurate to
In the first week of High School, my Grade 9 Chemistry class were asked to put on a short show for the BBP and KA students (3-5 year-olds) about water. We used it as a chance to get to know each other and to formatively assess Criterion B: Communication and F: Attitudes in Science.
The document provides an introduction to describing motion through kinematics. It discusses key concepts such as scalars and vectors, distance and displacement, speed and velocity. It presents various methods for describing displacement including using components, magnitude and direction, and vector diagrams. The document also examines how to calculate speed and velocity from changes in distance or displacement over time. Graphs such as distance-time and velocity-time graphs are introduced as ways to represent motion. Students are encouraged to practice these concepts through activities such as an orienteering course and analyzing motion data.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
71. Describe how the precautionary principle can be applied to anthropogenic climate destabilisation.
72. Give two other examples of the precautionary principle in effect in Biology or Medicine.
73. Evaluate the precautionary principle as a justification for taking strong action in response to the threats posed by the enhanced greenhouse effect. What are some of the steps that we could take? This video might help: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mF_anaVcCXg
75. Conclusion:Works Cited BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Allott, Andrew. IB Study Guide: Biology for the IB Diploma. s.l. : Oxford University Press, 2007. 978-0-19-915143-1.2. Mindorff, D and Allott, A. Biology Course Companion. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2007. 978-099151240.3. Clegg, CJ. Biology for the IB Diploma. London : Hodder Murray, 2007. 978-0340926529.4. Campbell N., Reece J., Taylor M., Simon. E. Biology Concepts and Connections. San Fransisco : Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2006. 0-8053-7160-5.5. Taylor, Stephen. Science Video Resources. [Online] Wordpress, 2010. http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com.6. Burrell, John. Click4Biology. [Online] 2010. http://click4biology.info/.7. IBO. Biology Subject Guide. [Online] 2007. http://xmltwo.ibo.org/publications/migrated/production-app2.ibo.org/publication/7/part/2/chapter/1.html.<br />Self Assessment:<br />Essential BiologyAssessmentCriterionComplete (2)Partially complete (1)SelfMrTPresentation & OrganisationNAComplete and neat. All command terms highlighted, tables and diagrams well presented. Academic HonestyNASources cited using the CSE (ISO 690 numerical) method, with Works Cited section complete and correct. Objective 1 understandingAll answers for the following command terms correct:Most answers for the following command terms correct:Define Draw Label List Measure StateObjective 2 understandingAll answers for the following command terms correct:Most answers for the following command terms correct:Annotate Apply Calculate Describe Distinguish Estimate Identify OutlineObjective3understandingAll answers for the following command terms correct:Most answers for the following command terms correct:Analyse Comment Compare Construct Deduce Derive Design Determine DiscussEvaluate Explain Predict Show Solve Sketch SuggestLogic, notation, mathematical workingNAAnswers are presented in a logical and concise manner. SI units used most times, with correct unit symbols and definitions of terms. All mathematical working shown.Further researchNAEvidence is apparent of research and reading beyond the textbook and presentations to find correct answers to challenging questions. If any questions are unanswered, this criterion scores zero. Total (max 10):<br />