Episode 61 : MATERIAL BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEM
RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION
participating in a chemical reaction
Stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction:
– Showing the relative number of molecules/moles of components participating in the chemical reaction
Reactants– components that react with each other in a chemical reaction
Products – components that are produced by a chemical reaction
Chemical reactor- equipment in which chemical reactions occur
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
In this topic we have discussed working principle of a Batch Reactor. We've also discussed its kinetics like its Rate equation, Material and Energy balance. Its Design steps also have been discussed.
In this topic we have discussed working principle of a Batch Reactor. We've also discussed its kinetics like its Rate equation, Material and Energy balance. Its Design steps also have been discussed.
The sizing and design of a rotary dryer is a complex process involving a number of factors and considerations. This presentation looks at the importance of custom rotary drum dryer design over a one-size-fits-all solution, and the many material characteristics and environmental factors that should be considered during the design process.
Episode 43 : DESIGN of Rotary Vacuum Drum Filter
Theory of Separation
Rotary vacuum drum filter (RVDF) is one of the oldest filters used in the industrial liquid-solids separation .A rotary vacuum filter consists of a large rotating drum covered by a cloth. The drum is partially immersed in liquid/solids slurry with approximately up to (25-75) % of the screen area.
As the drum rotates into and out of the trough, the slurry is sucked on the surface of the cloth and rotated out of the liquid/solids suspension as a cake. When the cake is rotating out, it is dewatered in the drying zone. The cake is dry because the vacuum drum is continuously sucking the cake and taking the water out of it. At the final step of the separation, the cake is discharged as solids products and the drum rotates continuously to another separation cycle.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Difference between batch,mixed flow & plug-flow reactorUsman Shah
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Episode 62 : MATERIAL BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEM
Many chemical reactions are irreversible and occur in one direction only, namely forward
Reversible reactions occur in both directions i.e. forward and backward
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 58 : Tools Integration Examples
* Separation of a binary mixture of Acetone-Chloroform (Determine the optimal separation scheme)
* Separation of the mixture components from the reactor effluent stream containing the reactants and products for esterification of methanol with acetic acid (Determine a feasible separation sequence)
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Bio...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
In Malaysia, oil palm is a very significant crop. In the worldwide, the biggest palm oil exporter and producer is Indonesia and Malaysia is the 2nd exporter and producer. the production of crude palm oil (CPO) was increased significantly from 92,000 tonnes in year 1960 to 17.6 million tonnes in year 2009, The process to extract the palm oil needs massive and huge water quantity to sterilize the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and clarify the extracted oil.
The sizing and design of a rotary dryer is a complex process involving a number of factors and considerations. This presentation looks at the importance of custom rotary drum dryer design over a one-size-fits-all solution, and the many material characteristics and environmental factors that should be considered during the design process.
Episode 43 : DESIGN of Rotary Vacuum Drum Filter
Theory of Separation
Rotary vacuum drum filter (RVDF) is one of the oldest filters used in the industrial liquid-solids separation .A rotary vacuum filter consists of a large rotating drum covered by a cloth. The drum is partially immersed in liquid/solids slurry with approximately up to (25-75) % of the screen area.
As the drum rotates into and out of the trough, the slurry is sucked on the surface of the cloth and rotated out of the liquid/solids suspension as a cake. When the cake is rotating out, it is dewatered in the drying zone. The cake is dry because the vacuum drum is continuously sucking the cake and taking the water out of it. At the final step of the separation, the cake is discharged as solids products and the drum rotates continuously to another separation cycle.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Difference between batch,mixed flow & plug-flow reactorUsman Shah
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Episode 62 : MATERIAL BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEM
Many chemical reactions are irreversible and occur in one direction only, namely forward
Reversible reactions occur in both directions i.e. forward and backward
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 58 : Tools Integration Examples
* Separation of a binary mixture of Acetone-Chloroform (Determine the optimal separation scheme)
* Separation of the mixture components from the reactor effluent stream containing the reactants and products for esterification of methanol with acetic acid (Determine a feasible separation sequence)
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Bio...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
In Malaysia, oil palm is a very significant crop. In the worldwide, the biggest palm oil exporter and producer is Indonesia and Malaysia is the 2nd exporter and producer. the production of crude palm oil (CPO) was increased significantly from 92,000 tonnes in year 1960 to 17.6 million tonnes in year 2009, The process to extract the palm oil needs massive and huge water quantity to sterilize the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and clarify the extracted oil.
‘Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Bi...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
I introduce my self. My name is SAJJAD KHUDHUR, I am Master degree student chemical Engineering. Today, I am presentation the 3rd and the final presentation of my research which is titled as ‘ Sustainable approach ..‘. My supervisor and co-supervisor are Dr. Teow Yeit Haan and Prof. Abdul Wahab Mohammad. Today, I am going to speak about Palm oil, Palm oil mill effluent, environment impact, problem statement, zero waste energy, Integrated technology, tension factors, process setting, results, the decree, closer look on the product, and the conclusion.
In Malaysia, oil palm is a very significant crop. In the worldwide, the biggest palm oil exporter and producer is Indonesia and Malaysia is the 2nd exporter and producer. The production of crude palm oil (CPO) was increased significantly from 92,000 tonnes in year 1960 to 17.6 million tonnes in year 2009, The process to extract the palm oil needs massive and huge water quantity to sterilize the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and clarify the extracted oil.
DRYING PROCESS OF BERRY FRUIT BY VACUUM DRYING EQUIPMENT (SIMULATION PROCE...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
The dry berries are worthy products since it contains all the vitamins spectrum, for that reason, drying process for the food is producing valuable output. Drying process for the food is not interested in vitamins amount only, it’s about the maintenance level for minor, and macro substances (Ceylan, 2007). Drying process is removing all the interior water of the fruit and has several advantages like producing low weight product, not expensive from packing side, long life storing, and no need for cooling application during storing or transportation (Chen X. D., 2007).
There are different kind of berries, such as strawberry, black currant, raspberry, and cranberry. The objective of this project is simulating the drying process for berry fruits by using vacuum dryer.
