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Research methodology & biostatistics
- 1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & BIOSTATISTICS UNIT 1:GENERAL RESEARCH METHODLOGY PRABHAKARAN A
- 2. TOPICS : RESEARCH OBJECTIVE REQUIREMENTS PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES REVIEWOF LITERATURE STUDY DESIGN TYPES OF STUDIES CONTROLS,RANDOMIZATION,CROSSOVER DESIGN,PLACEBO,BINDING TECHINQUES
- 3. RESEARCH : DEFINE: “Research is a systematized to effort of gain new knowledge”. Involves a data collection organization Analysis Interpretation RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Research methodology is a specific procedures or techniques used to identify, Select, Process, And Analyze the information in the topic.
- 4. Study design &types of Design Study design : Study design is the define as the specific plan or protocol for the conducting the study Is known as study design. Which allows the investigator to translate the conceptual hypothesis into an operational one.
- 5. Types of studies Thestudy design are two types observational studies – studies don’t involve any intervention or experiment Another one Experimental Studies - studies that entail manipulation of the study factor
- 6. Observational Studiues Descriptive studies Case reports Case series Analytical studies Group data Individual data Ecological study Cross sectional studies Case control study Cohort study
- 7. Experimental studies Randomized controlledtrial Experimental design Advantages Disadvantages
- 8. Other type of experimental study Field trials Community trials Animal studies Metal analysis
- 9. 1.Observational studies Nonexperimental There is no intervention Treatment and exposure occur in a non controlled environment Individuals can be observed prospectively 1.descriptive studies : Case reports: detailed presentation of a single case or handful of cases Ex; unexpected new therapeutic effect adverse events Case series : group of patient with similar diagnosis
- 10. Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages: Useful of hypothesis generation Information for very rare disease with few risk factors Disadvantages: Cannot study cause and effect relationships Cannot assess the disease frequency
- 11. Analytical Studies Groupdata : Ecology study Individual data : Cross sectional study Case control study Cohort study
- 12. Ecological study Aninvestigation of the distribution of health and determinants b/w groups and individuals The aggregate data not individual level It is conducted by first step Research Merits: Cheap Quick and convenient Demerits: Limit to control effect other factors
- 13. Cross sectional studies An observational design Study only exists at this point in time Often used to study conditions Nonfatal,chronic conditions It measures the prevalence Merits: Low cost Baseline for prospective study Health service evaluvation and planning Demerits: No caluculation of risk Temporal sequence is unclear Not good for rare diseases
- 14. Case control study An observational design comparing exposures in disease cases vs healthy controls from same population Merits: Cheap and easy to quick studies Multiple exposures Suitable when randomization
- 15. Cohort study Itis an observational design Compare to the known risk facors or exposure with others without the risk facors One the best observational design Merits Accurate relative risk estimation Multiple outcomes Used where randomized is not possible Demerits: Lengthy and expensive Large sampes are required Not suitable for many diseases
- 16. Experimental design Treatment andexposures occur in a controlled environment Planned research designs Clinicals trials are called experimental design Generally involve a randomization assignments Testing casual hypothesis Advantages: Ability to randomize the subjects Best evidence of casuality Control extraneous variables Disadvantages: May be unethical to assign person to certain tmt Others: Field trials Community trials Animal studies
- 17. References; www.slideshare.com www.google.com Godis.l.epidemiology.w.b.sauderns company