This document provides an overview of basic research principles and the research process. It discusses what constitutes research, its functions and sources of knowledge. It also outlines the typical stages of research including problem identification, hypothesis formulation, data collection and analysis. Additionally, it covers research methodology, variables, sampling techniques and ethics in research.

1. Basic Principles of Research By Edmund Lawrence S. Florendo

2. Research A careful, systematic study in a field of knowledge, undertaken to discover or establish facts or principles. (Webster) A systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to find an answer to a question or a solution to a problem, to validate or test an existing theory.

3. Research Functions Answers questions, solve problem and make decision See and understand how and why a situation or a problem exists. Discover new things and ideas Validate existing theories or generate new ones Identify and understand the causes and effects of a situation or a phenomenon

4. Sources of Knowledge for Research Tradition Experience Logic/Reasoning Research/Scientific Consulting An Expert Trial And Error

5. Research as a Scientific Method Identification of a problem Formulation of hypothesis Data collection Data analysis Drawing of conclusions

6. Sample Research Problems A nurse who had been in the emergency room for ten years learned that orienting the patient to hospital set-up reduces anxiety. The head nurse invited the nursing scholars to discuss the modalities of nursing applicable to the ward set-up. Nurses assigned in the geriatric unit are alarmed about the increasing incidence of bedsores among the elderly. As a preventive measure in one instance they used banana leaves to line the bony areas of the patient and later they used gloves filed with water and find out which of the two is the best.

7. Sample Research Problems A nurse enrolled in the masteral program wants to determine the effect of yakult in the healing of bedsores. Similarly another nurse conducted an investigation on the effect of guava leaves decoction in the healing of episiorrhaphy wounds If a is not equal to b then a>b or a<b.

8. Two Major Types of Research PURE/BASIC/THEORETICAL - conducted for the sake of knowing CLINICAL/PRACTICAL/APPLIED - conducted for utilization of findings for real life situation.

9. SAMPLE TITLES /EXERCISES Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Couples of Family Planning in Aklan Province The Effect of Touch in the Pain reactions of Neonate who have Underwent Circumcision and Ear Boring At St. Paul’s Hospital, Iloilo City Chromatic and Achromatic Pictures and Their Effects on the Reading Performance of Mentally Retarded Children At the SPED School, Iloilo City

10. Coping Mechanisms of Single Mothers In the City of Iloilo The Lifestyle of Aetas in the Mountains of Ibajay, Aklan

11. OTHER TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO RESEARCH DESIGN PRE-EXPERIMENTAL QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL TRUE EXPERIMENTAL

12. PURPOSE: DESCRIPTIVE EXPLANATORY/CORRELATIONAL EXPLORATORY RELATIONAL/CASUAL CAUSAL EVALUATIVE DEVELOPMENTAL

13. STAGES IN RESEARCH PROCESS CONCEPTUAL PHASE PLANNING/DESIGN PHASE EMPIRICAL/IMPLEMENTATION PHASE ANALYTIC PHASE DISSEMINATION/UTILIZATION PHASE

14. Conceptual Phase: problem identification objectives and hypothesis formulation identification of variables review of literature scope and delimitation framework for the study

15. Planning/design Phase: research methodology research design population and sampling instrumentation

16. Empirical/Implementation Phase data gathering and processing editing and encoding tabulating

17. Analytic phase= data analysis and interpretation using statistical treatment Utilization and dissemination = report findings to beneficiaries

18. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH ORDER AND SYSTEM CONTROL EMPIRICISM GENERALIZATION

19. ETHICS IN RESEARCH VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION INFORMED CONSENT BASED ON HELSINSKI DECLARATION FREE FROM ANY PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLOITATION ANONYMITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY

20. RESEARCH PROBLEMS GAP BETWEEN WHAT IS AND WHAT SHOULD BE OR OUGHT TO BE&.. = TWO OR MORE PLAUSIBLE REASONS OR ANSWERS WHAT IS = PROBLEM SITUATION ACTUAL SITUATION EXISTING CONDITION FACTS AND STATISTICS REAL SITUATION THAT IS CURRENTLY OCCURING Survey shows that>>>>>>>>. Statistics reveal that>>>>>>>. Global &. National & .local &..scenario