Several industries had reported that using vacuum dryer in food manufacturing is applicable but its high cost (Giri, 2007; Clary, 2007). The hardest step in drying process is maintaining the dryer power, as well as the temperature to gain product with the required properties (Lombra, 2010). Some researchers had used integrated hot-air and vacuum dryer together, but they figured out it’s the same results as well as using vacuum dryer (Beaudry, 2004).
This drying equipment is consisting from 70 L volume of a steel cylindrical chamber. The inside pressure is 2 mbar, which is provided by the vacuum pump.
The results were satisfying the industry demand but it’s still following the material kind and the dryer power and …etc.
In conclusion, drying process is not complicated but it needs several different simulations to get the optimistic temperature for avoiding any waste of energy and time.
changing in the cake dimensions with the temperature, in order to get the highest process performance. For that, this simulation process was part from the optimization process but as we know, optimization is not stopping at any step.
Episode 60 : Pinch Diagram and Heat Integration
The optimal allocation of mass and energy within a unit operation, process and/or site.
Optimal allocation can be based on economic, environmental or other important objectives.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 44 : Flow Behavior of Granular Materials and PowdersPart IIISAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 44 : Flow Behavior of Granular Materials and PowdersPart III
Law of hydrodynamics do not apply to the flow of solid granular materials through orifices:
Pressure is not distributed equally in all directions due to the development of arches and to frictional forces between the granules.
The rate of flow is not proportional to the head, except at heads smaller than the container diameter.
No provision is made in hydrodynamics for size and shape of particles, which greatly influence the flow rate.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 38 : Bin and Hopper Design
< 1960s storage bins were designed by guessing
Then in 1960s A.W. Jenike changed all.- He developed theory, methods to apply, inc. the eqns. And measurement of necessary particles properties.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 57 : Simulation for Design and Analysis
Methyl-acetate is produced by esterification of methanol and acetic acid which produces water as by-product.
CH3OH + CH3COOH � CH3COOCH3 + H2O
The mixture to be separated is an outlet stream from a reactor (assumed conditions: P=1 atm, T=450 K) and the methyl-acetate product specification is 99 %.
Problem statement: Given the identity and composition of the components in the mixture to be separated, together with the product specifications, identify a physically feasible flowsheet for separation of the mixture into the specified products. Determine the estimates of operating conditions and identify a MSA where required. Verify the generated process flowsheet with process simulation, together with the alternative separation techniques for its separation task.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 39 : Hopper Design
Problem:
1 -experiments with shear box jenike on a particulate catalyst to give the family
yield locus as in 1. given that the bulk density is 1000 kg/m3 particulates and wall friction angle is 15
a-from design chart silo cone, do design a mass flow hopper for the material.
b-if the average size is 100 um, calculate the discharge flow rate passing through the discharge opening
2 - For the above materials using stainless steel is required to store 1000 tons of particulate in it. Coefficient of friction at the wall is given as 0.45 for each value and the formula that you use the appropriate justify the design.
a - draw the dimensions of the silo you and draw a vertical stress profile and the wall of the silo whole time say powerful particle
b- specify the maximum vertical stress and the wall of the silo you
c - if you use several different approaches in the design you provide appropriate recommendations to your employer for work before the end of the casting device fabrication started.
d - if problems such as the formation of the entrance are available after a certain time interval suggest measures - flow improvement measures to be taken to your employer
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 56 : Simulation for design and analysis
Separation of an azeotropic mixture
Mixture analysis
Identification of an azeotrope.
Possible separation techniques Pressure swing. Extractive/azeotropic distillation.
Solvent identification and validation
Flowsheet configuration
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 59 : Introduction of Process Integration
Pinch Diagram and Heat Integration
Reference: Notes from course on “Modelling, design and control for process integration”, CAPEC, August 2000 (R. Dunn)
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Bio...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Bio-film bacteria (Biological Treatment) integrated with Membrane Technology is based on WHAT FACTORS ?
ANS:
COST EFFECTIVE
REQUIREMENTS
FLEXIBILITY
SIMPLICITY
CLOSED OR OPEN SYSTEM
N0TE: UPON our knowledge and research, There is no previous work had or have done on using integrated biofilm-Membrane.
Description
Glycerolysis procedure is more economical - fats are cheaper and less glycerol is required.
Fats and fatty acids are insoluble in glycerol - high temperatures are required to force the reaction to proceed.
On production scale, direct esterification and interesterification can be done continuously or batchwise.
Generally, there will be input for the process and output from the process. Here we can define what are the related variables or input-output that present in this process.
Feed stream: In this process, the feed raw material is assumed already pure, so no need to purify the feed streams.
Excess reactant: fatty acid is fed as an excess reactant and is supplied in liquid form.
Recycle and purge: There are recycle stream from glycerol and fatty acid but there are no purges from the process.
Episode 10 : steps in conducting the general flow of systematic researchSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 10 : steps in conducting the general flow of systematic research
1. List out in order the steps in conducting the general flow of systematic research.Problem Identification
Reviewing Information
Data Collection
Analysis
Drawing Conclusions
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 11 : Research Methodology
In discussing how and when objectives will be accomplished, it is important to denote clearly the responsibilities of the various personnel involved in the proposed project.
The Personnel section should describe all professional staff, state how much time each of the staff will spend on the project, and what the specific role of each will be.
In describing personnel, the proposer should carefully point out the competence and experience of each related to his/her project assignment.
The proposal should include resumes for key personnel, emphasizing background and relevant current publications which substantiate personnel ability to conduct the particular project.
Those papers which are in preparation, submitted, or in press, and which pertain to the project should
also be listed. Preprints may be included in an appendix.
It may, in fact, be necessary to prepare resumes suitable for the specific project.
