An in depth explanation of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration including the calculation of ATP's per stage on cellular respiration (Aerobic).
(source: Facweb.northseattle.edu. Lecture 9-Cellular
Respiration.http://facweb.northseattle.edu/lizthomas/Lecture%209.pdf. Accessed 1 January 2019.)
An in depth explanation of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration including the calculation of ATP's per stage on cellular respiration (Aerobic).
(source: Facweb.northseattle.edu. Lecture 9-Cellular
Respiration.http://facweb.northseattle.edu/lizthomas/Lecture%209.pdf. Accessed 1 January 2019.)
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
About how cellular respiration occurs in Mitochondria, it discusses first the parts and functions of mitochondrion then the types of respiration and the 3 processes occurs in aerobic respiration.
Powepoint presentation on the Nervous System, its function and composition. Nerves and neurons - Nerve impulses- Synapse- Reflex action- Reflex arc. - Notes on the eye. links to further study
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
About how cellular respiration occurs in Mitochondria, it discusses first the parts and functions of mitochondrion then the types of respiration and the 3 processes occurs in aerobic respiration.
Powepoint presentation on the Nervous System, its function and composition. Nerves and neurons - Nerve impulses- Synapse- Reflex action- Reflex arc. - Notes on the eye. links to further study
This presentation discusses the way energy flows and is distributed all throughout the ecosystem, from one member to another. This details how one organism becomes an essential necessity for another and how abiotic components play their role as supportive elements for life.
1 Objectives • Measure carbon dioxide evolution and .docxjoyjonna282
1
Objectives
• Measure carbon dioxide evolution and
uptake in plants and animals.
• Study the effect of temperature on cell
respiration.
• compare respiration rates in germinating
and non-germinating peas.
Introduction
Energy is required by living organisms for
movement, transport, and growth. Nothing
happens without energy! The Sun is the
ultimate source of virtually all energy on the
planet Earth. Solar energy is captured by
plants through the process of photosynthesis.
The glucose molecules holding this energy are
broken down by metabolic processes, creating
usable energy for living systems.
Cellular respiration is a series of reactions in
which glucose molecules are broken down,
releasing stored chemical bond energy
(Figure 6.1). The released energy is used to
make the energy rich molecule ATP
(adenosine triphosphate). Carbon dioxide is
released as a by-product of the breakdown of
glucose. It is a crucial by-product from the
perspective of plants, because they need CO2
to perform photosynthesis.
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular
respiration, and it results in the net production
of two ATP molecules. In glycolysis, the 6-
carbon glucose molecules are “split” into two,
3-carbon pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules.
LAB TOPIC 6: RESPIRATION
Pyruvate has two potential routes – aerobic
respiration or anaerobic respiration [as either
lactate fermentation or alcohol fermentation]
(Figure 6.1).
1
In laboratory today, you will be examining
respiration in organisms that use aerobic
respiration, which makes use of oxygen. In
this pathway, pyruvate is broken down
completely, and h igh-energy electrons are
stripped away and passed through a series of
electron carriers. Energy is released at each
transfer, and is used to make a net 34 ATP
molecules. Oxygen is the final electron
acceptor in the electron transport system,
hence the name aerobic cellular respiration. In
lecture you will compare this process to
anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the
absence of oxygen or under low oxygen
conditions. The equation below summarizes
the process of aerobic respiration:
C6H12O6
+
6
O2
à 6
CO2
+
6
H2O
+
ATP
+
Heat
Glucose
Oxygen
Carbon
Water
Dioxide
Considering the equation for aerobic
respiration what variables could you measure
to monitor respiration rate?
Figure
6.1
Glycolysis
and
the
potential
fates
of
pyruvate
during
cellular
respiration.
2
2
Oxygen Consumption during Aerobic
Respiration
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the
terminal electron‐acceptor in the electron
transport chain and produces carbon dioxide
(see equation above). You can, therefore,
monitor the respiration rate of an organism by
measuring its uptake of oxygen or evo ...
Study Guide Chapter 10-Answers!10.1 Photosythesis_______________.docxhanneloremccaffery
Study Guide Chapter 10-Answers!
