In recent years, nanoparticles that have size of 1-100 nm is widely used for textile, pharmacy,
cosmetic and treatment of industrial wastewater. Producing and using of nanoparticles widely, causes
important accumulation in nature and toxicity on ecosystem. Knowledge of potential toxicity of nanoparticles is
limited. In this study, six different nanoparticles nano-zinc oxide, nano-silicon dioxide, nano-cerium oxide,
nano-aluminum oxide, nano-hafnium oxide, and nano-tantalum oxide which used commonly, were studied to
investigate toxic impacts on organisms. We studied nine different acute toxicity test (bacteria – Escherichia coli
(gram negative bacteria) ; bacteria – Bacillus cereus (gram positive bacteria) ; bacteria – Vibrio fischeri
(bioluminescences bacteria) ; methane Archae Bacteria ; yeast – Candida albicans ; mold – Aspergillus niger ;
algae – Chlorella sp. ; Crustacea – Daphnia magna ; lepistes - Poecillia reticula) for the effect of
nanoparticles to different trophic levels. In general, the most toxic nanoparticle is nano-zinc oxide and the least
toxic nanoparticle is nano-hafnium oxide. Among the used organisms in acute toxicity test; the most sensitive
organism is algae - Chlorella sp ;the most resistant organism is fish- Poecillia reticula.
Triclosan Persistence in Environment and Its Potential Toxic Effects on AlgaeAJASTJournal
Triclosan (TCS) is widely used as an antibacterial agent in various industrial products, such as textile goods, soap, shampoo, liquid toothpaste and cosmetics, and often detected in wastewater effluent. Triclosan is highly toxic to aquatic animals, and is particularly highly toxic to the algae, which was used as a test organism in this study. Algae represent the first nutritional base on the aquatic food chain due to their ability to synthesize organic molecules using sunlight and carbon dioxide. Thus, the cultivation of algae has been an integral part for the production of commercially important species on aquaculture. This has been the reason to make great efforts in order to understand effect of triclosan to natural periphyton communities (algae). However, there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of triclosan and its effects on aquatic organisms. In this study, the toxicity of triclosan to a microalga was examined. The present investigation showed that “chlorophyll a” pigment in control algae was 5.92 mg/L and it decreased, when algae was treated with different concentration of triclosan (10-50 ppm). The study revealed that, as the concentration of triclosan increased then algae growth declined. It was observed that conductivity also increased because of decreased “chlorophyll a” and decreased phytoplankton levels. This result indicates that triclosan exerts a marked influence on algae, which are important organisms being the first-step producers in the ecosystem; therefore, the possible destruction of the balance of the ecosystem is expected if triclosan is discharged into the environment at high levels. The bioaccumulation of TCS in human impregnation from foodstuff exposure (in particular fish) and likely risk for human population also.
Triclosan Persistence in Environment and Its Potential Toxic Effects on AlgaeAJASTJournal
Triclosan (TCS) is widely used as an antibacterial agent in various industrial products, such as textile goods, soap, shampoo, liquid toothpaste and cosmetics, and often detected in wastewater effluent. Triclosan is highly toxic to aquatic animals, and is particularly highly toxic to the algae, which was used as a test organism in this study. Algae represent the first nutritional base on the aquatic food chain due to their ability to synthesize organic molecules using sunlight and carbon dioxide. Thus, the cultivation of algae has been an integral part for the production of commercially important species on aquaculture. This has been the reason to make great efforts in order to understand effect of triclosan to natural periphyton communities (algae). However, there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of triclosan and its effects on aquatic organisms. In this study, the toxicity of triclosan to a microalga was examined. The present investigation showed that “chlorophyll a” pigment in control algae was 5.92 mg/L and it decreased, when algae was treated with different concentration of triclosan (10-50 ppm). The study revealed that, as the concentration of triclosan increased then algae growth declined. It was observed that conductivity also increased because of decreased “chlorophyll a” and decreased phytoplankton levels. This result indicates that triclosan exerts a marked influence on algae, which are important organisms being the first-step producers in the ecosystem; therefore, the possible destruction of the balance of the ecosystem is expected if triclosan is discharged into the environment at high levels. The bioaccumulation of TCS in human impregnation from foodstuff exposure (in particular fish) and likely risk for human population also.
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other scientific fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering. The potential impact areas for nanotechnology in water treatment are divided into three categories, i.e., treatment and remediation, sensing and detection, and pollution prevention"
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Uptake of Silver from Polyvinylpyrrolidine Coated Silver Nanoparticles in a T...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has facilitated their uninterrupted entry into various ecosystems. Nanoparticles are stabilized using a variety of approaches for various applications. The present study has investigated the uptake of polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) coated Ag NPs in a terrestrial system. Two insect (Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor) and two plant species (Sorghum vulgare and Helianthus annuus) were used in the study. The effect of concentration and size of PVP-coated Ag NPs was investigated. The test species were maintained in soil spiked with 0, 1, 5, 25, 125, and 625 mg/kg PVP-coated 30-50 nm Ag NPs to test the effect of concentration of Ag NPs on uptake. Similarly, the test species were maintained in soil spiked with 25 mg/kg of 20, 30-50, and 50-80 nm PVP-coated Ag NPs to study the effect of size of nanoparticles on uptake. The PVP-coated Ag NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The levels of silver in test samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in both the insect species was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. An increase in the levels of Ag as a function of increasing size of coated Ag NPs was observed with Acheta domesticus. No apparent trend was observed with Tenebrio molitor species. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in the roots of both the plants was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. Additionally, the translocation of Ag to other plant tissues was observed in Helianthus annuus, a dicot plant.
Evaluation of Cadmium tolerant Fungi in the dying Staff and their removal Pot...AI Publications
Cadmium tolerance and bioremediation capacity of seven isolates including Aspergilus versicolor, Aspergillus fumigatus, Paecilomyces sp.9, Paecilomyces sp.G, Terichoderma sp, Microsporum sp,Cladosporium sp were determined. Minimum inhibitory concentration values among 2,000-6,000 mg lˉ1proved great ability of isolated strains to survive in cadmium polluted environments. The most tolerant fungi, Aspergilus versicolor, showed tolerance index of 0.93 in 100 mg lˉ1 cadmium agar media. Fungal resistance against cadmium is depended directly on strain’s biological function. A. versicolor was found to bioaccumulation over 7.67mg of cadmium per 1 g of mycelium, followed by 6.546, 6.354, and 6.286, 6.134 by Paecilomyces sp, Aspergilus fumigatus, Microsporum sp and Terichoderma sp, respectively. It can be noted that tolerance of the strains appears to be independent from bioaccumulation capacity. Finally, the results indicated that A. versicolor could be a prospective candidate for bioremediation processes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Potential Microorganism for Remediation of Heavy...CSCJournals
The present research work has been carried out to study the waste disposal contaminated site for its physico chemical and microbial characterization and identification of potential microorganism capable of bioaccumulation and biodegradation of heavy metals. The ambient conditions present in the metal contaminated environment shows the values: pH(5.4),temperature(30°C), moisture(11.71%), nutrients; Nitrogen(0.2mg/l), phosphorus(22.65mg/l) and sulphur(559.3mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved oxygen (7.4mg/l), Biological oxygen demand (3.8 mg/l), Chemical oxygen demand (64.6 mg/l). The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environmental conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using Bioinformatics tools like BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentrations of heavy metals viz 5mg/l, 25mg/l, 50mg/l, 100mg/l up to 800mg/l with special reference to Iron. At a concentration of 500mg/l, only one microorganism was found survived and multiplied. This shows that potential microorganism was only survived at higher concentration of iron. The 16SrRNA sequence and phylogenetic tree characterized the organism as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was also confirmed by biochemical tests. The potential microorganism identified by BLAST technique can be used for remediation of the heavy metal from contaminated environment.
Nanoparticles, pharmaceutical and personal care products in sewage sludgePravash Chandra Moharana
During the last decade the occurrence of engineered nanoparticles (NPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment have been well documented. Nanoparticles are released from different nanomaterials used in our household and industrial commodities whereas PPCPs are a diverse group of chemicals comprising all human and veterinary drugs, diagnostic agents and cosmetics such as fragrances and sun-screen agents which enter into environment by excretion of humans and domestic animals, disposal of unused or expired PPCPs to drain and ultimately contaminate the sewage sludge and soil. Toxicity of many nanoparticles in wastewater and sludge and their fate to soil are the unanswered question (Brar et al., 2010). The phytotoxicology of nanoparticles (multi-walled carbon nanotube, aluminum, alumina, zinc and zinc oxide) on seed germination and root growth of radish, rape, ryegrass, lettuce, corn, and cucumber are reported by Lin and Xing, 2007 and Oleszczuk et al., 2011. Application of higher doses of ZnO-NPs inhibited the production of methane, respiration and also nitrification during anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (Liu et al., 2011; Mu and Chen, 2011). Some of the nanoparticles like Fe3O4, FeS, CeO2, etc. are used for removal of pollutants from wastewater and sludge. The pharmaceuticals like ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, phenazone, bezifibrate, erythromycin, sulfamethazine, trimethoprim, triclosan, musk compounds, etc. are identified in wastewater and sludge (Daughton and Ternes, 1999). These PPCPs react with other organic molecules to produce Phase I and Phase II compound which are more toxic than parent compounds. Bioremediation by fungus Trametes versicolor is one of the option to reduce pharmaceuticals to toxicity from sewage sludge (Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al., 2011).