Although resumes need not be included for support staff who play minor roles, it is essential to explain their tasks and to justify their appointments.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 16 : Research Methodology ( Part 6 )
Ranjit Kumar. "Research Methodology" Longman, 1996
Lindsay D. “A Guide to Scientific Writing” Longman, 1995
Ralph Berry. “How to write a Research Paper”, Pergamon, 1986
Gerson S J and Gerson S M. “Technical Writing Process and Product”, Prentice Hall, 1992
Coley S M and Scheinberg C A, "Proposal Writing", Newbury Sage Publications, 1990
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 12 : Research Methodology ( Part 2 )
Approach to de-synthesizing data, informational, and/or factual elements to answer research questions
Method of putting together facts and figures
to solve research problem
Systematic process of utilizing data to address research questions
Breaking down research issues through utilizing controlled data and factual information
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 14 : Research Methodology ( Part 4 )
Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners
by Ranjith Kumar
The Research Methods Knowledge Base by William Trochim
UNIT 1:
[1] Overview of Research Methodologies
1.1: Need for research
1.2: Concepts of research and its methodologies
1.3: Classifications of research
1.4: Sequences in conducting research
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 17 : Research Methodology ( Part 7 )
Example
Title: IR Imaging of Plant Diseases
Go to Google Advance Search and Type “IR imaging plant disease”
Set File Type to Adobe Acrobat PDF (.pdf)
Search and select a paper (Let me call it Paper X)
Google
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
This presentation talks about the application of Law of Conservation of Mass to Chemical Equations. It has a step-by-step process of balancing equations with a bit of mole-mass conversions.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT PLAN OF WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT PLANT PROJECTSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
The Project management plan presented here will describe the project manager’s approach and the general responsibilities of the project team. In addition to the project management plan, several other documents will be developed and used to ensure compliance with project requirements as well regulations and industry specific standards. The specific plans will include processes, flow diagrams, responsibility matrices, organizational charts, and other pertinent information to guide the project staff.
The first electric cars were produced in the 1880
Electric cars were popular in the late 19th century and early 20th century
An electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using electrical energy stored in rechargeable batteries or another energy storage device. Electric motors give electric cars instant torque, creating strong and smooth acceleration. They are also around three times as efficient as cars with an Internal combustion engine.
DRYING PROCESS OF BERRY FRUIT BY VACUUM DRYING EQUIPMENT (SIMULATION PROCE...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
The dry berries are worthy products since it contains all the vitamins spectrum, for that reason, drying process for the food is producing valuable output. Drying process for the food is not interested in vitamins amount only, it’s about the maintenance level for minor, and macro substances (Ceylan, 2007). Drying process is removing all the interior water of the fruit and has several advantages like producing low weight product, not expensive from packing side, long life storing, and no need for cooling application during storing or transportation (Chen X. D., 2007).
SUSTAINABLE APPROACH OF RECYCLING PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENTUSING INTEGRATED BIO...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Wastewater treatment often incurs high non-profitable cost in an industry that reduces the company profit. The cost for wastewater treatment could be reduced either by reducing the wastewater generation or enhance the treatment efficiency. The concept of transforming waste to energy makes waste treatment seem more appealing and cost-effective.
Episode 66 : Renewable Energy Technologies
Currently, this is the largest source of renewable energy.
However, much of this is low-technology uses in developing countries. Presumably usage of these fuels will fall as countries grow.
Other fuels include things such as ethanol.
Is there enough farmland to grow the needed feedstocks as well as supplying necessary food supply?
Recent concerns over corn prices is an example here
Used for 16% of world electricity production.
Does not require technological breakthroughs.
However, political acceptance is an issue.
Small hydro is cost competitive
Costs of wind fell by a factor of four between 1981-1999
Wind is now competitive in favorable locations.
Now about 5-8 cents/kWh
Competitive with traditional fuels with a $25/ton CO2 tax
Study shows wind is competitive at $38/ton CO2 near Chicago, and could be situated further away with a price of $76/ton CO2.
Distance from center decreases intermittency, but increases transmission losses.
Because wind is intermittent, storage is an issue.
For instance, excess power could be used to compress air in a reservoir as storage.
Currently feasible at about $93/ton
Denmark and Norway work in tandem to provide power.
When winds are favorable, Denmark exports wind energy to Norway. When not, Norway exports hydropower to Denmark.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 65 : Membrane separation processes
Membrane separation consists of different process operating on a variety of physical
principles and applicable to a wide range of separations of miscible components
These methods yield only a more concentrated liquid stream than feed. Membrane
separation processes have several advantages. These include :
Low energy alternative to evaporation in concentrating a dilute feed, particularly when the desired material is thermally labile or when the desired component is a clear liquid
The chemical and mechanical stresses on the product are minimal and since no phase change is involve the energy requirement is modest
Product concentration and purification can be achieved in a single step and the
selectivity towards the desired product is good
The method can easily be scaled up
In bioprocess industry, membrane separation is widely used because of the mild operating conditions and low energy requirements in the recovery of lactose from whey, separation of immiscible components such extracellular products (
e.g. proteins, enzymes etc) and biomass.
Membrane separation process cannot be used for feeds containing a high concentration of low molecular weight components because of high osmotic pressure or when the feed has high solid content(>25% w/v) because of pumping problems
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
SUSTAINABLE APPROACH OF RECYCLING PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENTUSING INTEGRATED BIO...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
SUSTAINABLE APPROACH OF RECYCLING PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENTUSING INTEGRATED BIOFILM MEMBRANE FILTRATION SYSTEM FORINTERNAL PLANT USAGE
A biofilm is any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often these cells adhere to a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS).
Episode 55 : Conceptual Process Synthesis-Design
Process Flowsheet Synthesis: Method to determine a process flowsheet that satisfies all product, operational and other requirements
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 54 : CAPE Problem Formulations
Computer Aided Process Engineering
Lecture 2: CAPE Problem Formulations
* Four types of CAPE problems
Flowsheeting Specification (Design) Optimization (Design) Synthesis (& Design)
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 53 : Computer Aided Process Engineering
Lecture notes and reading material
* A lecture note covering all the lectures has been prepared (see course home-page)
* Supplementary text-books are listed
* A course home-page has been created
* All lecture and tutorial material can be downloaded from the home-page
http://www.capec.kt.dtu.dk/Courses/MSc-level-Courses/
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 52 : Flow sheeting Case Study
A Standard Test Problem for Flowsheeting
The Cavett Problem
* A typical flowsheeting problem from the petroleum industry
* The flowsheet consists of mixers and TP-flash units
* The mixture consists of ethane, propane, 1- butane, n-butane, i-pentane, n-pentane
* The problem is interesting because tear-stream convergence is not easy and process is very sensitive to changes to the condition of operation
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 51 : Integrated Process Simulation
Why Integration ?