10.1 Photosythesis_______________________________________________________
1A. Write the overall reaction (major reactants and major products) for photosysthesis:
sunlight + water + CO2 ( O2 and glucose
B. Where is each reactant used (light reactions or Calvin cycle?)
Sunlight= light reactions
Water= light reactions (when it is “split” the electrons in the bonds of water are used to replace the electrons lost from the P680 reaction center)
CO2= Calvin cycle
C. Where is each product produced (light reactions or Calvin cycle?)
O2= light reactions (when water is “split”)
Glucose= Calvin cycle
2. Compare and contrast Autotrophs and Heterotrophs.
Auto- make their own food
Hetero- rely on autotrophs for food
3. A. Where would you most likely find mesophyll cells in a tree?
Any photosynthetic part of the tree. Leaves are the main photosynthetic organs in the tree.
B. How many chloroplasts does a typical mesophyll cell hold? 30-40
C. What pigment gives a leaf its green color? chlorophyll
D. Where exactly is this pigment located? Within chloroplasts
E. How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf? Through stomata in the leaves
4. Chloroplast structure: Name all components of the chloroplast and describe their orientation relative to one another. Start at the outer membrane and end inside a thylakoid.
Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
Inner membrane
Stroma
Thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid space
5. Identify the two main stages of photosynthesis and where these stages occur respectively. Also describe how the two stages are dependent on one another.
Stage 1= Light reactions- in thylakoid membranes and thylakoid space, the main products of this stage are some the main reactants of the next stage
Stage 2= Calvin cycle- in stroma, some of the products of this stage are some of the main reactants for stage 1.
10.2 Light Rxns. Chemical Energy of Sun ( ATP and NADPH____________________
6. Green light is _____reflected______________ (reflected/absorbed) by a chloroplast, giving it its green color.
7. What wavelengths of light are most effective in driving photosynthesis?
Violet and red
Briefly describe the experiment (discussed in the chapter and powerpoint for this chapter) that identified these wavelengths of light.
The plants produced high levels of oxygen (one of the major products of photosynthesis) when exposed to violet and red light and produced little to no oxygen when exposed to other wavelengths of light. This makes sense. Think about the photosystem reaction centers in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. P680 and P700, the letter “P” represents “photosystem” and the numbers refer to the wavelengths of light the photosystems absorb. Wavelengths 680 and 700 are both in the red range!
8. Describe what happens when chlorophyll absorbs light?
Electrons in chlorophyll absorb energy and are “jumped” to higher energy level.
9. Photosystems: What are they and where are they located?
Light harvesting comp.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1. CENTRO ESCOLAR SOLALTO
10th Biology
Teacher Javier Aguirre, B.A.
3rd Term 2010
NAME_________________________ Date: _____________
Biology Partial Exam No. 1
Multiple Choice: Please, circle the letter of the best answer. (7 points; 1 point
each)
1. Heterotrophs are also called _______________.
a. producers
b. autotrophs
c. consumers
d. "self-feeders"
2. What are the waste products of cellular respiration?
a. Carbon dioxide and water
b. ATP and ADP
c. Carbon dioxide and oxygen
d. Energy and glucose
3. What metabolic stage is part of both
cellular respiration and fermentation?
a. Electron transport
b. Glycolysis
c. Krebs cycle
d. ATP Synthase action
4. What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced directly by glycolysis?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 34
d. 38
5. Electron transport occurs in the _______________.
a. cytoplasm
b. matrix of the mitochondria
c. outer membrane of the mitochondria
d. inner membrane of the mitochondria
2. 6. Which molecule accepts electrons from the final carrier in the electron
transport chain?
a. NAD
b. Pyruvic acid
c. Oxygen
d. Carbon
7. Which of the following molecules is not involved in fermentation?
a. Glucose
b. Pyruvic acid
c. NADH
d. Oxygen
Short Answer: Please answer the following question with a brief but accurate
statement. (16 points; 2 points each)
1. Explain why it can be said that most of life on Earth is solar-powered.
Producers (autotrophs) depend on light energy from the sun to
execute photosynthesis. Producers and consumers depend on the
products of photosynthesis for energy to perform cellular functions.
2. Describe what happens to the chemical energy in food that is not converted
to useful cellular work.
It is released in the form of thermal energy (heat).
