1. The document discusses various techniques for quantitative data analysis, including statistical methods like correlation, t-tests, analysis of variance, regression analysis, and econometric modeling.
2. Both descriptive and inferential statistics are covered, with descriptive statistics used to describe or make abstractions about a population based on a sample, while inferential statistics allow inferences to be made about a population based on a sample.
3. Several principles of data analysis are provided, including the need to analyze rather than just narrate data, link the analysis back to research objectives and questions, and ensure findings are supported by data.
Episode 18 : Research Methodology ( Part 8 )
Approach to de-synthesizing data, informational, and/or factual elements to answer research questions
Method of putting together facts and figures
to solve research problem
Systematic process of utilizing data to address research questions
Breaking down research issues through utilizing controlled data and factual information
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Meaning, Need, Features, Concept relating to Research Design, Types of Research Design, Sampling – Meaning, Steps in Sampling, Sampling Methods (Probability and Non-Probability Methods)
Slides prepared for beginners of nursing research or novice researchers. it will enhance and clear there basic understanding about using research designs.
With the objective of enabling colleges and universities to produce high quality research that will advance learning and national development, it is our duty as responsible higher education institution to make faculty members capable of conducting research endeavors. This research capability and productivity building seminar workshop highlights CHED’s National Higher Education Research Agenda-2 (NHERA) as well as CHED’s priority areas for research. Furthermore, it will reiterate the need to inculcate research ethics when conducting and publishing research works. Various research methods will also be tackled to determine how research methods and designs are planned by the researcher. Likewise, the challenges in crafting research proposals as well as the challenges of statistical analysis and interpretation will be elucidated by chosen speakers who are experts in their own field of specialization.
HOW TO CITE: Aban, J. L. (2015). Different Methods of Research. DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY - North La Union Campus (College of Education) Research capability and productivity building seminar-workshop 2015. July 16, 2015.
Episode 18 : Research Methodology ( Part 8 )
Approach to de-synthesizing data, informational, and/or factual elements to answer research questions
Method of putting together facts and figures
to solve research problem
Systematic process of utilizing data to address research questions
Breaking down research issues through utilizing controlled data and factual information
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Meaning, Need, Features, Concept relating to Research Design, Types of Research Design, Sampling – Meaning, Steps in Sampling, Sampling Methods (Probability and Non-Probability Methods)
Slides prepared for beginners of nursing research or novice researchers. it will enhance and clear there basic understanding about using research designs.
With the objective of enabling colleges and universities to produce high quality research that will advance learning and national development, it is our duty as responsible higher education institution to make faculty members capable of conducting research endeavors. This research capability and productivity building seminar workshop highlights CHED’s National Higher Education Research Agenda-2 (NHERA) as well as CHED’s priority areas for research. Furthermore, it will reiterate the need to inculcate research ethics when conducting and publishing research works. Various research methods will also be tackled to determine how research methods and designs are planned by the researcher. Likewise, the challenges in crafting research proposals as well as the challenges of statistical analysis and interpretation will be elucidated by chosen speakers who are experts in their own field of specialization.
HOW TO CITE: Aban, J. L. (2015). Different Methods of Research. DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY - North La Union Campus (College of Education) Research capability and productivity building seminar-workshop 2015. July 16, 2015.
The research approach indicates the basic procedure for conducting research.
Research approach is the technique which the researcher uses to structure a study in order to gather and analyze information relevant to the research question .
DRYING PROCESS OF BERRY FRUIT BY VACUUM DRYING EQUIPMENT (SIMULATION PROCE...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
The dry berries are worthy products since it contains all the vitamins spectrum, for that reason, drying process for the food is producing valuable output. Drying process for the food is not interested in vitamins amount only, it’s about the maintenance level for minor, and macro substances (Ceylan, 2007). Drying process is removing all the interior water of the fruit and has several advantages like producing low weight product, not expensive from packing side, long life storing, and no need for cooling application during storing or transportation (Chen X. D., 2007).
There are different kind of berries, such as strawberry, black currant, raspberry, and cranberry. The objective of this project is simulating the drying process for berry fruits by using vacuum dryer.
Several industries had reported that using vacuum dryer in food manufacturing is applicable but its high cost (Giri, 2007; Clary, 2007). The hardest step in drying process is maintaining the dryer power, as well as the temperature to gain product with the required properties (Lombra, 2010). Some researchers had used integrated hot-air and vacuum dryer together, but they figured out it’s the same results as well as using vacuum dryer (Beaudry, 2004).
This drying equipment is consisting from 70 L volume of a steel cylindrical chamber. The inside pressure is 2 mbar, which is provided by the vacuum pump.
The results were satisfying the industry demand but it’s still following the material kind and the dryer power and …etc.
In conclusion, drying process is not complicated but it needs several different simulations to get the optimistic temperature for avoiding any waste of energy and time.
changing in the cake dimensions with the temperature, in order to get the highest process performance. For that, this simulation process was part from the optimization process but as we know, optimization is not stopping at any step.
Episode 10 : steps in conducting the general flow of systematic researchSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 10 : steps in conducting the general flow of systematic research
1. List out in order the steps in conducting the general flow of systematic research.Problem Identification
Reviewing Information
Data Collection
Analysis
Drawing Conclusions
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
The research approach indicates the basic procedure for conducting research.
Research approach is the technique which the researcher uses to structure a study in order to gather and analyze information relevant to the research question .
DRYING PROCESS OF BERRY FRUIT BY VACUUM DRYING EQUIPMENT (SIMULATION PROCE...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
The dry berries are worthy products since it contains all the vitamins spectrum, for that reason, drying process for the food is producing valuable output. Drying process for the food is not interested in vitamins amount only, it’s about the maintenance level for minor, and macro substances (Ceylan, 2007). Drying process is removing all the interior water of the fruit and has several advantages like producing low weight product, not expensive from packing side, long life storing, and no need for cooling application during storing or transportation (Chen X. D., 2007).