* Consider aspects of control, environmental impact, energy, etc., early during process design
* Prevent potential problems rather than cure (which may not be possible)
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 50 : Simulation Problem Solution Approaches Convergence Techniques S...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 50 : Simulation Problem Solution Approaches Convergence Techniques Simulation Strategies
3.2.3.3. Quasi-Newton (QN) Methods
These methods represent a very important class of techniques because of their extensive use in practical alqorithms. They attempt to use an approximation to the Jacobian and then update this at each step thus reducing the overall computational work.
The QN method uses an approximation Hk to the true Jacobian i and computes the step via a Newton-like iteration. That is,
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 49 : Selectivity of Cumene Produced from Alkylation of BenzeneSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 49 : Selectivity of Cumene Produced from Alkylation of Benzene
c. Reaction conditions:
The liquid phase reaction is carried out at between 120 to 240C and 20 to 30 bar whereas the gas phase reaction is carried out at a higher temperature of 350C at similar pressures
2. Cumene selectivity Liquid Phase Reaction:
Material balance for a batch reactor will yield similar results for material balance of a plug flow packed
bed reactor.
Since the reaction is in liquid phase, there will be no changes in volume because of mole changes in the reaction stoichiometry.
Propylene
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 48 : Computer Aided Process Engineering Simulation Problem SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 48 : Computer Aided Process Engineering Simulation Problem
* Identify partitions
* Identify recycle-loops
* Determine tear-streams
* Determine calculation order
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 47 : CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES
Chemical process design is the application of chemical engineering knowledge (chemical, physical and/or biological transformations of raw materials) into products and economics in the conceiving a chemical process plant to profitably manufacture chemicals in a reliable and safe manner without unduly affecting adversely the environment and society
Chemical process plants are by nature large capital investment projects that
are expensive to build and operate
have very long life times and
manufacture specific chemicals
Chemical process plants must be designed well to avoid large financial losses over long periods of times due to inefficient processes/poor operations
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD PALM KERNEL OIL SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM
RBD PALM KERNEL OIL
Oleo chemicals
The term ― oleo chemicals refers to any chemical compounds derived from natural oils
almost 95% of natural oils and fats are used in food application
small percentage is applied in non-food purposes such as soap manufacturing
The advantages of using oleo chemicals over petrochemicals are:
Oleo chemicals are derived from renewable resources .
Oleo chemical production requires less energy and causes less pollution .
Oleo chemicals are fully non-toxic .
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 45 : 4 Stages Of Solid Liquid Separations
Cost of S/L relates directly to the volume of material
Pressurized equipment is more expensive to operate than thickener
Other techniques are classified according to the substances that act upon, namely the liquid, the solid particles, solids concentration and solid-liquid interaction
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 44 : 4 Stages Of Solid Liquid Separations
Cost of S/L relates directly to the volume of material
Pressurized equipment is more expensive to operate than thickener
Other techniques are classified according to the substances that act upon, namely the liquid, the solid particles, solids concentration and solid-liquid interaction
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
1. SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Episode 61 : MATERIAL
BALANCE FOR REACTING
SYSTEM
2. COMPONENT MATERIAL BALANCE FOR
REACTING SYSTEMS
System
CONTROL
VOLUME
Fi1
wi1k
Fi2
ENVIRONMENT
Fo1
wo1k
Fo2
wo2k
Fo3
wo3k
wi2k
j1 j1
wo1k Fo1 wo2k Fo2 wo3k Fo3 wi1k Fi1 wi2k Fi2 Mk rk
Mkrk
Reactor
Compressor
Phase
separatior
Distillation
Mk rk
M L
Foj wokj Fij wikj
3. COMPONENT MATERIAL BALANCE FOR
REACTING SYSTEMS
System
CONTROL
VOLUME
Ni1
xi1k
Ni2
ENVIRONMENT
No1
xo1k
No2
xo2k
No3
xo3k
xi2k
rk
Reactor
Compressor
Phase
separator
Distillation
rk
M L
j1 j1
xo1k No1 xo2k No2 xo3k No3 xi1k Ni1 xi2k Ni2 rk
Noj xokj Nij xikj
4. RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION
• Rate of chemical reaction of component k : rk
• Net rate of generation of component k
component k per unit time
in units of moles of
• Obtained from stoichiometric balance of chemical reactions
• Stoichiometry = relative proportions of chemical components
participating in a chemical reaction
• Stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction:
– Showing the relative number of molecules/moles of components
participating in the chemical reaction
• Reactants– components that react with each other in a
chemical reaction
• Products – components that are produced by a chemical
reaction
• Chemical reactor- equipment in which chemical reactions occur
6. EXAMPLE
• Example 3.1 Stoichiometric
equations
• SO3 synthesis
reaction 2SO2 +
O2 2SO3
• 2 moles of SO2 reacting with 1 mole of O2 to produce 2 moles
of SO3
• Ammonia synthesis
reaction N2 +
3H2 2NH3
• 1 mole of N2 reacting with 3 moles of H2 to produce 2 moles of
NHO3
Reactants Product
2SO2 + (1)O2 2SO3
7. STOICHIOMETRIC BALANCE
• Stoichiometric equation
• S = total number of components
• k = stoichiometric coefficient
•
•
Ck = molecular formula of component k
Sign Convention: k + for products & - for reactant
k Ck 0
k1
S
2SO2 + (1)O2 2SO3
2SO3 - 2SO2 - (1)O2 = 0
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
2NH3 - N2 - 3H2 = 0
8. STOICHIOMETRIC BALANCE
• Material balance
Total mass of reactants = mass of products in Stoich. Equation
Conservation of mass
S
• Mk = MW of components k
2SO2 + (1)O2 2SO3
2MST – 2MSD - (1)MO = 0
2(64) – 2(48) - (1)(32) = 0
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
2MA – MN - 3MH = 0
2(17) - (28) - 3(2) = 0
0k M k
k1
9. STOICHIOMETRIC BALANCE
• Elemental balance= total element in reactants is equal to the
total element in the product in the stoichiometric equation
S
•
k1
• mkl = number of element atom in a molecule of komponent k.