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other scientific fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering. The potential impact areas for nanotechnology in water treatment are divided into three categories, i.e., treatment and remediation, sensing and detection, and pollution prevention"
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Uptake of Silver from Polyvinylpyrrolidine Coated Silver Nanoparticles in a T...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has facilitated their uninterrupted entry into various ecosystems. Nanoparticles are stabilized using a variety of approaches for various applications. The present study has investigated the uptake of polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) coated Ag NPs in a terrestrial system. Two insect (Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor) and two plant species (Sorghum vulgare and Helianthus annuus) were used in the study. The effect of concentration and size of PVP-coated Ag NPs was investigated. The test species were maintained in soil spiked with 0, 1, 5, 25, 125, and 625 mg/kg PVP-coated 30-50 nm Ag NPs to test the effect of concentration of Ag NPs on uptake. Similarly, the test species were maintained in soil spiked with 25 mg/kg of 20, 30-50, and 50-80 nm PVP-coated Ag NPs to study the effect of size of nanoparticles on uptake. The PVP-coated Ag NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The levels of silver in test samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in both the insect species was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. An increase in the levels of Ag as a function of increasing size of coated Ag NPs was observed with Acheta domesticus. No apparent trend was observed with Tenebrio molitor species. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in the roots of both the plants was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. Additionally, the translocation of Ag to other plant tissues was observed in Helianthus annuus, a dicot plant.
Evaluation of Cadmium tolerant Fungi in the dying Staff and their removal Pot...AI Publications
Cadmium tolerance and bioremediation capacity of seven isolates including Aspergilus versicolor, Aspergillus fumigatus, Paecilomyces sp.9, Paecilomyces sp.G, Terichoderma sp, Microsporum sp,Cladosporium sp were determined. Minimum inhibitory concentration values among 2,000-6,000 mg lˉ1proved great ability of isolated strains to survive in cadmium polluted environments. The most tolerant fungi, Aspergilus versicolor, showed tolerance index of 0.93 in 100 mg lˉ1 cadmium agar media. Fungal resistance against cadmium is depended directly on strain’s biological function. A. versicolor was found to bioaccumulation over 7.67mg of cadmium per 1 g of mycelium, followed by 6.546, 6.354, and 6.286, 6.134 by Paecilomyces sp, Aspergilus fumigatus, Microsporum sp and Terichoderma sp, respectively. It can be noted that tolerance of the strains appears to be independent from bioaccumulation capacity. Finally, the results indicated that A. versicolor could be a prospective candidate for bioremediation processes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Potential Microorganism for Remediation of Heavy...CSCJournals
The present research work has been carried out to study the waste disposal contaminated site for its physico chemical and microbial characterization and identification of potential microorganism capable of bioaccumulation and biodegradation of heavy metals. The ambient conditions present in the metal contaminated environment shows the values: pH(5.4),temperature(30°C), moisture(11.71%), nutrients; Nitrogen(0.2mg/l), phosphorus(22.65mg/l) and sulphur(559.3mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved oxygen (7.4mg/l), Biological oxygen demand (3.8 mg/l), Chemical oxygen demand (64.6 mg/l). The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environmental conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using Bioinformatics tools like BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentrations of heavy metals viz 5mg/l, 25mg/l, 50mg/l, 100mg/l up to 800mg/l with special reference to Iron. At a concentration of 500mg/l, only one microorganism was found survived and multiplied. This shows that potential microorganism was only survived at higher concentration of iron. The 16SrRNA sequence and phylogenetic tree characterized the organism as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was also confirmed by biochemical tests. The potential microorganism identified by BLAST technique can be used for remediation of the heavy metal from contaminated environment.
Nanoparticles, pharmaceutical and personal care products in sewage sludgePravash Chandra Moharana
During the last decade the occurrence of engineered nanoparticles (NPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment have been well documented. Nanoparticles are released from different nanomaterials used in our household and industrial commodities whereas PPCPs are a diverse group of chemicals comprising all human and veterinary drugs, diagnostic agents and cosmetics such as fragrances and sun-screen agents which enter into environment by excretion of humans and domestic animals, disposal of unused or expired PPCPs to drain and ultimately contaminate the sewage sludge and soil. Toxicity of many nanoparticles in wastewater and sludge and their fate to soil are the unanswered question (Brar et al., 2010). The phytotoxicology of nanoparticles (multi-walled carbon nanotube, aluminum, alumina, zinc and zinc oxide) on seed germination and root growth of radish, rape, ryegrass, lettuce, corn, and cucumber are reported by Lin and Xing, 2007 and Oleszczuk et al., 2011. Application of higher doses of ZnO-NPs inhibited the production of methane, respiration and also nitrification during anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (Liu et al., 2011; Mu and Chen, 2011). Some of the nanoparticles like Fe3O4, FeS, CeO2, etc. are used for removal of pollutants from wastewater and sludge. The pharmaceuticals like ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, phenazone, bezifibrate, erythromycin, sulfamethazine, trimethoprim, triclosan, musk compounds, etc. are identified in wastewater and sludge (Daughton and Ternes, 1999). These PPCPs react with other organic molecules to produce Phase I and Phase II compound which are more toxic than parent compounds. Bioremediation by fungus Trametes versicolor is one of the option to reduce pharmaceuticals to toxicity from sewage sludge (Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al., 2011).
Synthesis and evaluation of bactericidal properties of CuO nanoparticles agai...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
CuO is one of the most important transition metal oxides due to its captivating properties. It is used in various technological applications such as high critical temperature superconductors, gas sensors, in photoconductive applications, and so on. Recently, it has been used as an antimicrobial agent against various bacterial species.
Materials and Methods:
Here, we synthesized CuO nanoparticles (NPs) and explored the antibacterial activity of CuO NPs preparation.
Results:
Single crystalline nanoparticles of copper oxide having almost uniform particle size of 5-6 nm has been synthesized by a facile and versatile route. XRD spectra confirmed the formation of single phase CuO NPs. Transmission electron microscopy results corroborate well with XRD results. The technique employed is free from toxic solvents, organics and amines, is based on a simple reaction of copper sulfate and de-ionized water (DI), and their bactericidal effects against of Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966T bacteria were investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) with liquid culture for all of the Aeromonas hydrophila culture Medias was done.
Conclusion:
Present study confirms that Copper oxide nanoparticles have great promise as antimicrobial agent against Aeromonas hydrophila.
Effluents containing heavy metals can be
remediated with the help of dead microorganisms by the process
known as biosorption. In this study the dead biomass 1of fungus
Aspergillus flavus was used for the biosorption of heavy metals
i.e., Zinc and Nickel. The capacity of biosorption by the dead
biomass of Aspergillus flavus was evaluated at room temperature
with different parameters which are; pH, contact time, biomass
concentration and metal ion concentration. The biosorption
capacity for Zn was found to be 47.36% at room temperature, at
pH 6.5, with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of
50 min and solution concentration of 2ppm. Biosorption capacity
for Ni was found to be 61.60% at room temperature, at pH 5,
with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of 60 min
and solution concentration of 2ppm. . In this study, desorption of
the heavy metals by 0.1M HCl was found to be effective. Fungal
biomass was recovered for reuse.
Chemical characterization of Cinachyrella tarentina: Sponge of Atlantic Moroc...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Currently, marine organisms are a very important source of new molecules in pharmacology and thus in the development of new bioactive products. Sponges, in particular, given their very primitive origin and persistence during evolution, have developed a chemical defense system.The chemical study of Cinachyrella tarentina, marine sponge recognized by its antibacterial and antifungal activity was investigated for the first time in Morocco. The screening of Cinachyrella tarentina revels that it contains different levels of primary and secondary metabolites. The dosage of polyphenols was carried out using the reagent Foulin-Ciocalteu. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH test. The fatty acid composition determined by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) showed a predominance of palmitic and stearic acids. Furthermore, we found the presence of several sterols which cholesterol and sitosterol are the most abundants. Keywords: Antioxydant activity, Chemical composition, Cinachyrella tarentina, Marine sponge, Polyphenols.
REMOVAL PARAQUAT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS WITH ZEOLITE NANOPARTICLES OPTIMIZED ...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Nowadays, much attention for using chemicals as adsorbent for removal herbicide from aqueous solution has been aroused.
Zeolite as low-cost adsorbent was used in this paper for removal paraquat from water. Iran has a variety resources of zeolite.
