Cellular metabolism allows organisms to grow through anabolic and catabolic processes. Metabolism occurs through complex biochemical pathways using enzymes and is regulated by feedback mechanisms. Cellular respiration releases energy from glucose and occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Genetic information is contained in DNA and expressed through transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins.
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number 18 please explain thanks the membrane they enable mechan.pdfmichardsonkhaicarr37
number 18 please explain
thanks the membrane they enable mechanicol work such as bacterial bacteria flagel rotating this
reaction? ATP Yield 16. What is a by-product of Events/ Products electrons and protons that
They were used to donate oxidation of glucose ATP into water and created the turned oxygen
molecules molecule molecules inder of the 32 ATP Production of 2 reduced process by which
ATP is 17, Chemiasmosis is the produced es hydrogen ions Production of 2 reduced move down
their concentration enzyme is involved in this coenzyme gradient. What protein process? ATP
synthase Release of 2 molecules summary of ATP synthesis Phosphorylation of 2 ADP
molecules 18 Complete the following summary of cellular respiration l I Release of 4 molecules
of CO2 Production of 8 reduced Up to ATP maximum
Solution
Ques-18:
Summary of ATP synthesis during cellular respiration:
Cellular respiration is the utilization of oxygen by the cell for the synthesis of metabolic products
such as sugars, fats, proteins etc. In humans, cellular respiration takes place in cytosol & in the
mitochondria (power hoses of the cell), in which the most of the metabolic processes takes place.
Blood carries the oxygen to each cell in the body and again collects the carbon dioxide.
C6H12O6 (glucose as substrate) + 6 O2 (g) 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (liq) + heat
In this reaction, glucose oxidized and oxygen reduced.
Glucose ----> 686 kcal/mol of free energy
One ATP ----> produce 7.3 kcal/mol
Now 7.3 x 36 (ATP produced from one mole of glucose via glycolysis, Kreb\'s cycle, oxidative
posphorylation) = 262.8 kcal/mol for all ATP\'s produced
262.8 / 686 = 38.3% energy efficiency & it is recovered from aerobic respiration of one mole of
glucose
The remaining 423.2 kcal/mole is the energy used for the other cellular miscellaneous activities
such as some of the phosphorylation processes are mediated by ATP in both glycolysis, Krebs’s
cycle as well as during electron transport. Therefore, remaining 61.6% energy utilized during
enzymatic reaction mediated by substrate level phosphorylation reactions of cellular respiration.
The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis.
Total per one glucose molecule ---> 4 CO2 generated
Two citric acid cycles
Two glycolysis cycles
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process & takes place in cytosol, through which one glucose
molecules is breakdown into two molecules of three-carbon pyruvate. The glycolysis of each
glucose molecule generates 2 ATP molecules. ATP synthesis from anaerobic process is via
glycolysis of glucose in the presence of various enzymes.
Glucose + 2 NAD+ (oxidized) + 2 Pi + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH (reduced) + 2 ATP + 2 H+
+ 2 H2O + heat
Citric acid cycle:
The pyruvate generated by the glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA that enters into the citric
acid cycle. Citric acid cycle involves a series of reactions that occur in the presence of oxygen.
Citric acid cycle generates NADH, which enters into the oxidative phosphorylation process. This
.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
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Session Overview
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To Graph or Not to Graph Knowledge Graph Architectures and LLMs
Cellular Respiration (2)
1. Chapter 4 – Cellular Metabolism Cellular metabolism enables the organism to grow.
2. You are responsible for the following figures and tables : Fig. 4.14 - metabolic processes, anabolic and catabolic. Fig. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 – Macromolecules. Fig. 4.4 - control of metabolism is achieved by enzymes. -see table summary in the attached lecture handout - Fig. 4.5 - metabolism occurs complex biochemical pathways. Fig. 4.15 - Metabolic reactions can be regulated by feedback mechanism. Read TB, p.108, on 'cellular respiration'. Fig. 4.6 - Cellular respiration consists of 3 biochemical pathways. -see table summaries in the attached lecture handout - -see also Ch.9 regarding ‘oxygen debt’ resulting in the synthesis of lactate instead of pyruvate- Fig. 4.17, 4.18 - RNA and DNA. Fig. 4.24 – DNA. Fig. 4.22 - transcription – translation Fig. 4.25 - Mutation Fig. 4.26 - Explain PKU.
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13. Release of Chemical Energy During Cellular Respiration in a Muscle Cell Fig. 4.6
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16. CELLULAR RESPIRATION = Need for O 2 and Release of CO 2 as waste from tissues GLYCOLYSIS CONVERSION STEP CITRIC ACID CYCLE ETC LOCATION cytoplasm mitochondria Mitochondrial matrix mitochondrial inner membrane O 2 Required? NO yes yes yes Starting Product glucose (6-C) 2 pyruvates (2 x 3C) Acetyl CoA (2 x 2C) 10 NADH 2 FADH 2 End- Products 2 pyruvates (2 x 3-C) 2 -4 ATP 2 NADH 2 Acetyl CoA 2 NADH 2 CO 2 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 2-4 ATP 4 CO 2 30 ATP 2-4 ATP 2-4 ATP TOTAL 34-38 ATP