2SO2 + (1)O2 2SO3
Balance on S: 2mSTS – 2mSDS - (1)mOS = 0
2(1) – 2(1) - (1)(0) = 0
Balance for o2: 2mSTO – 2mSDO - (1)mOO = 0
2(3) – 2(2) - (1)(2) = 0
0k mkl
10. STOICHIOMETRIC BALANCE
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Balance of N: 2mAN – mNN – 3mHN = 0
2(1) – 1(2) - 3(0) = 0
Balance of H: 2mAH – mNH - 3mHH = 0
2(3) – 1(0) - 3(2) = 0
• Element balance can be used to determine the stoichiometric
coefficients provided that both the reactants and the
products are known
• If L elements are involved in the stoichiometric equations,
then there are L independent element balance equation a
• If S components and L elements are involved the
stoichiometric equations , degree of freedom = S – L
11. EXAMPLE
Example 3.2 Balance the stoichiometric equations of a reaction
between As2S5 and HNO3.
-1As2S5 - 2HNO3 3H3AsO4 + 4H2SO4 + 5H2O + 6NO2
The stoichiometric equation is rewritten as:
1As2S5 + 2HNO3 + 3H3AsO4 + 4H2SO4 + 5H2O + 6NO2 = 0
There are 6 species & 5 elements. Degree of freedom= 6 – 5 = 1
Balance of each element
O 32 + 43 + 44 + 5 + 26 = 0
As 21 +
3
= 0
S 51 +
4
= 0
H 2 +
33
+24 + 25 = 0
N 2 + 6 = 0
12. STOICHIOMETRY OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Biotechnological products are produced in fermentation
proses involving cell growth and bioproduiction
• Bioreactor/fermentor
• Biochemical transformation processes involved thousands
of biochemical reactions in the cell.
• Its stoichiometry is represented by a simple
pseudochemical reaction equation
• Stoichiometric balance of pseudochemical reaction:
– Elemental balance = ordinary chemical reactions
– Electron balance = different from ordinary chemical
reactions = involves energy transition
– Yield coefficient of biomass
– Yield coefficient of product
14. STOICHIOMETRY OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Biochemical reaction involves
– Substrate = glucose (CHmOn), oxygen & ammonia
– Products: cell mass (CHON), biochemical product (CHxOyNz),
water and & carbon dioxide
-1CHmOn - 2O2 -3NH3 4CHON +5CHxOyNz + 6H2O + 7CO2
• Value of coefficients m and n depends on substrate
•
•
•
•
Example: glucose m = 2 and n = 1.
Value of coefficients , and depends on microbe
Example: yeast, = 1.66, = 0.13 and = 0.40.
Divide the stoichiometric equations with 1
-CHmOn - ’1O2 -’2NH3 ’3CHON +’4CHxOyNz + ’5H2O + ’6CO2
• ’j = j-1/1 and j = 1, 2, 3, …6.
• Number of elements = 4; Number of components/stoichiometric
coefficients = 6
Degree of freedom of biochemical Stoichiometry = 6 – 4 = 2
15. STOICHIOMETRY OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Biochemical transformation involves electron transfer
determined by an electron balance
• Additional independent balance equations!
• Degree of reduction of component k, k is used in the electron
balance
• Degree of reduction k = number of equivalents of available
electrons per atom C
• Available electrons = electrons transferred to oxygen after
organic compound is oxidized to carbon dioxide, water and
ammonia in biochemical reactions
• Degree of reduction of organic compounds = sum of all the
product of element valency and element atomic number
divided by the number of C atoms in the compound
•
Vl = element valency in component l, mkC = number of carbon
atoms in component
L
vl mkl mkC
k1
k
16. STOICHIOMETRY OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Degree of reduction of several common organic materials: :
Methane CH4 = [1(4) + 4(1)]/1 = 8
= [6(4) + 12(1) + 6(-2)]/6 = 24/6 = 4Glucose C6H12O6
Ethanol C2H5OH = [2(4) + 6(1) + 1(-2)]/2 = 12/2 = 6
Glucose CHmOn
Cell mass CHON
s = [1(4) + m(1) + n(-2)]/1 = 4 + m - 2n
b = [1(4) + (1) + (-2) + (-3)]/1 = 4 + -
- 2 - 3
p = [1(4) + x(1) + y(-2) + z(-3)]/1 = 4 + x
- 2y – 3z
Product CHxOyNz
• The degree of reduction of water, ammonia & carbon dioxide = 0
• The degree of reduction of oxygen = -4
• S
•
Electron balance equation:
Additional independent equations!