There are different kind of berries, such as strawberry, black currant, raspberry, and cranberry. The objective of this project is simulating the drying process for berry fruits by using vacuum dryer.
Several industries had reported that using vacuum dryer in food manufacturing is applicable but its high cost (Giri, 2007; Clary, 2007). The hardest step in drying process is maintaining the dryer power, as well as the temperature to gain product with the required properties (Lombra, 2010). Some researchers had used integrated hot-air and vacuum dryer together, but they figured out it’s the same results as well as using vacuum dryer (Beaudry, 2004).
This drying equipment is consisting from 70 L volume of a steel cylindrical chamber. The inside pressure is 2 mbar, which is provided by the vacuum pump.
The results were satisfying the industry demand but it’s still following the material kind and the dryer power and …etc.
In conclusion, drying process is not complicated but it needs several different simulations to get the optimistic temperature for avoiding any waste of energy and time.
changing in the cake dimensions with the temperature, in order to get the highest process performance. For that, this simulation process was part from the optimization process but as we know, optimization is not stopping at any step.
Episode 10 : steps in conducting the general flow of systematic researchSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 10 : steps in conducting the general flow of systematic research
1. List out in order the steps in conducting the general flow of systematic research.Problem Identification
Reviewing Information
Data Collection
Analysis
Drawing Conclusions
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 11 : Research Methodology
In discussing how and when objectives will be accomplished, it is important to denote clearly the responsibilities of the various personnel involved in the proposed project.
The Personnel section should describe all professional staff, state how much time each of the staff will spend on the project, and what the specific role of each will be.
In describing personnel, the proposer should carefully point out the competence and experience of each related to his/her project assignment.
The proposal should include resumes for key personnel, emphasizing background and relevant current publications which substantiate personnel ability to conduct the particular project.
Those papers which are in preparation, submitted, or in press, and which pertain to the project should
also be listed. Preprints may be included in an appendix.
It may, in fact, be necessary to prepare resumes suitable for the specific project.
Although resumes need not be included for support staff who play minor roles, it is essential to explain their tasks and to justify their appointments.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 16 : Research Methodology ( Part 6 )
Ranjit Kumar. "Research Methodology" Longman, 1996
Lindsay D. “A Guide to Scientific Writing” Longman, 1995
Ralph Berry. “How to write a Research Paper”, Pergamon, 1986
Gerson S J and Gerson S M. “Technical Writing Process and Product”, Prentice Hall, 1992
Coley S M and Scheinberg C A, "Proposal Writing", Newbury Sage Publications, 1990
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 14 : Research Methodology ( Part 4 )
Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners
by Ranjith Kumar
The Research Methods Knowledge Base by William Trochim
UNIT 1:
[1] Overview of Research Methodologies
1.1: Need for research
1.2: Concepts of research and its methodologies
1.3: Classifications of research
1.4: Sequences in conducting research
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 17 : Research Methodology ( Part 7 )
Example
Title: IR Imaging of Plant Diseases
Go to Google Advance Search and Type “IR imaging plant disease”
Set File Type to Adobe Acrobat PDF (.pdf)
Search and select a paper (Let me call it Paper X)
Google
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 6 : How to write a Great Research Paper and Get it Accepted by a Good Journal From title to references From submission to revision
Who are publishers and what do we do?
Practical tips before you write
What makes a good manuscript?
The article structure
The review and editorial process
Author ethics
Episode 58 : Tools Integration Examples
* Separation of a binary mixture of Acetone-Chloroform (Determine the optimal separation scheme)
* Separation of the mixture components from the reactor effluent stream containing the reactants and products for esterification of methanol with acetic acid (Determine a feasible separation sequence)
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Bio...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
In Malaysia, oil palm is a very significant crop. In the worldwide, the biggest palm oil exporter and producer is Indonesia and Malaysia is the 2nd exporter and producer. the production of crude palm oil (CPO) was increased significantly from 92,000 tonnes in year 1960 to 17.6 million tonnes in year 2009, The process to extract the palm oil needs massive and huge water quantity to sterilize the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and clarify the extracted oil.
‘Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Bi...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
I introduce my self. My name is SAJJAD KHUDHUR, I am Master degree student chemical Engineering. Today, I am presentation the 3rd and the final presentation of my research which is titled as ‘ Sustainable approach ..‘. My supervisor and co-supervisor are Dr. Teow Yeit Haan and Prof. Abdul Wahab Mohammad. Today, I am going to speak about Palm oil, Palm oil mill effluent, environment impact, problem statement, zero waste energy, Integrated technology, tension factors, process setting, results, the decree, closer look on the product, and the conclusion.
In Malaysia, oil palm is a very significant crop. In the worldwide, the biggest palm oil exporter and producer is Indonesia and Malaysia is the 2nd exporter and producer. The production of crude palm oil (CPO) was increased significantly from 92,000 tonnes in year 1960 to 17.6 million tonnes in year 2009, The process to extract the palm oil needs massive and huge water quantity to sterilize the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and clarify the extracted oil.
Episode 61 : MATERIAL BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEM
RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION
participating in a chemical reaction
Stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction:
– Showing the relative number of molecules/moles of components participating in the chemical reaction
Reactants– components that react with each other in a chemical reaction
Products – components that are produced by a chemical reaction
Chemical reactor- equipment in which chemical reactions occur
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 60 : Pinch Diagram and Heat Integration
The optimal allocation of mass and energy within a unit operation, process and/or site.