Zeolite was collected from Semnan region and after modification, zeolite nano-particles was used for adsorption. Box-Behnken
experimental design was used for simplifying and optimizing the experiment condition. Three factor was studied in this paper; pH
(6-8), temperature (25-45◦C) and the amount of adsorbent (0.5-2 g). The residue of paraquat after each experiment was
determined by injection of 250 μl of each sample to HPLC equipped with column (150mm×4.6mm, ODS (C18)-H-OL), UV-detector
at 258 nm. The mobile phase composition was a mixture of tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate and ammonium
sulphate in ultra-pure water and adjusted to pH 2 with sulphuric acid. According to BBD the optimum condition was pH 6,
temperature 45◦C and 2 g of adsorbent. At this condition the removal efficiency was about 80%. The results of this study showed
thatby increasing the pH, the percentage of removal was decreased. However, the higher temperatureslead to more removal
capacity of zeolite nano-particles but it was not statistically significant.
Keywords: Paraquat, Zeolite, Box-Behnken design, HPLC.
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
Structure failure often occurs in the structure of wall. This failure can adversely affect the comfort level of the structure. Knowing the behavior of structure resulting from the load is important, as it can help to predict the strength of the structure and comfort of the structure being worked on. One way to find out and predict the strength and comfort of the structure as a result of the load received is experimental test and simulation. The simulation VecTor2 used to predict the shear force, crack, and displacement of reinforced concrete wall when applied the load. This simulation considered the effect of bond stress-slip effect of behavior reinforced concrete. Bonds stress-slip gives a great influence on the strength and hysteretic response of the reinforced concrete wall. That is why this study considers the influence of bond stress-slip on reinforced concrete wall. All the result of simulation VecTor2 using bond stress-slip effect would be compared with the result of the experimental test to see the accuracy of the simulation test.
The concept of sustainable construction is increasingly affecting the development of the construction market.The specificity of construction as an economic activity and ofthe construction product (goods and services) determine the existence of a complex vertical chain of links, involving different actors, who tend to work in the short term and are limited to the rational use of knowledge and experience in practice. Moreover, it is characterized by a low level of inter-company relationshipsresulting in a fragmentation of responsibilityand complicates and hinders the realization of projects and sites,which meet the requirements of sustainable construction. Sustainable construction requires a holistic approach and substantial changes in the organization of construction activity, both at the market and firm level, under the active role of the state. The aim of the study is: 1) analysis of problems in the vertical chain of connections in the construction market, 2)an analysis of the possibilities for creating stable long-term relationships and a joint approach of clients, contractors and subcontractors, which can provide economic, social and environmental efficiency of the construction.
Since the recent development of UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and digital sensors technology has enabled the acquisition of high-resolution image data, it is considered that the image data of riverside can be analysed. Therefore, this study analyses the applicability of remote sensing techniques through image analysis in river systems and habitats. The target stream in this study was the Cheongmi stream and the applicability of the river environmental evaluation technique was analysed through image analysis. The satellite images used for the analysis of river topography and environments were compared with the aerial images taken by a micro UAV), and the river environmental evaluation was carried out with the field research at the same time. The data acquisition range and application limit by river environmental evaluation technique proposed previously were evaluated, and as a result, it was found that it was possible to draw various evaluation parameters using a drone that could take an image at a low altitude in comparison to satellite images.
Industrial engineering is founded on the idea that there is always a better way. This mantra rings true in everything an industrial engineer does, from lean manufacturing to six sigma, to quality control and ergonomics. This paper demonstrates the uniqueness of this discipline, the impact its techniques has in sectors outside of manufacturing, and the positive effects it has on businesses.
The study was carried out using the UAV for analyzing the characteristics of debris in order to present the methodology to estimate the quantitative amount of debris caught in small river facilities. A total of six small rivers that maintained the form of a natural river were selected for collecting UAV images, and the grouping of each target in the image was carried out using the object-based classification method, and based on the object-based classification result of the UAV images, the land cover classification for the status of factors causing the generation of debris for six target sections was carried out by applying the screen digitizing method. In addition, in order to verify the accuracy of the classification result, the error matrix was performed, securing the reliability of the result. The accuracy analysis result showed that for all six target sections, the overall accuracy was 93.95% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.93, showing an excellent result.
Multilevel Inverters are getting popular and have become more attractive to researchers in the recent times for high power applications due to their better power quality and higher efficiency as compared to two level inverters. This research work presents a detailed comparative analysis of various multicarrier sinusoidal PWM schemes such as In Phase Disposition, Phase Opposition Disposition and Alternate Phase Opposite Disposition implemented on five level conventional and modified cascaded h-bridge inverters in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Conventional five level topology uses eight switches and suffers from increased switching complexity while modified five level topology uses only five switches and is recommended to reduce switching complexity and switching losses. It also ensures less number of components, reduced size and overall cost of the system. The effect of modulation index (Ma) on the output harmonic contents in various PWM techniques is also analyzed.
Objective: Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide.Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important element in this disease.The aim of this study is to prepare TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite (NC), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO)nanoparticles (NPs) to determine the anticancer activity on human CC cell line (HeLa) and healthy mouse fibroblast cell line (L-929). Materials&Methods: ZnO, TiO2 NPs and NC were prepared by a solution combustion synthesis method. The samples were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Stability analysis was performed with zeta potential. The synthesized NC and NPs were permormed to the HeLa and L-929 cell lines and anticancer activity of these NC and NPs were determined by using MTT method. The HeLa and L-929 cells were treated with different concentrations of these NC and NPs (0,5-100 μg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The spectrophotometric readings at 570 nm were recorded and analysed with Graphpad Prism7. Results: NC and NPs were successfully synthesized. The effects of these NC and NPs on the HeLa and L-929 cells were compared with the control group and IC50 values were determined for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Then we compared the effects of these molecules on the L-929 cell line with the HeLa cell line and founded more active is on HeLa cells. Conclusion:There are many drugs used in CC treatment. However, undesirable toxicity and drug resistance of these drugs negatively affect treatment.We have synthesized NC and NPs in order to formulate basis of a new drug in this study and have identified anti-cancer activity.As a result, we found that NC and NPs anti-cancer activity was higher in HeLa cells than in L-929.
Graphene is a material that attracts attention in technical textile applications as in many other areas due to its outstanding features. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the performance properties of graphene coated fabrics. Pre-treated polyester fabrics were coated with nano-graphene powders at different concentration rates (50, 100 and 200 g/kg) by knife-over-roll technique. According to test results, generally, the graphene coating had a positive effect on the performance properties of polyester fabrics.
This study was focused on the effects of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) additive on process parameters and compost quality of Co-composting of filter cake and bagasse. Filter cake and bagasse were mixed and sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) from a heating power plant of sugar mill. Three compost mixes (M) were obtained: MA with 0%, MB with 10% and MC with 20 wt % of fuel ash. These three different mixes were composted in an experimental composter as three parallel experiments for 3 weeks each. The physical, chemical and biological parameters were monitoring during composting. Significantly, ash additives decreased the total organic carbon; measured by mineralization the breaking down of the organic matter was more rapid in the MC than in the MA, as well as increased the pH during composting. Interesting, the pH decreased was most important in MA and attend 5 for the first week of composting, and then it gradually increased to pH around 8 at the end of the process. The results indicated that ash inhibits the pH drop due to production of organic acids during composting. The acidity of the material was reported as affects the process during the initial phase of rising temperature and quality of the final product. The temperature reached up to 50-55oC during thermophilic phase, the greater temperature was obtained for MC. At the end of composting, the electrical conductivity increased in the MC, especially in MC, but don’t exceed limit (4 mS/cm) for prevent phytotoxicity of the compost. The SCBA additive was likely to speed up the composting process of bagasse with filter cake from 44 days to 33 days.
The work presents report on production and analysis of bioresin from epoxidized mango kernel oil (EMKO). The bioresin (acrylated epoxidized mango kernel oil) or AEMKO was produced from epoxidized mango kernel oil via acrylation chemical reaction route. The FTIR spectrum analysis of epoxidized mango kernel oil (EMKO) and acrylated epoxidized mango kernel oil (AEMKO) produced gave the degree of acrylation (DOA) as 46%. The Viscosity of AEMKO (resin) was determined at room temperature (25 °C) to be 387cP while the density at 25oC was 1.2 g/cm3. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the bioresin was determined to be 95oC. Production cost analysis of the bioresin was done and found to be N8, 804.35 per litre. The high cost was due to high costs of the chemicals, labour and overhead charges involved at my local level. At commercial level, those components of the costs would definitely reduce to the level compatible with synthetic (polyester) resin (N2, 500 per litre) currently sold by some markers in Nigeria. However, the overall results of the work demonstrated that bioresin can be successfully synthesized from mango kernel oil with properties compatible with ASTM standards. The commercial production of the bioresin will go a long way in mitigating some of the challenges associated with total use of fossil fuel currently use for production of bulk of synthetic resins for composite manufacturing activities.