3. How could you measure the calorie content of a peanut in the laboratory?
Burn a peanut under an insulated container of water to convert its
stored chemical energy into thermal energy (heat). Measure the
increase in water temperature to calculate the number of calories in a
peanut.
4. Describe how energy is stored in an ATP molecule.
Energy is stored in the bonds that
connect the phosphate groups in
ATP. Each phosphate group in ATP
is negatively charged, and since
like charges repel, the crowding of
the phosphate groups in the ATP
tail contributes to the potential
energy stored in ATP.
5. What are the three main types of cellular work? Give an example of each.
Chemical work Building a large molecule, such as a protein
Mechanical work Contracting muscle cells
Transport work Pumping ions across a membrane
3. 6. Summarize the steps of glycolysis.
Two (2) ATP molecules are used to split glucose into two three-carbon
molecules, which transfer electrons and H+ ions to NAD+ creating
NADH. In the next step, two (2) pyruvic acid molecules and 4 ATP
molecules are created.
7. Which stage of cellular respiration uses oxygen directly to extract chemical
energy from organic compounds? Explain the steps in this stage.
The Electron Transport Chain uses oxygen directly to extract
chemical energy from organic compounds. NADH transfers electrons
and these move from carrier to carrier, until they are pulled to oxygen
at the end of the chain. Oxygen and the electrons combine with
hydrogen ions to form water.
8. Compare and contrast fermentation that occurs in human muscle cells and
in yeast cells.
Both break down glucose without oxygen. The waste product of
fermentation in muscle cells is lactic acid. The waste product in yeast
fermentation is ethyl alcohol.
Visualizing Concepts: (6 points; 1 point each)
1. Fill in the blank spaces with the information that correctly completes this
fermentation concept map.
a. Bacterial fungi d. CO2
b. Yeast cells e. Sour taste / decomposition
c. Lactic acid f. Bubbles / it to rise
4. 2. Use the diagram below to answer the questions. (6 points; 2 points each)
a. What are the chemical reactants in photosynthesis? What are the
chemical products?
Reactants: Carbon dioxide and water
Products: Oxygen and glucose
b. What do the double arrows in each reaction indicate?
They indicate the direction in which the reaction occurs.
c. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? How are
they different?
They are related because each produces chemicals used by the
other reaction. They are different because photosynthesis stores
energy in chemical compounds, while cellular respiration transfers
that energy to ATP.
5. 3. The data table below lists the kilocalories (kcal) needed for various
activities. Refer to the table to answer the questions that follow.
(6 points; 2 points each)
a. How many hours would a 67.5-kg person have to walk to use up
the energy contained in a cheeseburger containing 430 kcal?
About 2.72 hours
b. How far would this person have walked if he were walking 3 km per
hour?
About 8.16 km
c. What form of exercise would use up the cheeseburger's calories in
the shortest amount of time? Explain your answer.
The best form of exercise is running because it burns the most
calories per hour.
Applying Concepts - Analyzing Information (12 points; 4 points each)
1. Red blood cells do not contain mitochondria. Which stage or stages of sugar
breakdown can take place in these cells? Explain your answer.
Glycolysis is the only stage that does not take place in the
mitochondria. (Cytoplasm)
2. How is the process by which your body extracts energy from food similar to
how a car's engine extracts energy from fuel? How is it different?
Both use oxygen while burning organic molecules (aerobic). Both
produce water and CO2 as waste products and convert some energy
into thermal energy (heat). Our cells, however, are more efficient and
lose less energy as heat. Cars use gasoline; cells use glucose.
6. 3. Explain the following statement: Heterotrophs depend on autotrophs for
energy.
Heterotrophs cannot make their own food. They need the organic
molecules created by autotrophs for the chemical energy to support
life processes.
What's Wrong With These Statements? (6 points; 2 points each)
Briefly explain why each statement is inaccurate or misleading.
1. Plants carry out photosynthesis plus cellular respiration and animals
carry out cellular respiration.
2. NADH and FADH trap most of the energy released from food during the
Krebs cycle.
Or
Most ATP is produced from food during the Electron Transport Chain.
3. While sprinting, your muscle cells decrease cellular respiration and
increase fermentation to produce ATP.
Integration (15 points; 5 points each)
Briefly explain through a drawing the three stages of cellular respiration,
including where each one takes place and the amount of ATP that is invested
and produced with each one.