Optimal allocation can be based on economic, environmental or other important objectives.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 22 : PROJECT EXECUTION
•Large components – used suitable cranes, usually are leased/rent
– electronically controllable by remote control
•Medium/Smaller components
hoists or fork‐lifts are used
are ordered to the building site at an early stage and intermediately stored there.
‐If possible, at the same time, during the assembly of main components, the assembly of medium/smaller components will begin.
‐Subcontractor is required to provide suitable packaging or tarpaulin cover
(cover for vessel opening such as nozzle, by means of plastic caps)
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 23 : PROJECT TIME MANAGEMENT
What is a project?
What is Project Management
Relationship to other Management Disciplines
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
A Study on Performance Analysis of Different Prediction Techniques in Predict...IJRES Journal
Time series data is a series of statistical data that is related to a specific instant or a specific time period. Here, the measurements are recorded on a regular basis such as monthly, quarterly and yearly. Most of the researchers have used one of the prediction techniques in prediction of time series data. But, they have not tested all prediction techniques on same data set. They have not even compared the performance of different prediction techniques on the same data set. In this research work, some well known prediction techniques have been applied in the same time series data set. The average error and residual analysis have been done for each and every applied technique. One technique has been selected based on the minimum average error and residual analysis among the all applied techniques. The residual analysis comprises of absolute residual, maximum residual, median of absolute residual, mean of absolute residual and standard deviation. To finalize the algorithm, same procedure has been applied on different time series data sets. Finally, one technique has been selected which has been given minimum error and minimum value of residual analysis in most cases.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT PLAN OF WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT PROJECTSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
The Project management plan presented here will describe the project manager’s approach and the general responsibilities of the project team. In addition to the project management plan, several other documents will be developed and used to ensure compliance with project requirements as well regulations and industry specific standards. The specific plans will include processes, flow diagrams, responsibility matrices, organizational charts, and other pertinent information to guide the project staff.
The first electric cars were produced in the 1880
Electric cars were popular in the late 19th century and early 20th century
An electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using electrical energy stored in rechargeable batteries or another energy storage device. Electric motors give electric cars instant torque, creating strong and smooth acceleration. They are also around three times as efficient as cars with an Internal combustion engine.
DRYING PROCESS OF BERRY FRUIT BY VACUUM DRYING EQUIPMENT (SIMULATION PROCE...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
The dry berries are worthy products since it contains all the vitamins spectrum, for that reason, drying process for the food is producing valuable output. Drying process for the food is not interested in vitamins amount only, it’s about the maintenance level for minor, and macro substances (Ceylan, 2007). Drying process is removing all the interior water of the fruit and has several advantages like producing low weight product, not expensive from packing side, long life storing, and no need for cooling application during storing or transportation (Chen X. D., 2007).
Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Bio...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Bio-film bacteria (Biological Treatment) integrated with Membrane Technology is based on WHAT FACTORS ?
ANS:
COST EFFECTIVE
REQUIREMENTS
FLEXIBILITY
SIMPLICITY
CLOSED OR OPEN SYSTEM
N0TE: UPON our knowledge and research, There is no previous work had or have done on using integrated biofilm-Membrane.
SUSTAINABLE APPROACH OF RECYCLING PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENTUSING INTEGRATED BIO...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Wastewater treatment often incurs high non-profitable cost in an industry that reduces the company profit. The cost for wastewater treatment could be reduced either by reducing the wastewater generation or enhance the treatment efficiency. The concept of transforming waste to energy makes waste treatment seem more appealing and cost-effective.
Description
Glycerolysis procedure is more economical - fats are cheaper and less glycerol is required.
Fats and fatty acids are insoluble in glycerol - high temperatures are required to force the reaction to proceed.
On production scale, direct esterification and interesterification can be done continuously or batchwise.
Generally, there will be input for the process and output from the process. Here we can define what are the related variables or input-output that present in this process.
Feed stream: In this process, the feed raw material is assumed already pure, so no need to purify the feed streams.
Excess reactant: fatty acid is fed as an excess reactant and is supplied in liquid form.
Recycle and purge: There are recycle stream from glycerol and fatty acid but there are no purges from the process.
Episode 66 : Renewable Energy Technologies
Currently, this is the largest source of renewable energy.
However, much of this is low-technology uses in developing countries. Presumably usage of these fuels will fall as countries grow.
Other fuels include things such as ethanol.
Is there enough farmland to grow the needed feedstocks as well as supplying necessary food supply?
Recent concerns over corn prices is an example here
Used for 16% of world electricity production.
Does not require technological breakthroughs.
However, political acceptance is an issue.
Small hydro is cost competitive
Costs of wind fell by a factor of four between 1981-1999
Wind is now competitive in favorable locations.
Now about 5-8 cents/kWh
Competitive with traditional fuels with a $25/ton CO2 tax
Study shows wind is competitive at $38/ton CO2 near Chicago, and could be situated further away with a price of $76/ton CO2.
Distance from center decreases intermittency, but increases transmission losses.
Because wind is intermittent, storage is an issue.
For instance, excess power could be used to compress air in a reservoir as storage.
Currently feasible at about $93/ton
Denmark and Norway work in tandem to provide power.
When winds are favorable, Denmark exports wind energy to Norway. When not, Norway exports hydropower to Denmark.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 65 : Membrane separation processes
Membrane separation consists of different process operating on a variety of physical
principles and applicable to a wide range of separations of miscible components
These methods yield only a more concentrated liquid stream than feed. Membrane
separation processes have several advantages. These include :
Low energy alternative to evaporation in concentrating a dilute feed, particularly when the desired material is thermally labile or when the desired component is a clear liquid
The chemical and mechanical stresses on the product are minimal and since no phase change is involve the energy requirement is modest
Product concentration and purification can be achieved in a single step and the
selectivity towards the desired product is good
The method can easily be scaled up
In bioprocess industry, membrane separation is widely used because of the mild operating conditions and low energy requirements in the recovery of lactose from whey, separation of immiscible components such extracellular products (
e.g. proteins, enzymes etc) and biomass.