The window functions used for digital filter design are used to eliminate oscillations in
the FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filter design. In this work, the use of Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) algorithm is proposed in the design of cosh window function, in which has widely used in the
literature and has useful spectral parameters. The cosh window is a window function derived from the
Kaiser window. It is more advantageous than the Kaiser window because there is no power series
expansion in the time domain representation. The designed window function shows better ripple ratio
characteristics than other window functions commonly used in the literature. The results obtained
were presented in tables and figures and successful results were obtained
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between 2D gray scale pixels and 3D gray scale pixels of image reconstructions in computed tomography (CT). The 3D space image reconstruction from data projection was a challenging and difficult research problem. The image was normally reconstructed from the 2D data from CT data projection. In this descriptive study, a synthetics 3D Shepp-Logan phantom was used to simulate the actual data projection from a CT scanner. Real-time data projection of a human abdomen was also included in this study. Additionally, the Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the application was designed using Matlab Graphical User Interface Development Environment (GUIDE). The application was able to reconstruct 2D and 3D images in their respective spaces successfully.The image reconstruction for CT in 3D space was analyzedalong with 2D space in order to show their relationships and shared properties for the purpose of constructing these images.
In this work the antimicrobial activity and the economic viability analysis of the essential oil extracted from the hybrid formed by the seeds species of the Murupi (Capsicum chinense), Criollos de Morellos (Capsicum annuum) and Finger of the young (Capsicum baccatum ). The essential oil of the pepper was obtained by the steam drag process and for this extraction, the Soxhlet method was used. For the determination of the antimicrobial activity of the oil the disc diffusion method was used for the strains of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results point out the resistance of the tested strains to the essential oil of the respective pepper and, in terms of financial and economic aspects, this was not feasible on a small scale. It is suggested that other microorganisms be tested and, later, that studies be carried out with the purpose of characterizing the studied oil chemically for proper application in the agroindustry.
Eliminating Gibbs phenomenon, which occurs during design of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) digital filter and which is undesirable, is very important in order to provide expected performance from digital filter. Window functions have been developed to eliminate these oscillations and to improve the performance of the filter in this regard. In this work, an application was developed for designing window function using LABVIEW which is a graphical programming environment produced by National Instruments. LABVIEW offers a powerful programming environment away from complexity. In this work, the performances of cosh and exponential window functions, which are designed by using the possibilities of LABVIEW in programming, are examined and the situations that will occur under various conditions are compared.
Better efficiency of the air transport system of a country at the national level, especially in terms of its
capacity to generate value for passenger flow and cargo transport, effectively depends on the identification of
the demand generation potential of each hub for this type of service. This requires the mapping of the passenger
flow and volume of cargo transport of each region served by the system and the number of connections. The
main goal of this study was to identify important factors that account for the great variability (demand) of
regional hubsof the airport modal system in operation in the State of São Paulo, the most populated and
industrialized in the Southeast region in Brazil. For this purpose, datasets for each airport related to passengers
or cargo flow were obtained from time series data in the period ranging from January 01, 2008 to December
31, 2014. Different data analysis approaches could imply in better mapping of the flow of the air modal system
from the evaluation of some factors related to operations/volume. Therefore, different statistical models - such
as multiple linear regression with normal errors and new stochastic volatility (SV) models - are introduced in
this study, to provide a better view of the operation system in the four main regional hubs, within a large group
of 32 airports reported in the dataset.
Linear attenuation coefficient (휇) is a measure of the ability of a medium to diffuse and absorb radiation. In the interaction of radiation with matter, the linear absorption coefficient plays an important role because during the passage of radiation through a medium, its absorption depends on the wavelength of the radiation and the thickness and nature of the medium. Experiments to determine linear absorption coefficient for Lead, Copper and Aluminum were carried out in air. The result showed that linear absorption Coefficient for Lead is 0.545cm – 1, Copper is 0.139cm-1 and Aluminum is 0.271cm-1 using gamma-rays. The results agree with standard values.
This study presents results of Activity Concentrations, Absorbed dose rate and the Annual Effective dose rates of naturally occurring radionuclides (40K, 232Th and 226Ra) absorbed in 8 soil samples collected from different areas within the Ajiwei mining sites in Niger State, North Central Nigeria. A laboratory γ-ray spectrometry NaI (Tl) at the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, was used to carry out the analysis of the soil samples. The values of Activity Concentration for 40K ranged from 421.6174 ± 7.9316 to 768.7403 ± 7.9315; for 226Ra it ranged from 20.6257 ± 2.0858 to 44.0324 ± 5.0985 and for 232Th the ranged is from 23.7172 ± 1.3683 to 62.7137 ± 4.1049 Bq.Kg-1. While the Absorbed Dose for 40K ranged from 17.5814 ± 0.3307 to 32.0565 ± 0.3307 ŋGy.h-1, for 226Ra the range is from 9.5291 ± 0.9636 to 20.3430 ± 2.3555 ŋGy.h-1 and for 232Th range from 14.3252 ± 0.4414 to 37.8791 ± 2.4794 ŋGy.h-1. The total average Absorbed Dose rate of the 8 soil samples collected is 63.7877 ŋGy.h-1 and the estimated Annual Effective Dose for the sampled areas range from 0.0636- 0.1028mSvy-1 (i.e 64 – 103 μSv.y-1), with an average Annual Effective Dose of 0.0782 mSv.y-1 (i.e. 78.2 μSv.y-1). These results show’s that the radiation exposure level reaching members of the public in the study areas is lower than the recommended limit value of 1 mSv.y-1 (UNSCEAR, 2000). Also the mean Radium Equivalents obtained ranged from 107.3259 BqKg-1 (AJ1) to 179.4064 BqKg-1 (AJ4). These results show that the recommended Radium Equivalent Concentration is ≤ 370 BqKg-1 which is the requirement for soil materials to be used for dwellings, this implies that the soil from this site is suitable use for residential buildings. The mean External Hazard Index ( Hext ) ranged from 0.1229 Bqkg-1 (AJ3) to 0.4226 Bqkg-1 (AJ7).. While the maximum allowed value of (Hext = 1) corresponds to the upper limit of Raeq (370 BqKg-1) in order to limit the external gamma radiation dose from the soil materials to 1.5 mGy y-1. That is, this Index should be equal to or less than unity (Hext ≤ = 1). Furthermore, the mean Internal Hazard Index (Hext) ranged from 0.3456 Bqkg-1 (AJ1) to 0.6453 Bqkg-1 (AJ2) .Finally, the mean value of the Excess Alpha Radiation (Iα) ranged from 0.1031 Bq.Kg-1 (AJ1) to 0.2202 Bq.Kg-1 (AJ3. All these values for Iα are below the maximum permissible value of Iα= 1 which corresponds to 200 Bq.Kg-1. It can therefore be said that no radiological hazard is envisaged to dwellers of the study areas and the miners working on those sites area.
Pick and place task is one among the most important tasks in industrial field handled by “Selective
Compliance Assembly Robot Arm” (SCARA). Repeatability with high-speed movement in horizontal plane is
remarkable feature of this type of manipulator. The challenge of design SCARA is the difficulty of achieving
stability of high-speed movement with long length of links. Shorter links arm can move more stable. This
condition made the links should be considered restrict then followed by restriction of operation area
(workspace). In this research, authors demonstrated on expanding SCARA robot’s workspace in horizontal area
via linear sliding actuator that embedded to base link of the robot arm. With one additional prismatic joint the
previous robot manipulator with 3 degree of freedom (3-DOF), 2 revolute joints and 1 prismatic joint is become
4-DOF PRRP manipulator. This designation increased workspace of robot from 0.5698m2 performed by the
previous arm (without linear actuator) to 1.1281m2 by the propose arm (with linear actuator). The increasing
rate was about 97.97% of workspace with the same links length. The result of experimentation also indicated
that the operation time spent to reach object position was also reduced.
The paper contains several technical solutions of air and moisture permeability in textile
layers and theirs combinations. It is useful collection of the author’s knowledge from several last years.
Discussed are also various marketing declarations of miraculous characteristics of individual used materials.
Examples show not only own technical solution, but also the good description of ongoing processes, using the
method of numerical simulation.
Physical and chemical properties of host environment to concrete structures have serious impact on
the performance and durability of constructed concrete facilities. This paper presents a 7-month study that
simulated the influence of soil contamination due to organic abattoir waste and indiscriminate disposal of spent
hydrocarbon on strength and durability of embedded concrete. Concrete mix, 1:1.5:3 was designed for all cube
and beam specimens with water-cement ratio of 0.5 and the compressive and flexural strengths of the specimen
were measured from age 28 days up to 196 days in the host environment. It was found that both host
environments attack the physical and strength of concrete in compression and flexure. However, hydrocarbon
had much greater adverse effect on the load-carrying capacity of concrete structures and hence make
constructed facilities less serviceable and vulnerable to premature failure.