'k k 0
k1
17. STOICHIOMETRY OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Respiratory quotient RQ molar basis
• RQ 7 2 '6 '1
• Yield of cell biomass mass basis
•
• Mb = formula MW of biomass & Ms = formula MW of substrate
• Yield of product mass basis
•
•
•
Mp = formula MW of product
Value of RQ is obtained from experiment
MS 4MB 1MS '3 MB
YX / S
MS 5MP 1MS '4 MP
YP / S
18. STOICHIOMETRY OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Element balance equations (4 equations) plus
– Electron balance equation
– Respiratory quotient equation
– Yield of biomass
– Yield of product
• 8 equations & 6 unknown variables
•
•
Degrees of freedom = 6-8 = -2
Two equations are not independent and can be used to check the
balance stoichiometry
• Balance of elements
C
H -m + 3’2 + ’3 + x’4 + 2’5 = 0
N
O
-1+’3 + ’4 + ’6 = 0
’2 + ’3 + z’4 = 0
-n + 2’1 + ’3 + y’4 + ’5 + 2’6 = 0
19. STOICHIOMETRY OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Electron balance
•
•
•
•
•
-s - 4’1 + b’3 + p’4 = 0
s = degrees of reduction of substrate
b = degrees of reduction of biomass
p = degrees of reduction of product
H and O element balances involve water and there is so much water
• Both balances are difficult to use
• Only the C, N and electron balances are used
C -1+’3 + ’4 + ’6 = 0
N
-s
’2 + ’3 + z’4 = 0
- 4’1 + b’3 + p’4 = 0
20. EXAMPLE
Example 3.3 Aerobic growth of S. cerevisiae (yeast) on ethanol
-CH3O0.5 - ’1O2 -’2NH3 ’3CH1.704O0.408N0.149 + ’5H2O + ’6CO2
• Determine the values of ’1, ’2, ’3, and ’6 if RQ = 0.66, Yield of
biomass on substrate & Yield of biomass on oxygen
• Degree of reduction of substrate & biomass
Ethanol
Biomass
CH3O0.5
CH1.704O0.408N0.149
S = [1(4) + 3(1) + (0.5)(-2)]/1 = 6
B = [1(4) + 1.704(1) + 0.408(-2) +
0.149(-3)]/1 = 4.441
• Element balance of C & N, electron balance and RQ.
• C
• N
• Electron
• RQ
-1+’3 + ’6 = 0
’2 + 0.149’3 = 0
-6 - 4’1 + 4.41’3 = 0
'6 0.66'1
21. EXAMPLE
• 4 unknowns & 4 equations & degree of freedom= 4 – 4 = 0
• Substitute last equation with first equation
’3 - 0.66’1 = 1
and
• Then
4.41’3 - 4’1 = 6
and
• Yield of biomass on oxygen
Formula biomass MW MB
• Formula ethanol MW MS
• Yield of biomass on substrate
1 4 6 0.66'3
1 4 4.41 0.66 0.0367 '1 1 0.0367 0.66 1.4595
'2 0.1490.0367 0.0055 '6 0.661.4595 0.96327
12 1.7041 0.14914 0.40816 22.318
12 31 0.516 23
M 0.036722.318 23 0.0356 g g-1
X / S 3 BY ' M S
Y '3 MB '1 MO 0.036722.318 1.459532 0.0175 g g1
X / O2
6
1
11 0.663
4.41 4
22. MATERIAL BALANCE WITH SINGLE
REACTION
• COMPONENT MATERIAL BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEMS
Molar Mass
• Rate of chemical reaction of component k rk
• Ammonia synthesis reaction :
•
•
•
•
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
If rate of reaction of nitrogen = -rN
Rate of reaction of hydrogen = -rH
(negative: nitrogen is used)
= (H /N)(-rN )= (-3/-1)(-rN)
Rate of reaction of ammonia = rA = (A /N)(-rN )= (2/-1)(-rN)
Then
Rate of reaction r is fixed for a given reaction stoichiometric equation
• Rate of reaction of component
• COMPONENT MATERIAL BALANCE FOR REACTING SYSTEMS
Molar Mass
rk Mk rk
M L M L
j1 j1 j1
Noj xokj Nij xikj Foj wokj Fij wikj
j1
r
rA
rH
rN
rk
A H N k
rk k r
Mkk rFoj wokj Fij wikj
M L
j1 j1
k rNoj xokj Nij xikj
M L
j1 j1
23. MATERIAL BALANCE WITH SINGLE REACTION
• Example 3.4 Lets say for the SO3 synthesis reaction, 15 mole h1 O2 (A)
40 mole h-1 SO2 (B) and 0 mole h-1 SO3 (C) is fed into a reactor. If the
flow rate out of O2 is 8 mole h-1 calculate the flow rates of other
components
• Basis 55 mole j-1 feed O2 + 2SO2 2 SO3
• 3 components & 3 independent material balance equations
• Degree of freedom= 3 – 3 = 0
• Choose component mole balance that has most information to get r :O2
• SO2 mole balance
• SO3 mole balance
• Substituting r in
SO2 & SO2 balances:
NiA = 15 mole h-1
NiB = 40 mole h-1
NiC = 0 mole h-1
NoA =8 mole h-1
NoB
NoC
Reactor SO3
NoA Ar
NoB Br
NoC C r
NiA
NiB
NiC
N 40 2r 40 27 26 mole h1
oB
NoC 2r 27 14 mole h
1
1
r 7 mole h15 8 1r
40 NoB 2r
0 NoC 2r
24. EXAMPLE
• Example 3.5 Growth of S. cerevisiae on glucose is described by the
following equation
•
• In a batch bioreactor of volume 105 L, the yeast concentration required
C6H12O6 + 3O2 + 0.48NH3 0.48C6H10NO3 + 4.32H2O + 3.12CO2
is 50 g dry mass L-1.
• Calculate the yield of biomass/substrate YX/S Yield of biomass /oxygen
YX/G and respiratory quotient RQ. Calculate the required concentration
and total amount of glucose and (NH3)2SO4 in the nutrient media.
• How much oxygen is required and carbon produced by the bioreaction ?
• If the growth rate at exponent phase is r = 0.7 gdm L-1 h-1, determine
the rate of oxygen utilization.
• MW glucose = 180, MW oxygen = 32, MW ammonia = 17, MW
(NH4)2SO4 = 116, MW biomass = 144, MW carbon dioxide = 44 and MW
water = 18.
25. EXAMPLE
CoO = 4 mg L-1
CoC = 2 mg L-1
Batch Bioreactor
Glucose feed
CiG
CiO = 0
CiC = 0
CiB = 0
Gas exhaust
Feed (NH4)2SO4
CiA
Biomass product
CoB= 50 gdm L-1
CoG = 5.0 g L-1
CoA = 1.0 g L-1
O2 Feed
26. EXAMPLE
• 6 components and six independent mass balance equations
• Water balance is not used because the presence of a lot of water
• Degrees of freedom = 6 – 5 = 1
• Yield of biomass/glucose YX/S
• Yield of biomass/oxygen YX/O2.