Membrane separation process cannot be used for feeds containing a high concentration of low molecular weight components because of high osmotic pressure or when the feed has high solid content(>25% w/v) because of pumping problems
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
SUSTAINABLE APPROACH OF RECYCLING PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENTUSING INTEGRATED BIO...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
SUSTAINABLE APPROACH OF RECYCLING PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENTUSING INTEGRATED BIOFILM MEMBRANE FILTRATION SYSTEM FORINTERNAL PLANT USAGE
A biofilm is any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often these cells adhere to a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS).
Episode 62 : MATERIAL BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEM
Many chemical reactions are irreversible and occur in one direction only, namely forward
Reversible reactions occur in both directions i.e. forward and backward
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 59 : Introduction of Process Integration
Pinch Diagram and Heat Integration
Reference: Notes from course on “Modelling, design and control for process integration”, CAPEC, August 2000 (R. Dunn)
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 57 : Simulation for Design and Analysis
Methyl-acetate is produced by esterification of methanol and acetic acid which produces water as by-product.
CH3OH + CH3COOH � CH3COOCH3 + H2O
The mixture to be separated is an outlet stream from a reactor (assumed conditions: P=1 atm, T=450 K) and the methyl-acetate product specification is 99 %.
Problem statement: Given the identity and composition of the components in the mixture to be separated, together with the product specifications, identify a physically feasible flowsheet for separation of the mixture into the specified products. Determine the estimates of operating conditions and identify a MSA where required. Verify the generated process flowsheet with process simulation, together with the alternative separation techniques for its separation task.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 56 : Simulation for design and analysis
Separation of an azeotropic mixture
Mixture analysis
Identification of an azeotrope.
Possible separation techniques Pressure swing. Extractive/azeotropic distillation.
Solvent identification and validation
Flowsheet configuration
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 55 : Conceptual Process Synthesis-Design
Process Flowsheet Synthesis: Method to determine a process flowsheet that satisfies all product, operational and other requirements
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 54 : CAPE Problem Formulations
Computer Aided Process Engineering
Lecture 2: CAPE Problem Formulations
* Four types of CAPE problems
Flowsheeting Specification (Design) Optimization (Design) Synthesis (& Design)
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 53 : Computer Aided Process Engineering
Lecture notes and reading material
* A lecture note covering all the lectures has been prepared (see course home-page)
* Supplementary text-books are listed
* A course home-page has been created
* All lecture and tutorial material can be downloaded from the home-page
http://www.capec.kt.dtu.dk/Courses/MSc-level-Courses/
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 52 : Flow sheeting Case Study
A Standard Test Problem for Flowsheeting
The Cavett Problem
* A typical flowsheeting problem from the petroleum industry
* The flowsheet consists of mixers and TP-flash units
* The mixture consists of ethane, propane, 1- butane, n-butane, i-pentane, n-pentane
* The problem is interesting because tear-stream convergence is not easy and process is very sensitive to changes to the condition of operation
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 51 : Integrated Process Simulation
Why Integration ?
* Consider aspects of control, environmental impact, energy, etc., early during process design
* Prevent potential problems rather than cure (which may not be possible)
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 50 : Simulation Problem Solution Approaches Convergence Techniques S...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 50 : Simulation Problem Solution Approaches Convergence Techniques Simulation Strategies
3.2.3.3. Quasi-Newton (QN) Methods
These methods represent a very important class of techniques because of their extensive use in practical alqorithms. They attempt to use an approximation to the Jacobian and then update this at each step thus reducing the overall computational work.
The QN method uses an approximation Hk to the true Jacobian i and computes the step via a Newton-like iteration. That is,
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 49 : Selectivity of Cumene Produced from Alkylation of BenzeneSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 49 : Selectivity of Cumene Produced from Alkylation of Benzene
c. Reaction conditions:
The liquid phase reaction is carried out at between 120 to 240C and 20 to 30 bar whereas the gas phase reaction is carried out at a higher temperature of 350C at similar pressures
2. Cumene selectivity Liquid Phase Reaction:
Material balance for a batch reactor will yield similar results for material balance of a plug flow packed
bed reactor.
Since the reaction is in liquid phase, there will be no changes in volume because of mole changes in the reaction stoichiometry.
Propylene
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
Episode 12 : Research Methodology ( Part 2 )
1. 1
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 12 : Research
Methodology ( Part 2 )
3. Data analysis ??
• Approach to de-synthesizing data, informational,
and/or factual elements to answer research questions
• Method of putting together facts and figures
to solve research problem
• Systematic process of utilizing data to address
research questions
• Breaking down research issues through utilizing
controlled data and factual information
4. Qualitative & Quantitative Research
Qualitative Quantitative
"All research ultimately has
a qualitative grounding"
- Donald Campbell
"There's no such thing as
qualitative data.
Everything is either 1 or 0"
- Fred Kerlinger
The aim is a complete, detailed
description.
The aim is to classify features,
count them, and construct
statistical models in an attempt to
explain what is observed.
Researcher may only know roughly
in advance what he/she is looking
for.
Researcher knows clearly in
advance what he/she is looking
for.
Recommended during earlier
phases of research projects.
Recommended during latter
phases of research projects.
The design emerges as the study
unfolds.
All aspects of the study are
carefully designed before data is
collected. 4
5. 5
Qualitative Quantitative
Researcher is the data gathering
instrument.
Researcher uses tools, such as
questionnaires or equipment to
collect numerical data.
Data is in the form of words,
pictures or objects.
Data is in the form of numbers and
statistics.