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Environmental Toxicity of Nanoparticles Environmental Toxicity of Nanoparticles
1. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET)
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Environmental Toxicity of Nanoparticles Environmental Toxicity
of Nanoparticles
DELİA TERESA SPONZA*, NEFİSE ERDİNÇMER
Dokuz Eylül University, Engineering Faculty Environmental Engineering Department Buca İzmir TURKEY
(coresponding author)*
ABSTRACT: In recent years, nanoparticles that have size of 1-100 nm is widely used for textile, pharmacy,
cosmetic and treatment of industrial wastewater. Producing and using of nanoparticles widely, causes
important accumulation in nature and toxicity on ecosystem. Knowledge of potential toxicity of nanoparticles is
limited. In this study, six different nanoparticles nano-zinc oxide, nano-silicon dioxide, nano-cerium oxide,
nano-aluminum oxide, nano-hafnium oxide, and nano-tantalum oxide which used commonly, were studied to
investigate toxic impacts on organisms. We studied nine different acute toxicity test (bacteria – Escherichia coli
(gram negative bacteria) ; bacteria – Bacillus cereus (gram positive bacteria) ; bacteria – Vibrio fischeri
(bioluminescences bacteria) ; methane Archae Bacteria ; yeast – Candida albicans ; mold – Aspergillus niger ;
algae – Chlorella sp. ; Crustacea – Daphnia magna ; lepistes - Poecillia reticula) for the effect of
nanoparticles to different trophic levels. In general, the most toxic nanoparticle is nano-zinc oxide and the least
toxic nanoparticle is nano-hafnium oxide. Among the used organisms in acute toxicity test; the most sensitive
organism is algae - Chlorella sp ;the most resistant organism is fish- Poecillia reticula.
Keywords: nano-zinc oxide, nano-silicon dioxide, nano-cerium oxide, nano-aluminum oxide, nano-hafnium
oxide, nano-tantalum oxide, acute toxicity, trophic levels, organisms.
I. Introduction
Nanoparticles (NP) are structures with
dimensions generally between 1 to 100 nm. There
are widespread in nature. Different sizes, different
structures, one-element or multi-element structure
can be formed in different shapes and formats, or
desired. NPs have wide potential : in the short term
in the textile, cosmetics and dye , in the long-term
medications are used in drug delivery systems to
send the requested body (Kahru et al., 2010). Also
NMO is widely used in the treatment of industrial
wastewater (Chen et al., 2012 ; Zhou et al., 2012).
This widespread production and use of nanoparticles
in nature means intense accumulation. This
accumulation of knowledge about the toxicity of the
environment is very limited. The purpose of this
work ; increasing concentrations (0,01 mg/l – 1000
mg/l) of NMO which there is limited acute toxicity
studies used 9 different trophic levels starting from
at the bottom of the trophic level (bacteria -
Escherichia coli (gram negative bacteria), bacteria -
Bacillus cereus (gram-positive bacteria ), bacteria -
Vibrio fischeri (bioluminescence bacteria), methane
Archae bacteria , yeast - Candida albicans , mold -
Aspergillus niger ; algae - Chlorella sp. ; Crustacean
- Daphnia magna ; fish - Poecillia reticula).
Inhibitions, death , on the basis of biodegradibility
and bioaccumulation is calculated simultaneously.
NMOs because of can easily be synthesized
chemically and can easily be modified consumer
products ; industrial products , machinery industry ,
military applications, in wastewater treatment and
medicine widely used (Atlı-Şekeroğlu, 2013). In
particular, the development of wastewater treatment
technology that uses NP is seen as an alternative
solution to the growing worldwide water pollution
problems. Examples of this work in the treatment of
heavy metals 2 mg/l anaerobic conditions using
nano -TiO2 15.3 mg/g Zn and 7.9 mg/g have
provided treatment of Cd. But the dose of nano-TiO2
found that at a later stage of anareobic they
inhibited on activated sludge microorganisms (Liang
et al., 2004).
Studies about the environmental toxicity of the
NMOs is very limited. The ecotoxicity of nano-
TiO2 (NMOs) is the most studied NP (Cattaneo et
al., 2009; Kahru & Dubourguier, 2010). When the
toxicity of nano-TiO2 to Daphnia magna ; at the end
of 48 hours EC50 values 5.5 mg/l to 20000 mg/l
seem to change (Lovern & Klaper, 2006; Heinlaan
et al., 2008). According to Sadiq et al. (2011) ; two
different microalgae (Scenedesmus sp. and
Chlorella sp.) isolated from the fresh water
ecosystems were investigated and found that after
72 hours EC50 value is 16,12 mg/l for Chlorella sp. ;
EC50 value is 21.2 mg/l for Scenedesmus sp.
Information about the mechanisms of toxicity of
NPs on organisms are quite limited. Recent years
researhers specializing on potential mechanisms of
toxicity aganist multiple organisms. Nano-ZnO the
most commanly used creates high toxicity on
2. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET)
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w w w . i j m r e t . o r g I S S N : 2 4 5 6 - 5 6 2 8 Page 13
bacteria (LC50 value for E.coli : 0,048 mg/l ; Dasari
et al. 2013). Zinc ions (Zn+2
) connect to bacterial
cells and reported that damage to physilogical
function of the defeated cell to osmotic shock.
Mannier et al. (2013) studied that the ecotoxicity of
nano-CeO2 to fresh water algae. Close adhesion of
nano-CeO2 on the algal cells may lead to direct
physical effects, such as cell membrane disruption,
or indirect effect such as the reduction of the
available light necessary to the algal growth
(shading effect) or the limitation of the nutrient
intake by the algal cells. Bing et al. (2014) reported
that small particles of less than 50 microns in
diameter are filtered out of the water by fine setae
located on the thoracic legs and are moved to the
mouth. As a result of that, nano-SiO2 may be
bioaccumulated and bioconcentrated in filter-
feeding aquatic organisms such as Daphnia magna
and transfer to the higher levels of food chain.
II. Material and Methods
2.1 Nanoparticles Used in Acute Toxicity Tests
The environmental toxicity of nanoparticles has
been studied in six different nanoparticles. These
nanoparticles are nano-CeO2 (abcr, AB249225,
Lot:1266155) ; nano-ZnO (abcr, AB249229,
Lot:1235097) ; nano-Al2O3 (abcr, AB249221,
Lot:1235095) ; nano-SiO2 (Sigma-Aldrich, 637238,
Lot:MKBL8542V) ; nano-HfO2 (Sigma-Aldrich,
202118, Lot:MKBH3310V) ; nano-Ta2O5 (Sigma-
Aldrich, 303518, Lot:MKBJ3486V). Considering
the studies in the literature on acute toxicity test
nanoparticles concentration ranges were determined.
Stock solutions of all NP used (100 mg/l) prepared
with distilled deionized water, stirred at sonicator at
30°C for 1 hour were used in acute toxicity test.
2.2 Organisms Used in Acute Toxicity Tests
In this study, representing 6 different nutrition
level 4 bacteria, 1 yeast, 1 mold, 1 algae, 1
crustacean, 1 fish was used. These are bacteria
(Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Vibrio fischeri,
ve Metan Archae Bacteria), algae (Chlorella sp.),
yeast (Candida sp.), mold (Aspergillus sp.),
Crustacean (Daphnia magna) and fish (lepistes -
Poecillia reticula). The culture of bacteria
[Escherichia coli - ATCC 3509 (RSHM NO: 5010)
and Bacillus cereus - RSKK 11015 (NTC 9946)] ,
yeast (Candida albicans ATCC 628) and mold
(Aspergillus niger) were purchased from Turkey
Public Health Institutions. Algae – Chlorella sp. was
isolated from Gölcük Lake (Ödemiş) and was
cultivated. Bioluminescent bacteria – Vibrio fischeri
were purchased from Hach-Lange Company as a
lyphilized culture. Water flea - Daphnia magna and
fish - Poecillia reticule was purchased from an
aquarium maker.
2.3 Methods of Acute Toxicity Tests
Stock solutions of NPs was stirred at sonicator
for bacteria (Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus) ;
yeast (Candida albicans) and mold (Aspergillus
niger) acute toxicity tests. 5 ml was added to sterile
tubes from each NPs. In log phase
bacteria/yeast/mold culture was added to an equal
volume of the tube. Bacteria/yeast/mold was
exposed to NPs for 24 and 48 hours. After
incubation period 1 ml was taken from each tube
and made serial dilutions. Then inoculations was
done on nutrient agar plate/PDA plate. Increased
concentration of remaining exposed to NP
bacteria/yeasts/mold colonies were calculated
percent inhibition compared to the control group.
According to bioluminescent bacteria acute toxicity
tests ; pre-test reactivation solution was added 1 ml
in the 15ºC incubation block and wait 30 minutes.
While waiting reactivation ; dilution of NP solutions
[direct(1/1) ; ¼ ; 1/8 ; 1/16 ; 1/32] was made in a
bathtub in the A chamber and 1.5 ml of NaCl
solution was added on. After 30 minute incubation
period ; 0.5 ml of bacteria was added to the tube at
the B and C divison. After LU values measured in
t=0, addition of a bathtub in a diluted sample in
each compartment and after 5th
, 15th
and 30th
minute
LU values was measured. EC50 values were
calculated after incubation LUMISsoft IV program.