• Respiratory quotient
•
• Choose Basis =500 kg dry biomass = 50 gdm L-1 in a 105 L bioreactor
• Choose component balance with the most information to get r
• Biomass balance
0.48144
1180
1
0.384 g g
M
YX / S
G G
BMB
M
0.48144
332
1
X / O2 0.72 g gY
O O
B B
M
RQ
C
3.12
1.04 mole mole1
O 3
NoB BrVNiB
27. EXAMPLE
• Biomass balance
• Hence the rate of reaction
• Glucose balance
• Total amount of glucose required = 13,520.8 kg
144 0.48
0.772 mole L150
r
CiBV
CoBV
rV
M M
B
B B
5010 0.48r105
5
144
0
N NoG G rViG
C 105
5105
50105
180 1440.48180
iG
CiGV
CoGV
rV
M M
G
G G
50180
5
1440.48 5 130.208 135.208 g L
1CiG
28. requires 1/2 mole of (NH4)2SO4.
•
• Total (NH4)2SO4 required = 2,113.9 kg
• O2 balance
• Total O2 utilization Nio - Noo = 217.026 kmole oxygen
50116
2144
1
1 20.139 21.139 g LCiA 1
N N A
rViA oA
2
EXAMPLE
• One mole NH3
• (NH4)2SO4
C 105
0.4850105
21440.48116116
iA
CiAV
CoAV
A
rV
M A M A 2
OrV
MO
C VNiO NoO oO
0.00410 35010
1440.48 217.026x10
3
55
32
NiO NoO
1
1
05
29. EXAMPLE
• CO2 balance
• NoCO2 = 225.689 kmole carbon dioxide = 9930.316 kg carbon dioxide
• The dissolved gas concentrations are very small and will be neglected in
fermenter balances
C rV
MC
CoCV
NoC NiC
0.00210 3.125010
1440.48
3
55
225.689x10
44
NiC NoC
30. CONVERSION & LIMITING REACTANT
• Common measure of course of reaction is the fractional conversion /
conversion of the limiting reactant
• Conversion links the outlet flow rate with the inlet flow rate of the
same component = additional independent equation!
• Reaction rate r
•
•
The limiting reactant finishes first if the reaction is left to react by itself
If the reaction is left to react, the rate of reaction r increases to reach
the value of rlimiting when Nok = 0
• Reactant with the lowest value for Nik/(-k) finishes first
• Limiting reactant=reactant that has the lowest Nik/(-k)
• Other reactants= excess reactant
Excess fraction of component k
ik
Nik Nok
k
N
X Nik X k Nik Nok
k
r
Nik Xk
k
Nik
Limitingr
k ip p
k Nip p
Nik
E k
N
Nik Xk k r
31. EXAMPLE
• Example 3.6 The reaction between ammonia (A) and oxygen (O) on Pt
catalyst produces nitric acid and water (W). The stoichiometric
equation is given by
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O•
• Under certain conditions, conversion of NH3 into NO (N) can achieve
90% at ammonia flow rate NH3 40 mole h-1 and O2 60 mole h-1 .
Calculate the other flow rate
• Basis is 100 mole h-1 feed.
• 4 components & 4 independent material balance equations .
• Degree of freedom= 4 - 4 = 0
NiA = 40 mole j-1
NiO = 60 mole h-1
NiN = 0 mole h-1
NiW = 0 mole h1
NoA
NoO
NoN
NiW
Acid nitric
Reactor
Conversion 90%
32. EXAMPLE
• Stoichiometric coefficient
• Use conversion of ammonia
to get Rate of reaction r
• Component mole balance
• NH3
• O2
• NO
• H2O
400.9
4
1
9 mole h
r
NiA X A
A
NoA ArNiA
1
4 mol hNoA
NoO OrNiO
N 15 mol h1
oO
N rNiN NoN
N 36 mol h1
oN
NoW W rNiW
1
54 mol hNoW
40 NoA 49
60 NoO 59
0 NoNO 49
0 NoW 69
• NH3 A = -4 O2 O = -5
• NO N = 4 H2O W = 6
33. EXAMPLE
Example 3.7 If the reaction in Example 3.6 achieves 80% conversion with
equimolar ammonia and oxygen feed that is fed at 100 mole h-1. Calculate
the flow rate out of all components
• Stoichiometric equation is given by
•
•
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
Choose basis 100 mole h-1 feed
• Determination of the limiting reactant
• Limiting reactant= Oxygen because it has the smallest Nik/(-k)
• Conversion information is for conversionm of oxygen!
NiA = 50 mole j-1
NiO = 50 mole j-1
NiN = 0 mole j-1
NiW = 0 mole j-1
NoA
NoO
NoN
NiW
Acid nitric
reactor
Conversion 80%
12.5
4
50
A
NiA
5
10
50
O
NiO
34. EXAMPLE
• Use conversion of oxygen to get the rate of reaction:
• Component balance
• NH3
• O2
• NO
• H2O NiW
500.8
5
1
8 mole h
r
O
NiO XO
NoA ArNiA
NoO OrNiO
NoN N r
NoW W r
NiN
N 50 48 18 mole h1
oA
N 50 58 10 mole h
1
oO
N 0 48 32 mole h1
oN
0 68 48 mole h
1NoW
35. EXAMPLE
Example 3.8 Acrylonitrile (C) is produced by the following reaction:
C3H6 + NH3 + (3/2)O2 C3H3N + 3H2O
The feed contains 10% mole propylene (P), 12% mole ammonia (A) and
78% mole air. Conversion of limiting reactant is 30%. By choosing 100
mole h-1 feed as the basis, determine the limiting reactant, fractional
excess of other reactants and flow rate out of all components.