Subjective - individuals�
interpretation of events is
important ,e.g., uses participant
observation, in-depth interviews
etc.
Objective seeks precise�
measurement & analysis of target
concepts, e.g., uses surveys,
questionnaires etc.
Qualitative data is more 'rich', time
consuming, and less able to be
generalized.
Quantitative data is more efficient,
able to test hypotheses, but may
miss contextual detail.
Researcher tends to become
subjectively immersed in the
subject matter.
Researcher tends to remain
objectively separated from the
subject matter.
6. In this lesson we look only into Quantitative
Data Analysis
Mathematical & Statistical analysis
7. Statistical Methods
Statistics: Analysis of “meaningful” quantities about a sample of
objects, things, persons, events, phenomena, etc. To infer
scientific outcome
MEANINGFUL???
I checked 3 Proton Saga 2008 model cars. In two of them the
gear box is not working properly.
Inference: Proton Saga 2008 model has a gear box defect!!!!!
8. Important Statistical processesImportant Statistical processes
Correlation and Dependence
Correlation and dependence are any of a broad class of statistical
relationships between two or more random variables or observed data values.
Correlations are useful because they can indicate a predictive relationship that
can be exploited in practice.
For example, an electrical utility may produce less power on a mild day based
on the correlation between electricity demand and weather.
Correlations can also suggest possible causal, or mechanistic relationships;
however, statistical dependence is not sufficient to demonstrate the presence
of such a relationship. 8
9. Student T-Test
A t-test is usually done to compare two sets of data. It is most
commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a
normal distribution.
For example, suppose we measure the size of a cancer
patient's tumour before and after a treatment. If the
treatment is effective, we expect the tumour size for many of
the patients to be smaller following the treatment.
9
10. Important Statistical processesImportant Statistical processes
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Analysis of variance is a collection of statistical models, and
their associated procedures, in which the observed variance is
partitioned into components due to different sources of
variation.
In its simplest form ANOVA provides a statistical test of
whether or not the means of several groups are all equal, and
therefore generalizes Student's two-sample t-test to more
than two groups.
10
11. ANOVAs are helpful because they possess a certain advantage over a two-sample t-
test.
Doing multiple two-sample t-tests would result in a largely increased chance of
committing a type I error.
For this reason, ANOVAs are useful in comparing three or more means
11
12. • Multivariate analysis of variance MANOVA
MANOVA is a generalized form of univariate analysis of
variance (ANOVA). I
It is used in cases where there are two or more dependent
variables.
As well as identifying whether changes in the independent
variable(s) have significant effects on the dependent variables,
MANOVA is also used to identify interactions among the
dependent variables and among the independent variables
12
13. Regression analysis
Regression analysis includes any techniques for modeling and
analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the
relationship between a dependent variable and one or more
independent variables.
More specifically, regression analysis helps us understand
how the typical value of the dependent variable changes
when any one of the independent variables is varied, while
the other independent variables are held fixed.
Most commonly, regression analysis estimates the conditional
expectation of the dependent variable given the independent
variables — that is, the average value of the dependent
variable when the independent variables are held fixed 13
14. Econometric modelling
Econometric models are statistical models used in econometrics.
An econometric model specifies the statistical relationship that is
believed to hold between the various economic quantities pertaining a
particular economic phenomena under study.
14
16. Descriptive statistics
• Use sample information to explain/make
abstraction of population “phenomena”.
Common “phenomena”:
* Association
* Central Tendency
* Causality
* Trend, pattern, dispersion, range
• Used in non-parametric analysis (e.g. chi-
square, t-test, 2-way anova)
17. • Association is any relationship between two
measured quantities that renders them
statistically dependent
• central tendency relates to the way in which
quantitative data tend to cluster around some
value
• Causality is the relationship between an event
(the cause) and a second event (the effect),
where the second event is a consequence of
the first
17
18. Examples of “abstraction” of phenomena
Trends in property loan, shop house demand & supply
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
Year (1990 - 1997)
Loant oproperty sector (RM
million)
32635.8 38100.6 42468.1 47684.7 48408.2 61433.6 77255.7 97810.1
Demandf or shop shouses(units) 71719 73892 85843 95916 101107 117857 134864 86323
Supply of shophouses(unit s) 85534 85821 90366 101508 111952 125334 143530 154179
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
Batu
Pahat
JohorBahruKluang
Kota
TinggiM
ersing
M
uarPontianSegam
at
District
No.ofhouses
1991
2000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0-4
10-14
20-24
30-34
40-44
50-54
60-64
70-74
Age Category (Years Old)
Proportion(%)
19. Examples of “abstraction” of phenomena
Demand (% sales success)
12010080604020
Price(RM/sq.ft.builtarea)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
1 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0
1 0 . 0 0
2 0 . 0 0
3 0 . 0 0
4 0 . 0 0
5 0 . 0 0
- 1 0 0 . 0 0
- 8 0 . 0 0
- 6 0 . 0 0
- 4 0 . 0 0
- 2 0 . 0 0
0 . 0 0
2 0 . 0 0
4 0 . 0 0
6 0 . 0 0
8 0 . 0 0
1 0 0 . 0 0
DistancefromRakaia(km)
D i s t a n c e f r o m A s h u r t o n ( k m )
%
prediction
error
20. Inferential statistics
• Using sample statistics to infer some
“phenomena” of population parameters
• Common “phenomena”:
* One-way r/ship
* Multi-directional r/ship
* Recursive
• Use parametric analysis
Y1 = f(Y2, X, e1)
Y2 = f(Y1, Z, e2)
Y1 = f(X, e1)
Y2 = f(Y1, Z, e2)
Y = f(X)
21. Examples of relationship
Coefficientsa
1993.108 239.632 8.317 .000
-4.472 1.199 -.190 -3.728 .000
6.938 .619 .705 11.209 .000
4.393 1.807 .139 2.431 .017
-27.893 6.108 -.241 -4.567 .000
34.895 89.440 .020 .390 .697
(Constant)
Tanah
Bangunan
Ansilari
Umur
Flo_go
Model
1
B Std. Error
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Beta
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
Dependent Variable: Nilaisma.