Anaerobic toxicity assasy (ATA) was held at
35ºC in the volume of 150 ml amber bottle (Owen et
al., 1979). Vanderbilt Mineral Medium, 3000 mg/l
glucose-COD, sodium thiogylcollate (to maintain
the anaerobic environment), NaHCO3 (to keep
neutral pH) was added into sterile 5-Liter flask. NP
solutions (1 ; 5 ; 10; 25; 50 and 100 mg/l) was added
into the amber bottle. 5 liters of the mixture were
distributed into each vial 75 ml and stirred sonicator
for 1 hour. 40 mg/l of the anaerobic sludge was
added and the mouths of the bottles were sealed
with rubber stoppers. 24 and 48 hours after
incubation period was measured methane. 3 %
NaOH solution was used to removed CO2 from the
methane gas (Razo-Flores et al., 1997). Compared
to the control group it was calculated by decreasing
the amount of methane inhibition footnote. For the
Algae (Chlorella sp.) acute toxicity tests ; NPs 0.01-
0.25-0.5-1 and 5 mg/l stock solutions prepared
sonicator was stirred for 1 hour. 3 series of 50 ml
solutions of the NPs were placed in sterile flasks for
24, 48 and 72 hours. Each concentration and the
control group of flasks containing equal amounts of
algae culture was added. After 24, 48 and 72 hours
incubation time, they were centrifuged. Counting of
sedimented algae cells was performed in three
series. It was used for calculating the percentage of
inhibition of formula [(1- N/N0) X 100] (N: The
number of algal cells exposed NPs/10 µl ; N0: The
number of algal cells in the group/10 µl) (Gong et
al., 2011).
According to Daphnia magna acute toxicity tests
; before the dilution NPs of 100 mg/l stock solutions
are stirred at 30ºC for 1 hour in the sonicator. 70 ml
mineral medium and 30 ml NPs solution was added
into the 100 ml baeker for the test. 10 Daphnia
3. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET)
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magna were added and then recorded live and
mortality of Daphnia magna during 24 and 48 hours
to calculate the acute toxicity (OECD 202, 2004).
According to fish (lepistes – Poecllia reticula) acute
toxicity test, acclimated fish was used this toxicity
study. Synthetic dilution water as the volume of
distilled water and 25 ml of each stock solution is
made up to 2 liters and 5 fish were added. The pH of
the water 7 ± 0.2, dissolved oxygen 4-6 mg/l will be
adjusted. After 24 and 48 hour incubation fish
deaths recorded (OECD 203, 1992). Bio-
degradability test was conducted, where a 2-liter
glass beaker. 10 and 100 mg/l initial COD was
adjust using glucose (For 10 mg/l-COD: 0,1 g ; for
100 mg/l-COD: 0,5 g) and 10 and 100 mg/l NPs
solutions were added (Before added ; NPs was
stirred with sonicator). The pH of the water 7 ± 0.2,
dissolved oxygen 4-6 mg/l (1N NaOH and 1 N HCl)
will be adjusted. 30 mg/l-anaerobic sludge was
added into the 2 liter baeker and test was started.
During 28 days decreasing COD values were noted
(OECD 301, 1992). Bioaccumulation test is
performed in two stages. The first stage of
contaminant uptake by fish are monitored in a 28-
day incubation period. Aquarium 10 liter fill with
water dilution in the pH 6.8 to 8.5, dissolved oxygen
value of 2-3 mg/l so that ventilation is performed
between. Nanoparticles concentration of 10-100
mg/l is set to be 2 different aquariums. 30 mg/l
activated sludge and 10 fish was added aquariums.
During this time, COD concentrations measured 0-
5-10-15th
days (OECD 305, 2012).
The toxicity of NPs to organisms with increasing
doses were investigated in vivo inhibition aganist
time and statistical analysis whether the dose-
dependent. Using the ANOVA program (JMP10)
inhibition of time and the relationship between
variables were evaluated by multiple regression
analysis. r2
and p (<0.05) were used to describe the
statistical significance between dependent and
independent variables.
III. Results and Discussion
3.1 Acute Toxicity Studies with nano-CeO2
Acute toxicity studies were performed six
different trophic levels [bacteria (Escherichia coli ;
Bacillus cereus ; Vibrio fischeri ; Metan Archae
Bakterisi) , yeast - (Candida albicans) ; mold -
Aspergillus niger , algae (Chlorella sp.) , Crustacea
(Daphnia magna) and fish - lepistes - Poecillia
reticula ]. Table 1 shows that EC50 values of nano-
CeO2 different trophic levels. Dose that kills 50% of
the E. coli bacteria for 24 and 48 hours EC50 value
of 42.2 and 28.9 mg/l was calculated from the
graphic [(R=0.996) (P=0.0004 < 0.05)]. EC50 values
of nano-CeO2 are 18.55 and 15.1 mg/l after 24 and
48 hours for B.cereus [(R=0.999)(P=0.0001 <
0.05)]. For biolumiscent bacteria - V. fischeri ; EC50
values of nano-CeO2 after 30 minutes 39.973 mg/l
[(R=0.972) (P=0.0408 < 0.05)]. Another bacteria is
Methane Archae bacteria group and EC50 values are
58.5 and 43.2 mg/l for 24 and 48 hours [(R=0.994)
(P=0.0001 < 0.05)]. EC50 values of nano-CeO2 are
91.4 – 87.6 mg/l and 43.8 – 31.2 mg/l after 24 and
48 hours for C. albicans and A. niger, respectively
(For C.albicans : [(R=0.986) (P=0.0040 < 0.05)] ;
for A.niger : [(R=0.994) (P=0.0010 < 0.05)]. The
exposure time has increased with the increased
growth inhibition (Algae – Chlorella sp. ; 24, 48 and
72 hours results EC50 = 12.07 ; 8.1 and 7.35 mg/l)
[(R=0.976) (P=0.0001 < 0.05)]. EC50 values for
Daphnia magna after 24 and 48 hours are 70.9 and
20.8 mg/l [(R=0.951) (P=0.0001 < 0.05)]. Algae -
Chlorella sp. is the most sensitive organisms to
nano-CeO2 because of the lowest EC50 value (72
hours results EC50 = 7.35 mg/l) (P=0.0001 < 0.05).
Fish – lepistes – Poecillia reticula is the most
resistant organisms to nano-CeO2 because of the
highest EC50 value (24 hours results EC50 = 505.1
mg/l) (P=0.0001 < 0.05). According to
biodegrabilitity test : 10 and 100 mg/l of nano-CeO2
concentration of 28 daily % biodegradability values
are at the end of the incubation time ; %
decomposition percantages is 25,1% and 18,57 %
for 10 and 100 mg/l, respectively. Other toxicity test
is bioaccumulation and this test aim different
concentrations of the NPs was conducted to
determine the release and accumulation in living
organisms. BCF (Bioaccumulation Factor) values
are 0.33 and 38.13 for 10 and 100 mg/l nano-CeO2.
According to OECD Guideline, if BCF is less than
10 fish samples did not accumulate in the body
containing NPs, if the NPs in the body of the fish
BCF values greater than 10 indicate that
accumulate. According to OECD Guideline, 10 mg/l
nano-CeO2 concentration is not bioaccumulative,
but 100 mg/l nano-CeO2 concentration is
bioaccumulative.
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Tablo 1 EC50 values of nano-CeO2 different trophic levels
EC50 Values (mg/l)
30 minutes 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours
Bacteria - E.coli - 42.2 28.9 -
Bacteria - B.cereus - 18.5 15.1 -
Bacteria - V.fischeri 39.973 - - -
Bacteria – Methane Archae - 58.5 43.2 -
Yeast – C.albicans - 91.4 (EC40) 87.6 -
Mold – A.niger - 43.8 31.2 -
Algae – Chlorella sp. - 12.07 8.1 7.35
Crustacea – D.magna - 70.9 20.8 -
Fish – lepistes - Poecillia
reticula
- 505.1 334.7 -
3.2 Acute Toxicity Studies with nano-ZnO
Table 2 shows that EC50 values of nano-ZnO different trophic levels. EC50 value (dose that kills 50% of the
E. coli bacteria) of 15.6 and 12.9 mg/l was calculated from the graph for 24 and 48 hours [(R=0.990) (P=0.0022
< 0.05)]. After 24 and 48 hours EC50 values of nano-ZnO are 31.8 and 22.8 mg/l for B.cereus [(R=0.986)
(P=0.0041 < 0.05)]. Another organism is V. fischeri and EC50 values of nano-ZnO after 30 minutes 16.097 mg/l
[(R=0.985) (P=0.0215 < 0.05)]. EC50 values of Methane Archae are 50.01 and 34.99 mg/l for 24 and 48 hours
[(R=0.995) (P=0.0001 < 0.05)]. EC50 values of nano-ZnO are 60.2 – 27.5 mg/l and 25.9 – 13.9 mg/l after 24 and
48 hours for C. albicans and A. niger, respectively (C.albicans : [(R=0.996) (P=0.0004 < 0.05)] ; A.niger :
[(R=0.971) (P=0.0118 < 0.05)]. The exposure time has increased with the increased growth inhibition (Algae –
Chlorella sp. ; 24, 48 and 72 hours results EC50 = 3.03 ; 1.6 and 0.93 mg/l) [(R=0.97) (P=0.0001 < 0.05)]. EC50
values for Daphnia magna after 24 and 48 hours are 41.4 and 21.8 mg/l [(R=0.942) (P=0.0001 < 0.05)]. Algae -
Chlorella sp. is the most sensitive organisms to nano-ZnO because of the lowest EC50 value (72 hours results
EC50 = 0.93 mg/l) (P=0.0001 < 0.05). Fish – lepistes – Poecillia reticula is the most resistant organisms to nano-
ZnO because of the highest EC50 value (24 hours results EC50 = 352.2 mg/l) (P=0.0001 < 0.05). According to
biodegrabilitity test : 10 and 100 mg/l of nano-ZnO concentration of 28 daily % biodegradability values are at
the end of the incubation time ; % decomposition percantages is 16.6 % and 6.43 % for 10 and 100 mg/l,
respectively. Other toxicity test is bioaccumulation and this test aim different concentrations of the NPs was
conducted to determine the release and accumulation in living organisms. BCF (Bioaccumulation Factor) values
are 0.66 and 3.26 for 10 and 100 mg/l nano-ZnO. According to OECD Guideline, 10 and 100 mg/l nano-ZnO
concentrations are not bioaccumulative.