6 unknown & 6 independent material balance equations
Degree of freedom= 6 – 6 = 0
Determine the limiting reactant
Propylene is the limiting reactant
Ni = 100 mole h-1
xiA = 0.12
xiP = 0.10
NiO = (0.21)(0.78)
NiN = (0.79)(0.78)
NoA
NoP
NoO
NiN
NoC
NoW
Acrylonitrile
Reactor
Conversion 30%
12
1
12
W P
NiW 10
1
10
NiP
16.38
1.5
10.92
O
NiO
36. EXAMPLE
• Fractional excess of other reactants
• NH3
• O2
• From conversion,
calculate rate of reaction
• NH3
• O2
• C3H3N
• H2O
• N2
P 12 (1)101
(1)10 1
0.2
NiA A NiP
EA
A iP P N
P 16.38 (1.5)101
(1.5)10 1
0.092
O2 NiP P
NiO O NiP
EO
0.310
1
1
3 mole h
r
XP NiP
P
NoA ArNiA
NoO OrNiO
C rNiC NoC
1
NiN 61.62 mole hNoN
NoW W rNiW
N 12 13 9 mole h
1
oA
N 16.38 1.53 11.88 mole h
1
oO
0 13 3 mole h
1NoC
N 0 33 9 mole h
1
oW
37. EXAMPLE
Example 3.9 Natural gas containing methane only is burnt in an
incinerator CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Calculate all the outgoing molar flow rate of components, total molar
flow rate and fractional excess ofair
4 unknown & 4 independent material balance equations
Degree of freedom= 4 – 4 = 0
• Convert the flow rate units into mole units.
•
•
• FU NU
NUO =
NUN =
FG NG
Air MW= 0.21(32) + 0.79(28) = 28.84
0.21(10.4) = 2.184 kmole h-1
0.79(10.4) = 8.216 kmole h-1
FG = 16 kg h-1
wGM = 1.0
No
NoC
NoN
NoO
NoW
Natural
gas burner
FU = 300 kg h-1
xUO = 0.21
xUN = 0.79
41 kmole h-1
CH
4
16 kg 1 kmole CH4
h 16 kg CH
10.40kmole h air
h 28.84 kg air
300 kg 1 kmole air -1
38. EXAMPLE
• Basis is 1.0 kmole h-1 natural gas
• Stoichiometric coefficients
• CH4 CH4 = -1 O2 O2 = -2 CO2
•
CO2 = 1 H2O H2O = 2
Assume complete combustion = all methane reacted.
Rate of methane reaction
• Component mole balances
• N2
• O2
• CO2
• H2O
•
•
•
Total flow rate out No = 11.4 kmole h-1
Air fractional excess:
or 9.2%
N 1.0G
M 1
1
1.0 kmole hr
N N 8.216 kmole h1
oNUN
NoO Or
NoC C r
NoW W r
NUO
NGC
NGW
M 2.184 (2)1.0 1
(2)1.0 1
0.092
NUO O NG
EO
O G M N
N 2.184 21 0.184 kmole h
1
oO
0 11 1.0 kmole h
1NoC
N 0 21 2.0 kmole h
1
oW
39. EXAMPLE
Example 3.10 Yeast in example 3.2 reacts with glucose, oxygen
and ammonium sulfate according to the same stoichiometry in a
chemostat bioreactor with volume V = 105 L in the figure below.
The rate of ventilation is 50,000 L min-1. Dilution rate D = Qi/V =
0.1 j-1.
Feed
Qi = 10000 L h-1
CiA
CiG
CiB = 0
Product
Qo = Qi = 10000 L h-1
CoG = 5 g L-1
CoB = 50 gdm L-1
CoA= 1 g L-1
Air feed
QiU = 50,000 L min-1
NiU = 133928.6 mole h-1
N =28125.0 mole h-1
iO
N =105803.6 mole h-1
iN
N =0iC
Exhaust air
NoU
QoU
NoO
NoN
NoC
40. EXAMPLE
• Chemostat = continuous bioreactor
• At steady sate, substrate, other nutrient and oxygen are fed and
products are withdrawn at the same volumetric flow rate
• Volumetric flow rate Qi = VD
•
•
•
= (105)(0.1) = 10000 L h-1
5 equations for 5 unknowns & Degree of freedom= 5 – 5 = 0
Basis 10000 L h-1 volumetric flow rate
Chose component balance with most information to get r:
Biomass
• Then
144
r = (50)/[(10)(144)(0.48)] = 0.072338 mole L-1 h-1
NoB BrVNiB
0 104
50 0.48r105
BrV
M
Q
CiB
Q
CoB
MB B
ii
41. EXAMPLE
• Glucose
• Then CiG = 5 + (188)(10)(0.072338) = 140.99 g L-1
• One mole NH3 requires 1/2 mole of (NH4)2SO4. Then (NH4)2SO4
balance
• Then CiA = 1 + (116)(0.48)(10)(0.072338)/2 = 21.14 g L-1
• Molar flow rate of air feed
• Then
NoG GrVNiG
N N
A
rV
iA oA
2
GrV
M
Q
CiG
Q
CoG
MG G
ii
104
Cig
104
5 0.072338105
188 188
104
CiA
10 1 0.480.072338
2
10
116 116
5
4
A
rV
M A 2
Q
CiA
Q
CoA
M A
i i
N 133928.571 mole h-1
min 1 j 22.4 L
60min molQ 50000
L
iUiU
42. EXAMPLE
• Hence
•
• Oxygen
NiO = (0.21)( 133928.571) = 28125.0 mole h-1
NiN = (0.79)( 133928.571) = 105803.6 mole h-1
or
oO
NoO =28125.0–21701.4 = 6423.6 mole oxygen h-1
• Nitrogen: NoN = NiN = 105803.6 mole h-1
• Carbon dioxide
• Rate of CO2 production NoCO2 = 22569 mole carbon dioxide h-1
• Rate of gas out
NoU=NoO+NoN+NoC=6423.6+105803.6+22569.0=134795 mole h-1
NoO OrVNiO
28125.0 N 30.072338105
NoC CrVNiC
0 N 3.120.072338105
oC
22.4 L
50323.47 L min-1
h 60 min mole
1hQ 134795
mole
oU