Dep=9t – 215.8
Dep=7t – 192.6
22. Which one to use?
• Nature of research
* Descriptive in nature?
* Attempts to “infer”, “predict”, find “cause-and-effect”,
“influence”, “relationship”?
* Is it both?
• Research design (incl. variables involved)
• Outputs/results expected
* research issue
* research questions
* research hypotheses
At post-graduate level research, failure to choose the correct data analysis
technique is an almost sure ingredient for thesis failure.
23. Common mistakes in data analysis
• Wrong techniques. E.g.
• Infeasible techniques. E.g.
How to design ex-ante effects of KLIA? Development occurs
“before” and “after”! What is the control treatment?
Further explanation!
• Abuse of statistics.
• Simply exclude a technique
Note: No way can Likert scaling show “cause-and-effect” phenomena!
Issue Data analysis techniques
Wrong technique Correct technique
To study factors that “influence” visitors to
come to a recreation site
“Effects” of KLIA on the development of
Sepang
Likert scaling based on
interviews
Likert scaling based on
interviews
Data tabulation based on
open-ended questionnaire
survey
Descriptive analysis based
on ex-ante post-ante
experimental investigation
24. Common mistakes (contd.) – “Abuse of statistics”
Issue Data analysis techniques
Example of abuse Correct technique
Measure the “influence” of a variable
on another
Using partial correlation
(e.g. Spearman coeff.)
Using a regression
parameter
Finding the “relationship” between one
variable with another
Multi-dimensional
scaling, Likert scaling
Simple regression
coefficient
To evaluate whether a model fits data
better than the other
Using coefficient of
determination, R2
Box-Cox χ2
test for
model equivalence
To evaluate accuracy of “prediction” Using R2
and/or F-value
of a model
Hold-out sample’s
MAPE
“Compare” whether a group is different
from another
Multi-dimensional
scaling, Likert scaling
two-way anova, χ2
, Z
test
To determine whether a group of
factors “significantly influence” the
observed phenomenon
Multi-dimensional
scaling, Likert scaling
manova, regression
25. How to avoid mistakes - Useful tips
• Crystalize the research problem → operability of it!
• Read literature on data analysis techniques.
• Evaluate various techniques that can do similar things
w.r.t. to research problem
• Know what a technique does and what it doesn’t
• Consult people, esp. supervisor
• Pilot-run the data and evaluate results
• Don’t do research?????????
26. Principles of analysis
• Goal of an analysis:
* To explain cause-and-effect phenomena
* To relate research with real-world event
* To predict/forecast the real-world
phenomena based on research
* Finding answers to a particular problem
* Making conclusions about real-world event
based on the problem
* Learning a lesson from the problem
27. Data can’t “talk”
An analysis contains some aspects of scientific
reasoning/argument:
* Define
* Interpret
* Evaluate
* Illustrate
* Discuss
* Explain
* Clarify
* Compare
* Contrast
Principles of analysis (contd.)
28. Principles of analysis (contd.)
• An analysis must have four elements:
* Data/information (what)
* Scientific reasoning/argument (what?
who? where? how? what happens?)
* Finding (what results?)
* Lesson/conclusion (so what? so how?
therefore,…)
29. Principles of data analysis
• Basic guide to data analysis:
* “Analyse” NOT “narrate”
* Go back to research flowchart
* Break down into research objectives and
research questions
* Identify phenomena to be investigated
* Visualise the “expected” answers
* Validate the answers with data
* Don’t tell something not supported by
data
30. Principles of data analysis (contd.)
Shoppers Number
Male
Old
Young
6
4
Female
Old
Young
10
15
More female shoppers than male shoppers
More young female shoppers than young male shoppers
Young male shoppers are not interested to shop at the shopping complex
31. Data analysis (contd.)
• When analysing:
* Be objective
* Accurate
* True
• Separate facts and opinion
• Avoid “wrong” reasoning/argument. E.g. mistakes in
interpretation.
32. Basic Concepts
• Population: the whole set of a “universe”
• Sample: a sub-set of a population
• Parameter: an unknown “fixed” value of population characteristic
• Statistic: a known/calculable value of sample characteristic representing that
of the population. E.g.
μ = mean of population, = mean of sample
Q: What is the mean price of houses in J.B.?
A: RM 210,000
J.B. houses
μ = ?
SST
DST
SD
1
= 300,000 = 120,000
2
= 210,000
3
33. Basic Concepts (contd.)
• Randomness: Many things occur by pure
chances…rainfall, disease, birth, death,..
• Variability: Stochastic processes bring in them
various different dimensions, characteristics,
properties, features, etc., in the population
• Statistical analysis methods have been
developed to deal with these very nature of
real world.
34. “Central Tendency”
Measure Advantages Disadvantages
Mean
(Sum of
all values
÷
no. of
values)
∗ Best known average
∗ Exactly calculable
∗ Make use of all data
∗ Useful for statistical analysis
∗ Affected by extreme values
∗ Can be absurd for discrete data
(e.g. Family size = 4.5 person)
∗ Cannot be obtained graphically
Median
(middle
value)
∗ Not influenced by extreme
values
∗ Obtainable even if data
distribution unknown (e.g.
group/aggregate data)
∗ Unaffected by irregular class
width
∗ Unaffected by open-ended class
∗ Needs interpolation for group/
aggregate data (cumulative
frequency curve)
∗ May not be characteristic of group
when: (1) items are only few; (2)
distribution irregular
∗ Very limited statistical use
Mode
(most
frequent
value)
∗ Unaffected by extreme values
∗ Easy to obtain from histogram
∗ Determinable from only values
near the modal class
∗ Cannot be determined exactly in
group data
∗ Very limited statistical use
35. Central Tendency – “Mean”,
• For individual observations, . E.g.
