The document provides instructions for students to complete assignments on brain structure and function. It includes links to online resources and outlines several key topics: - The functions of different brain regions and how research methods like fMRI, lesion studies, and animal experiments have contributed to our understanding. - Distinguishing the autonomic and somatic nervous systems and outlining the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems through a table. - Describing the pupil reflex pathway and using it to determine brain death. - Outlining the pain pathway and explaining the roles of endorphins and morphine in modulating pain. - Summarizing an article on research that used experimental protocols to study pain

2. Discovery of the functions of parts of the brain is due to a number of areas of research over the last couple of centuries. Outline each of the methods below and explain what they have told us about the brain.

3. fMRI

4. Define fMRI.

5. Outline how fMRI works.

6. Outline an experiment that shows how fMRI has been used to determine the function of a brain region.

7. Brain Lesion studies

8. Define lesion.

9. Outline the effects of lesions on brain function.

10. Outline the famous discovery of Broca’s area and its importance in language development.

11. Animal experimentation

12. Outline the following examples of animal experiments into brain function:

13. Dissection and comparative anatomy

14. Removal of brain regions (causing lesions), e.g. Flouren’s experiments

16. The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems.

17. Distinguish between the overall functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

19. Stimulus:

20. Receptor:

21. Sensory neuron:

22. Relay neurons:

23. Motor neurons:

24. Effector muscles:

25. Effect:

26. The pupillary response can be used to determine brain death.

27. Distinguish between cardiac and brain death.

28. Explain why the pupillary response is a good indicator of brain death, with reference to the functions of the medulla oblongata.

29. Discuss the ethical considerations regarding diagnosis of death and of organ donation.

30. Pain is an unpleasant or aversive sensation associated with an action which causes the body harm or trauma.

31. What is a function of pain in terms of survival?

33. State why this might be useful in survival.

34. Explain the effect of endorphins on synaptic transmission in the brain.

35. Suggest a method by which pain-related brain regions can be identified.

36. Suggest reasons why morphine is a highly effective painkiller and can be used in cases of serious injury.

37. Experimental Research

38. Read this article on research into pain perception in fish: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090430161242.htm

39. Outline the prevailing hypothesis with regards to fish pain perception.

40. State the different treatments given to the two experimental groups of fish.

41. Outline the experimental protocol used to inflict pain upon the fish.

42. Outline how the response of the fish was like a reflexive action.

43. Explain the researchers’ conclusions, with regard to the behavior of the fish, post-experiment. Works Cited BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Allott, Andrew. IB Study Guide: Biology for the IB Diploma. s.l. : Oxford University Press, 2007. 978-0-19-915143-1.2. Mindorff, D and Allott, A. Biology Course Companion. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2007. 978-099151240.3. Clegg, CJ. Biology for the IB Diploma. London : Hodder Murray, 2007. 978-0340926529.4. Campbell N., Reece J., Taylor M., Simon. E. Biology Concepts and Connections. San Fransisco : Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2006. 0-8053-7160-5.5. Taylor, Stephen. Science Video Resources. [Online] Wordpress, 2010. http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com.6. Burrell, John. Click4Biology. [Online] 2010. http://click4biology.info/.7. IBO. Biology Subject Guide. [Online] 2007. http://xmltwo.ibo.org/publications/migrated/production-app2.ibo.org/publication/7/part/2/chapter/1.html.<br />Self Assessment:<br />Essential BiologyAssessmentCriterionComplete (2)Partially complete (1)SelfMrTPresentation & OrganisationNAComplete and neat. All command terms highlighted, tables and diagrams well presented. Academic HonestyNASources cited using the CSE (ISO 690 numerical) method, with Works Cited section complete and correct. Objective 1 understandingAll answers for the following command terms correct:Most answers for the following command terms correct:Define Draw Label List Measure StateObjective 2 understandingAll answers for the following command terms correct:Most answers for the following command terms correct:Annotate Apply Calculate Describe Distinguish Estimate Identify OutlineObjective3understandingAll answers for the following command terms correct:Most answers for the following command terms correct:Analyse Comment Compare Construct Deduce Derive Design Determine DiscussEvaluate Explain Predict Show Solve Sketch SuggestLogic, notation, mathematical workingNAAnswers are presented in a logical and concise manner. SI units used most times, with correct unit symbols and definitions of terms. All mathematical working shown.Further researchNAEvidence is apparent of research and reading beyond the textbook and presentations to find correct answers to challenging questions. If any questions are unanswered, this criterion scores zero. Total (max 10):<br />