Tablo 2 EC50 values of nano-ZnOdifferent trophic levels
EC50 Values (mg/l)
30 minutes 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours
Bacteria - E.coli - 15.6 12.9 -
Bacteria - B.cereus - 31.8 22.8 -
Bacteria - V.fischeri 16.097 - - -
Bacteria – Methane Archae - 50.01 (EC70) 34.99 (EC70) -
Yeast – C.albicans - 60.2 27.5 -
Mold – A.niger - 25.9 13.9 -
Algae – Chlorella sp. - 3.03 (EC80) 1.6 (EC85) 0.93 (EC80)
Crustacea – D.magna - 41.4 21.8 -
Fish – lepistes - Poecillia
reticula
- 352.2 324.3 -
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3.3 Acute Toxicity Studies with nano-Al2O3
Table 3 shows that EC50 values of nano-Al2O3 different trophic levels. EC50 values was calculated from the
% inhibition graphic and calculated dose that kills 50%. Firstly, gram negative bacteria - E. coli tested and
calculated EC50 values are 39.9 and 26.9 mg/l for 24 and 48 hours [(R=0.994) (P=0.0011 < 0.05)]. Other
bacteria is gram positive bacteria – B.cereus and EC50 values of nano-Al2O3 are 40.9 and 15.22 mg/l [(R=0.956)
(P=0.0221 < 0.05)]. Another organism is V. fischeri and EC50 values of nano-Al2O3 after 30 minutes 29.282
mg/l [(R=0.998) (P=0.0020 < 0.05)]. EC50 values of Methane Archae are 96,83 and 43.2 mg/l for 24 and 48
hours [(R=0.967) (P=0.0014 < 0.05)]. Other organisms are fungus [yeast and mold] and EC50 values are 93.1 –
72.7 mg/l and 59.2 – 26.9 mg/l after 24 and 48 hours for C. albicans and A. niger, respectively (C.albicans :
[(R=0.994) (P=0.0010 < 0.05)] ; A.niger : [(R=0.978) (P=0.0077 < 0.05)]. The exposure time has increased with
the increased growth inhibition (Algae – Chlorella sp. ; 24, 48 and 72 hours results EC50 = 4.07 ; 3.5 and 2.9
mg/l) [(R=0.943) (P=0.0001 < 0.05)]. EC50 values for Daphnia magna after 24 and 48 hours are 36.13 and 23.37
mg/l [(R=0.969) (P=0.0001 < 0.05)]. Algae - Chlorella sp. is the most sensitive organisms to nano-Al2O3
because of the lowest EC50 value (72 hours results EC50 = 2.9 mg/l) (P=0.0001 < 0.05). Fish – lepistes –
Poecillia reticula is the most resistant organisms to nano-Al2O3 because of the highest EC50 value (24 hours
results EC50 = 849.9 mg/l) (P=0.0001 < 0.05). According to biodegrabilitity test : 10 and 100 mg/l of nano-
Al2O3concentration of 28 daily % biodegradability values are at the end of the incubation time ; %
decomposition percantages is 43.5 % and 24.9 % for 10 and 100 mg/l, respectively. Other toxicity test is
bioaccumulation and this test aim different concentrations of the NPs was conducted to determine the release
and accumulation in living organisms. BCF (Bioaccumulation Factor) values are 3.9 and 7.29 for 10 and 100
mg/l nano-Al2O3. According to OECD Guideline, 10 and 100 mg/l nano-Al2O3 concentrations are not
bioaccumulative.
Tablo 3 EC50 values of nano-Al2O3 different trophic levels
EC50 Values (mg/l)
30 minutes 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours
Bacteria - E.coli - 39.9 26.9 -
Bacteria - B.cereus - 40.9 15.22 -
Bacteria - V.fischeri 29.282 - - -
Bacteria – Methane Archae - 96.83 43.2 -
Yeast – C.albicans - 93.1 72.7 -
Mold – A.niger - 59.2 26.9 -
Algae – Chlorella sp. - 4.07 (EC30) 3.5 (EC40) 2.9
Crustacea – D.magna - 36.13 23.37 -
Fish – lepistes - Poecillia
reticula
- 849.9 771.3 -
3.4 Acute Toxicity Studies with nano-HfO2
Table 4 shows that EC50 values of nano-HfO2 different trophic levels. EC50 value (dose that kills 50% of the
E. coli bacteria) of 59.4 and 30.9 mg/l was calculated from the graph for 24 and 48 hours [(R=0.9993)
(P=0.0014 < 0.05)]. After 24 and 48 hours EC50 values of nano-HfO2 are 29.6 and 16.7 mg/l for B.cereus
[(R=0.943) (P=0.0325 < 0.05)]. Another organism is V. fischeri and EC50 values of nano-HfO2 after 30 minutes
46.35 mg/l [(R=0.991) (P=0.0121 < 0.05)]. EC50 values of Methane Archae are 34.97 and 13.55 mg/l for 24 and
48 hours [(R=0.981) (P=0.0004 < 0.05)]. EC50 values of nano-HfO2 are 41.1 – 19.7 mg/l and 27.8 – 18.4 mg/l
after 24 and 48 hours for C. albicans and A. niger, respectively (C.albicans : [(R=0.982) (P=0.0059 < 0.05)] ;
A.niger : [(R=0.992) (P=0.0015 < 0.05)]. The exposure time has increased with the increased growth inhibition
(Algae – Chlorella sp. ; 24, 48 and 72 hours results EC50 = 4.57 ; 3.8 and 2.94 mg/l) [(R=0.991) (P=0.0001 <
0.05)]. EC50 values for Daphnia magna after 24 and 48 hours are 63.49 and 50.18 mg/l [(R=0.960) (P=0.0001 <
0.05)]. Algae - Chlorella sp. is the most sensitive organisms to nano-HfO2 because of the lowest EC50 value (72
hours results EC50 = 2.94 mg/l) (P=0.0001 < 0.05). Fish – lepistes – Poecillia reticula is the most resistant
organisms to nano-HfO2 because of the highest EC50 value (24 hours results EC50 = 849.8 mg/l) (P=0.0178 <
0.05). According to biodegrabilitity test : 10 and 100 mg/l of nano-HfO2 concentration of 28 daily %
biodegradability values are at the end of the incubation time ; % decomposition percantages is 54.4 % and
19.01 % for 10 and 100 mg/l, respectively. Other toxicity test is bioaccumulation and this test aim different
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concentrations of the NPs was conducted to determine the release and accumulation in living organisms. BCF
(Bioaccumulation Factor) values are 0.941 and 38.1 for 10 and 100 mg/l nano-HfO2. According to OECD
Guideline, 10 mg/l nano-HfO2 concentration is not bioaccumulative, but 100 mg/l nano-HfO2 concentration is
bioaccumulative.