X = {3,5,7,7,8,8,8,9,9,10,10,12}
= 96 ; n = 12
• Thus, = 96/12 = 8
• The above observations can be organised into a frequency table
and mean calculated on the basis of frequencies
Thus, = 96/12 = 8
x 3 5 7 8 9 10 12
f 1 1 2 3 2 2 1
Σf 3 5 14 24 18 20 12
36. Central Tendency–“Mean of Grouped Data”
• House rental or prices in the PMR are frequently
tabulated as a range of values. E.g.
• What is the mean rental across the areas?
= 23; = 3317.5
Thus, = 3317.5/23 = 144.24
Rental (RM/month) 135-140 140-145 145-150 150-155 155-160
Mid-point value (x) 137.5 142.5 147.5 152.5 157.5
Number of Taman (f) 5 9 6 2 1
fx 687.5 1282.5 885.0 305.0 157.5
37. Central Tendency – “Median”
• Let say house rentals in a particular town are tabulated as
follows:
• Calculation of “median” rental needs a graphical aids→
Rental (RM/month) 130-135 135-140 140-145 155-50 150-155
Number of Taman (f) 3 5 9 6 2
Rental (RM/month) >135 > 140 > 145 > 150 > 155
Cumulative frequency 3 8 17 23 25
1. Median = (n+1)/2 = (25+1)/2 =13th
.
Taman
2. (i.e. between 10 – 15 points on the
vertical axis of ogive).
3. Corresponds to RM 140-
145/month on the horizontal axis
4. There are (17-8) = 9 Taman in the
range of RM 140-145/month
5. Taman 13th
. is 5th
. out of the 9
Taman
6. The interval width is 5
7. Therefore, the median rental can
be calculated as:
140 + (5/9 x 5) = RM 142.8
39. Central Tendency – “Quartiles” (contd.)
Upper quartile = ¾(n+1) = 19.5th
.
Taman
UQ = 145 + (3/7 x 5) = RM
147.1/month
Lower quartile = (n+1)/4 = 26/4 =
6.5 th. Taman
LQ = 135 + (3.5/5 x 5) =
RM138.5/month
Inter-quartile = UQ – LQ = 147.1
– 138.5 = 8.6th
. Taman
IQ = 138.5 + (4/5 x 5) = RM
142.5/month
40. “Variability”
• Indicates dispersion, spread, variation, deviation
• For single population or sample data:
where σ2
and s2
= population and sample variance respectively, xi = individual
observations, μ = population mean, = sample mean, and n = total number
of individual observations.
• The square roots are:
standard deviation standard deviation
41. “Variability” (contd.)
• Why “measure of dispersion” important?
• Consider returns from two categories of shares:
* Shares A (%) = {1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 3.6}
* Shares B (%) = {1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 3.9}
Mean A = mean B = 2.28%
But, different variability!
Var(A) = 0.557, Var(B) = 1.367
* Would you invest in category A shares or
category B shares?
42. “Variability” (contd.)
• Coefficient of variation – COV – std. deviation as % of
the mean:
• Could be a better measure compared to std. dev.
COV(A) = 32.73%, COV(B) = 51.28%
43. “Variability” (contd.)
• Std. dev. of a frequency distribution
The following table shows the age distribution of second-time home buyers:
x^
44. “Probability Distribution”
• Defined as of probability density function (pdf).
• Many types: Z, t, F, gamma, etc.
• “God-given” nature of the real world event.
• General form:
• E.g.
(continuous)
(discrete)
47. “Probability Distribution” (contd.)
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Rental (RM/sq.ft.)
0
2
4
6
8
Frequency
Mean = 4.0628
Std. Dev. = 1.70319
N = 32
▪ Many real world phenomena
take a form of continuous
random variable
▪ Can take any values between
two limits (e.g. income, age,
weight, price, rental, etc.)
49. “Probability Distribution” (contd.)
• Ideal distribution of such phenomena:
* Bell-shaped, symmetrical
* Has a function of
μ = mean of variable x
σ = std. dev. Of x
π = ratio of circumference of a
circle to its diameter = 3.14
e = base of natural log = 2.71828
50. “Probability distribution”
μ ± 1σ = ? = ____% from total observation
μ ± 2σ = ? = ____% from total observation
μ ± 3σ = ? = ____% from total observation
52. “Probability distribution”
• There are various other types and/or shapes of
distribution. E.g.
• Not “ideally” shaped like the previous one
Note: Σp(AGE=age) ≠ 1
How to turn this graph into
a probability distribution
function (p.d.f.)?
53. “Z-Distribution”
• φ(X=x) is given by area under curve
• Has no standard algebraic method of integration → Z ~ N(0,1)
• It is called “normal distribution” (ND)
• Standard reference/approximation of other distributions. Since there are
various f(x) forming NDs, SND is needed
• To transform f(x) into f(z):
x - µ
Z = --------- ~ N(0, 1)
σ
160 –155
E.g. Z = ------------- = 0.926
5.4
• Probability is such a way that:
* Approx. 68% -1< z <1
* Approx. 95% -1.96 < z < 1.96
* Approx. 99% -2.58 < z < 2.58
54. “Z-distribution” (contd.)
• When X= μ, Z = 0, i.e.
• When X = μ + σ, Z = 1
• When X = μ + 2σ, Z = 2
• When X = μ + 3σ, Z = 3 and so on.