21. WHAT SHOULD BE= IDEAL SITUATION EXPECTED OUTCOMES BASED ON STANDARDS OR PROGRAMS POLICIES/THRUSTS OF THE GOVERNMENT WHAT SHOULD BE ENDEAVORED

22. SOURCES OF PROBLEMS EXPERIENCES NEW TECHNOLOGIES CONFLICTING IDEAS AND IDEALS THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES CONFLICTING FINDINGS PROBLEM AREAS IN NURSING

23. CRITERIA FOR RESEARCH PROBLEMS EXTERNAL CRITERIA NOVELTY AVAILABILITY OF SUBJECTS ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS FACILITIES/EQUIPMENTS INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT

24. INTERNAL CRITERIA: MOTIVATION/INTEREST EXPERIENCE/QUALIFICATIONS TIME FACTOR COSTS AND RETURNS HAZARDS/ETC.

25. OTHER CRITERIA FOR RESEARCH PROBLEMS SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM PROBLEM RESEARCHABILITY FEASIBILITY OF THE PROBLEM POTENTIALS OF THE RESEARCHER

26. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCHABLE PROBLEMS ORIGINALITY SIGNIFICANCE MANAGEABILITY MEASURABILITY RESOURCE AVAILABILITY

27. TYPES OF PROBLEMS ULTIMATE PROBLEMS IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS RESEARCH PROBLEMS

28. ULTIMATE PROBLEMS SIGNIFICANCE OR IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY WHAT YOU HOPE TO ATTAIN OR DERIVE FROM THE STUDY MENTION RECIPIENTS OF RESEARCH RESULTS WHAT THEY CAN BENEFIT HOW THEY CAN BENEFIT FROM THE RESULTS

29. IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS GENERAL OBJECTIVES MERELY STATES: This study will be conducted to: find out/determine/to answer: then repeat the complete title of the research:

30. Specific objectives Specific problems Mention: Specifically this study will answer the following questions: Or this study will specifically find out Then one by one state the objectives or question for each variable in the study

31. RESEARCH AND VARIABLES VARIABLES VS. CONSTANT VARIABLES= CHARACTERISTICS THAT VARY TWO OR MORE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE VALUES OR PROPERTIES

32. TYPES OF VARIABLES THREE BASIC TYPES: INDEPENDENT INTERVENING DEPENDENT OTHER TYPES: ANTECEDENT EXTRANEOUS/CONFOUNDING/ ORGANISMIC/EXOGENOUS

33. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: PRESUMED CAUSE INPUT/INTERVENTION TESTS/MODALITIES VARIABLE THAT CAN BE MANIPULATED

34. DEPENDENT VARIABLES: PRESUMED EFFECT OUTPUT/RESULT OUTCOME CANNOT BE MANIPULATED

35. COMPARISON OF TWO VARIABLES INDEPENDENT presumed cause--- input intervention/tx. can be manipulated- can stand alone--- DEPENDENT presumed effect Output Result or outcome Cannot be manipulated Cannot stand alone

36. INTERVENING VARIABLES: MODERATOR WEAKEN OR STRENGTHEN MODIFIER CONTROLLING FOR CORRELATIONAL

37. LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES NOMINAL = labels, names, descriptions ORDINAL = extent, order, rankable INTERVAL = numerical, no absolute zero RATIO = numerical, with absolute zero

38. IDENTIFICATION OF LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS AGE SEX EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN YEARS RELIGION CIVIL STATUS INCOME=HIGH,AVERAGE,LOW PERCENTAGE OF PASSING EXTENT OF SATISFACTION SCORE IN THE EXAMINATIONS NUMBER OF CHILDREN

39. RANK IN THE FAMILY FAMILY PLANNING PRACTICES ATTITUDE TOWARDS LIFE JOB SATISFACTION PERFORMANCE RATING SEXUAL PRACTICES LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES BELIEFS HEALING OF WOUNDS IN TERMS OF DAYS

40. HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS VS. ASSUMPTIONS HYPOTHESIS = EDUCATED/INTELLIGENT GUESS HYPOTHESIS = CONJECTURAL STATEMENT OF THE STUDY TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS

41. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS ALSO KNOWN AS ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: STATEMENT OF RELATIONSHIIP, ASSOCIATION, ETC NON-EQUALITY DIFFERENCE A>B or A IS NOT EQUAL TO B

42. TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS DIRECTIONAL: DIRECT INVERSE NON-DIRECTIONAL

43. IDENTIFICATION OF HYPOTHESIS Yakult is as effective as Betadine in the Healing of bedsores Knowledge is associated with attitudes There is no difference in the pain responses of infants who were touched and were not touched Drug A is more effective than Drug B in the Healing of Leprosy NSS gargle cannot kill streptococcus in the throat

44. There is no relationship between RLE Grade and Academic Grades The higher the knowledge the safer the practice Patients Who were Oriented to Hospital Set-up are less Anxious than those who were not oriented Assignment of Primary Nurses does not affect Patients Satisfaction

45. FRAMEWORKS IN RESEARCH THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK

46. Theoretical framework Broad or abstract explanation of a phenomenom (theories) Start by saying: This study is anchored on the theory of_______________. Then describe the theory briefly Then explain how the theory is applied in your study

47. Conceptual Framework Concrete explanation of phenomenon (concepts) Also the schematic flow of the variables or paradigm of variables: Enumerate the variables and diagram Independent ---- Dependent ______________ -____________

48. Operational Framework Detailed or specific explanation of the variables Define each of the variables

49. TYPES OF DEFINITIONS THEORETICAL DEFINITIONS-books,dictionary,encyclopedia CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITONS-as applied to your study with defined categories PARADIGM OR SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF VARIABLES

50. REVIEW OF LITERATURE CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES IMPORTANCE APPROACHES: COUNTRY, THEME, CHRONOLOGICAL WHEN CONDUCTED: BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER THE STUDY

51. METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN POPULATION AND SAMPLING INSTRUMENTATION DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPREATION

52. RESEARCH DESIGNS PRE-EXPERIMENTAL SURVEY HISTORICAL CASE STUDY FEASIBILITY CONTENT ANALYSIS

53. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL NON-EQUIVALENT CONTROL GROUP DESIGN TIME SERIES DESIGN TRUE EXPERIMENTALY PRE-TEST POSTEST CONTROL GROUP POST-TEST ONLY CONTROL GROUP SOLOMON FOUR GROUP STUDY DESIGN

54. POPULATION AND SAMPLING POPULATION STUDY VS. SAMPLE STUDY ADVANTAGES OF SAMPLE STUDY PARAMETRIC VS. INFERENTIAL

55. Population Universe Census Sample = representativeness randomnization inferential

56. CALCULATION OF SAMPLE SIZE LYNCH AND OTHERS: n= N 1 + Ne2 n=sample N=population e= error or significance/probability

57. TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES PROBABILITY SAMPLING = randomnization NONPROBABILTY SAMPLING = no randomnization

58. PROBABILITY SAMPLING SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING=lottery technique SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING=sampling interval = N divide by n STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING MULTISTAGE RANDOM SAMPLING

59. Stratified= percentage allocation in homogenous group Cluster= random in heterogenous group Multi-stage= in wide scale study using random in each strata

60. NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING SNOWBALL PURPOSIVE CRITERIA JUDGMENTAL QUOTA INCIDENTAL/ACCIDENTAL

61. DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES PARTICIPANT OBSERAVTION NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION QUESTIONNAIRE INTERVIEW SCHEDULE OBSERVATION CHECKLIST FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

62. DATA PROCESSING FIELD EDITING OFFICE EDITING ENCODING TABULATING WITH DUMMY TABLES

63. Threats to validity: a. selection=random =halo effect =hawthorne effect b. testing c. maturation/contamination d. mortality e. history

64. STATISTICAL TOOLS MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCIES MEAN MODE MEDIAN GIVEN TABLES FOR CENTRAL TENDENCIES

65. Nominal=mode, percentages Ordinal=mode, median Interval/ratio=mode ,median, mean and all measures of variability Mean= best measure of central tendency

66. MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION MATRIX TABLES MEASURES OF DIFFERENCES chi-square=nominal vs. nominal gamma=ordinal vs. ordinal pearsons r=interval vs. interval t or z-test=differences in two means comparative statistics

67. RESEARCH REPORT FORMAT RESEARCH UTILIZATION CONCLUSIONS/INFERENCES RECOMMENDATIONS AND IM-PLICATIONS

68. END