• It can be proven that P(X1 <X< Xk) = P(Z1 <Z< Zk)
• SND shows the probability to the right of any
particular value of Z.
55. Normal distribution…Questions
Your sample found that the mean price of “affordable” homes in Johor
Bahru, Y, is RM 155,000 with a variance of RM 3.8x107
. On the basis of a
normality assumption, how sure are you that:
(a) The mean price is really ≤ RM 160,000
(b) The mean price is between RM 145,000 and 160,000
Answer (a):
P(Y ≤ 160,000) = P(Z ≤ ---------------------------)
= P(Z ≤ 0.811)
= 0.1867
Using , the required probability is:
1-0.1867 = 0.8133
Always remember: to convert to SND, subtract the mean and divide by the std. dev.
160,000 -155,000
√3.8x107
Z-table
57. Normal distribution…Questions
You are told by a property consultant that the
average rental for a shop house in Johor Bahru is
RM 3.20 per sq. After searching, you discovered
the following rental data:
2.20, 3.00, 2.00, 2.50, 3.50,3.20, 2.60, 2.00,
3.10, 2.70
What is the probability that the rental is greater
than RM 3.00?
58. “Student’s t-Distribution”
• Similar to Z-distribution:
* t(0,σ) but σn→∞→1
* -∞ < t < +∞
* Flatter with thicker tails
* As n→∞t(0,σ) → N(0,1)
* Has a function of
where Γ=gamma distribution; v=n-1=d.o.f; π=3.147
* Probability calculation requires information on
d.o.f.
59. “Student’s t-Distribution”
• Given n independent measurements, xi, let
where μ is the population mean, is the sample mean,
and s is the estimator for population standard
deviation.
• Distribution of the random variable t which is (very
loosely) the "best" that we can do not knowing σ.
60. “Student’s t-Distribution”
• Student's t-distribution can be derived by:
* transforming Student's z-distribution using
* defining
• The resulting probability and cumulative distribution
functions are:
61. “Student’s t-Distribution”
•
where r ≡ n-1 is the number of degrees of freedom, -∞<t<∞,Γ(t) is the gamma function,
B(a,b) is the beta function, and I(z;a,b) is the regularized beta function defined by
•
fr(t) =
=
Fr(t) =
=
=
62. Forms of “statistical” relationship
• Correlation
• Contingency
• Cause-and-effect
* Causal
* Feedback
* Multi-directional
* Recursive
• The last two categories are normally dealt with through regression
63. Correlation
• “Co-exist”.E.g.
* left shoe & right shoe, sleep & lying down, food & drink
• Indicate “some” co-existence relationship. E.g.
* Linearly associated (-ve or +ve)
* Co-dependent, independent
• But, nothing to do with C-A-E r/ship!
Example: After a field survey, you have the following
data on the distance to work and distance to the city
of residents in J.B. area. Interpret the results?
Formula:
64. Contingency
• A form of “conditional” co-existence:
* If X, then, NOT Y; if Y, then, NOT X
* If X, then, ALSO Y
* E.g.
+ if they choose to live close to workplace,
then, they will stay away from city
+ if they choose to live close to city, then, they
will stay away from workplace
+ they will stay close to both workplace and city
70. Test yourselves!
Q1: Calculate the min and std. variance of the following data:
Q2: Calculate the mean price of the following low-cost houses, in various
localities across the country:
PRICE - RM ‘000 130 137 128 390 140 241 342 143
SQ. M OF FLOOR 135 140 100 360 175 270 200 170
PRICE - RM ‘000 (x) 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
NO. OF LOCALITIES (f) 3 14 10 36 73 27 20 17
71. Test yourselves!
Q3: From a sample information, a population of housing
estate is believed have a “normal” distribution of X ~ (155,
45). What is the general adjustment to obtain a Standard
Normal Distribution of this population?
Q4: Consider the following ROI for two types of investment:
A: 3.6, 4.6, 4.6, 5.2, 4.2, 6.5
B: 3.3, 3.4, 4.2, 5.5, 5.8, 6.8
Decide which investment you would choose.
73. Test yourselves!
Q6: You are asked by a property marketing manager to ascertain whether
or not distance to work and distance to the city are “equally” important
factors influencing people’s choice of house location.
You are given the following data for the purpose of testing:
Explore the data as follows:
• Create histograms for both distances. Comment on the shape of the
histograms. What is you conclusion?
• Construct scatter diagram of both distances. Comment on the output.
• Explore the data and give some analysis.
• Set a hypothesis that means of both distances are the same. Make your
conclusion.
74. Test yourselves! (contd.)
Q7: From your initial investigation, you belief that tenants of
“low-quality” housing choose to rent particular flat units just
to find shelters. In this context ,these groups of people do
not pay much attention to pertinent aspects of “quality
life” such as accessibility, good surrounding, security, and
physical facilities in the living areas.
(a) Set your research design and data analysis procedure to address
the research issue
(b) Test your hypothesis that low-income tenants do not perceive “quality life” to be important in
paying their house rentals.
76. • Main Points
• Qualitative research involves analysis of data such as
words (e.g., from interviews), pictures (e.g., video), or
objects (e.g., an artifact).
• Quantitative research involves analysis of numerical
data.
• The strengths and weaknesses of qualitative and
quantitative research are a perennial, hot debate,
especially in the social sciences. The issues invoke
classic 'paradigm war'.
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77. • The personality / thinking style of the researcher and/or the culture of the
organization is under-recognized as a key factor in preferred choice of methods.
• Overly focusing on the debate of "qualitative versus quantitative" frames the
methods in opposition. It is important to focus also on how the techniques can be
integrated, such as in mixed methods research. More good can come of social
science researchers developing skills in both realms than debating which method is
superior.
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