Tablo 4 EC50 values of nano-HfO2 different trophic levels
EC50 Values (mg/l)
30 minutes 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours
Bacteria - E.coli - 59.4 30.9 -
Bacteria - B.cereus - 29.6 16.7 -
Bacteria - V.fischeri 46.35 - - -
Bacteria – Methane Archae - 34.97 13.55 -
Yeast – C.albicans - 41.1 19.7 -
Mold – A.niger - 27.8 18.4 -
Algae – Chlorella sp. - 4.57 3.8 2.94
Crustacea – D.magna - 63.49 50.18 -
Fish – lepistes - Poecillia
reticula
- 849.8 790.3 -
3.5 Acute Toxicity Studies with nano-Ta2O5
Table 5 shows that EC50 values of nano-Ta2O5 different trophic levels. EC50 values was calculated from the
% inhibition graphic and calculated dose that kills 50%. Firstly, gram negative bacteria - E. coli tested and
calculated EC50 values are 26.1 and 18.6 mg/l for 24 and 48 hours [(R=0.960) (P=0.0192 < 0.05)]. Other
bacteria is gram positive bacteria – B.cereus and EC50 values of nano-Ta2O5 are 26.9 and 14.8 mg/l [(R=0.932)
(P=0.0425 < 0.05)]. Another organism is V. fischeri and EC50 values of nano-Ta2O5 after 30 minutes 31.457
mg/l [(R=0.9948) (P=0.0060 < 0.05)]. EC50 values of Methane Archae are 29.6 (EC60) and 93.1 (EC70) mg/l for
24 and 48 hours [(R=0.918) (P=0.0133 < 0.05)]. Other organisms are fungus [yeast and mold] and EC50 values
are 71.5 – 53.2 mg/l and 29.3 – 21.5 mg/l after 24 and 48 hours for C. albicans and A. niger, respectively
(C.albicans : [(R=0.976) (P=0.0088 < 0.05)] ; A.niger : [(R=0.989) (P=0.0028 < 0.05)]. The exposure time has
increased with the increased growth inhibition (Algae – Chlorella sp. ; 24, 48 and 72 hours results EC50 = 3.9 ;
3.2 and 2.4 mg/l) [(R=0.983) (P=0.0001 < 0.05)]. EC50 values for Daphnia magna after 24 and 48 hours are
36.13 and 23.37 mg/l [(R=0.977) (P=0.0001 < 0.05)]. Algae - Chlorella sp. is the most sensitive organisms to
nano-Ta2O5 because of the lowest EC50 value (72 hours results EC50 = 2.4 mg/l) (P=0.0001 < 0.05). Fish –
lepistes – Poecillia reticula is the most resistant organisms to nano-Ta2O5 because of the highest EC50 value (24
hours results EC50 = 849.9 mg/l) (P=0.0030 < 0.05). According to biodegrabilitity test : 10 and 100 mg/l of
nano-Ta2O5 concentration of 28 daily % biodegradability values are at the end of the incubation time ; %
decomposition percantages is 78 % and 31.5 % for 10 and 100 mg/l, respectively. Other toxicity test is
bioaccumulation and this test aim different concentrations of the NPs was conducted to determine the release
and accumulation in living organisms. BCF (Bioaccumulation Factor) values are 7.17 and 17.9 for 10 and 100
mg/l nano-Ta2O5. According to OECD Guideline, 10 mg/l nano-Ta2O5 concentration is not bioaccumulative, but
100 mg/l nano-Ta2O5 concentration is bioaccumulative.
Tablo 5 EC50 values of nano-Ta2O5 different trophic levels
EC50 Values (mg/l)
30 minutes 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours
Bacteria - E.coli - 26.1 18.6 -
Bacteria - B.cereus - 26.9 14.8 -
Bacteria - V.fischeri 31.457 - - -
Bacteria – Methane Archae - 29.6 (EC60) 93.1(EC70) -
Yeast – C.albicans - 71.5 53.2 -
Mold – A.niger - 29.3 21.5 -
Algae – Chlorella sp. - 3.9 3.2 2.4
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Crustacea – D.magna - 29.7 36.7(EC70) -
Fish – lepistes - Poecillia
reticula
- 790.3(EC30) 505.8(EC30) -
4.6 Acute Toxicity Studies with nano-SiO2
All acute toxicity studies were performed six different trophic levels [bacteria (Escherichia coli ; Bacillus
cereus ; Vibrio fischeri ; Metan Archae Bakterisi) , yeast - (Candida albicans) ; mold - Aspergillus niger , algae
(Chlorella sp.) , Crustacea (Daphnia magna) and fish - lepistes - Poecillia reticula ]. Table 6 shows that EC50
values of nano-SiO2 different trophic levels. Dose that kills 50% of the E. coli bacteria for 24 and 48 hours EC50
value of 27.2 and 16.7 mg/l was calculated from the graph [(R=0.944) (P=0.0313 < 0.05)]. EC50 values of nano-
SiO2 are 39.9 and 20.9 mg/l after 24 and 48 hours for B.cereus [(R=0.991) (P=0.0018 < 0.05)]. Another
organism is V. fischeri and EC50 values of nano-SiO2 after 30 minutes 60.4 mg/l [(R=0.999) (P=0.0002 < 0.05)].
According to ATA (Anaeroic Toxicity Assay) EC50 values are 84.6 and 48.11 mg/l for 24 and 48 hours
[(R=0.920) (P=0.0127 < 0.05)]. EC50 values of nano-SiO2 are 92.7 – 67.2 mg/l and 18.03 – 14.6 mg/l after 24
and 48 hours for C. albicans and A. niger, respectively (C.albicans : [(R=0.991) (P=0.0018 < 0.05)] ; A.niger :
[(R=0.993) (P=0.0013 < 0.05)]. The exposure time has increased with the increased growth inhibition (Algae –
Chlorella sp. ; 24, 48 and 72 hours results EC50 = 2.5 ; 1.9 and 1.4 mg/l) [(R=0.976) (P=0.0001 < 0.05)]. EC50
values for Daphnia magna after 24 and 48 hours are 70.9 and 20.8 mg/l [(R=0.997) (P=0.0001 < 0.05)]. Algae -
Chlorella sp. is the most sensitive organisms to nano-SiO2 because of the lowest EC50 value (72 hours results
EC50 = 1.4 mg/l) (P=0.0001 < 0.05). Fish – lepistes – Poecillia reticula is the most resistant organisms to nano-
SiO2 because of the highest EC50 value (24 hours results EC50 = 716.4 mg/l) (P=0.0008 < 0.05). According to
biodegrabilitity test : 10 and 100 mg/l of nano-SiO2 concentration of 28 daily % biodegradability values are at
the end of the incubation time ; % decomposition percantages is 79 % and 34.34 % for 10 and 100 mg/l,
respectively. Other toxicity test is bioaccumulation and this test aim different concentrations of the NPs was
conducted to determine the release and accumulation in living organisms. BCF (Bioaccumulation Factor) values
are 18.01 and 32.05 for 10 and 100 mg/l nano-SiO2. According to OECD Guideline, 10 and 100 mg/l nano-SiO2
concentrations are bioaccumulative.
Tablo 6 EC50 values of nano-SiO2 different trophic levels
EC50 Values (mg/l)
30 minutes 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours
Bacteria - E.coli - 27.2 16.7 -
Bacteria - B.cereus - 39.9 20.9 -
Bacteria - V.fischeri 60.4 - - -
Bacteria – Methane Archae - 84.6 (EC80) 48.11(EC80) -
Yeast – C.albicans - 92.7 67.2 -
Mold – A.niger - 18.03 14.6 -
Algae – Chlorella sp. - 2.5(EC60) 1.9(EC60) 1.04(EC60)
Crustacea – D.magna - 36.7 40.76(EC80) -
Fish – lepistes - Poecillia
reticula
- 716.4 433.1 -
IV. Conclusion
Six different NMO (nano- Ta2O5, nano-HfO2,
nano-CeO2, nano-ZnO, nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3)
using six different trophic level with effects were
studied (bacteria - Escherichia coli (gram negative
bacteria), bacteria - Bacillus cereus (gram-positive
bacteria ), bacteria - Vibrio fischeri
(bioluminescence bacteria), methane Archae bacteria
, yeast - Candida albicans , mold - Aspergillus niger
; algae - Chlorella sp. ; Crustacean - Daphnia magna
; fish - Poecillia reticula). The acute toxicity test
results is made to all of the sensitivity of the used
organisms and resistant nanoparticles were studied
in terms of % inhibition and EC50 values. Nano-ZnO
nanoparticles, studied was determined that the most
toxic among other nanoparticles. The subsequent
toxic nanoparticles are respectively the nano-CeO2,
nano-SiO2, nano-Ta2O5, nano-Al2O3 and nano-HfO2.
We detected that for nano-ZnO acute toxicity test the
most sensitive organism is algae – Chlorella sp. (72
hour EC80=0,93 mg/l) and the most resistant
organism is lepistes - Poecillia reticula (48 hour
EC50=324,3 mg/l). After Chlorella sp. the most
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sensitive organisms are E.coli , Metan Archae and
after lepistes – Poecillia reticula the most resistant
organisms are yeast - C.albicans and mold -
A.niger. Six different trophic levels of the toxic
effects of nanoparticles that are at least nano-HfO2.
The result of lepistes - Poecillia reticula for the EC50
value of 849.8 mg/l is as determined ; this EC50
value is the highest value found among other
nanoparticles. After lepistes – Poecillia reticula ; the
most resistant organisms are Daphnia magna (24
hours EC50 =63,49 mg/l) ; E.coli ; C.albicans ;
methane Archae ; B.cereus and A.niger.
In general, when we look at the tolerance of
Chlorella sp. – algae to NPs nano-CeO2
nanoparticles of sensitivity among other algal cells
are exposed to the nanoparticles, is the lowest (24
hours EC50=12,07 mg/l). Among the all organisms
after lepistes – Poecillia reticula the most resistant
organisms are Daphnia magna ; Candida albicans ;
and methane Archae which detected highest EC50
values (D.magna : for nano-CeO2 24 hours
EC50=70,9 mg/l ; C.albicans : for nano-Al2O3 24
hours EC50=93,1 mg/l ; for Metan Archae bacteria :
nano-Al2O3 24 hours EC50=96,83 mg/l). Overall, the
most toxic NP is nano-ZnO and the minimum toxic
NP is HfO2. Among the acute toxicity test organisms
the most sensitive organism is Chlorella sp. – algae
and the most resistant organism is lepistes –
Poecillia reticula.
Today NPs are used in the treatment of industrial
wastewater. This NPs effect six different trophic
levels and all of them show different toxic effects.
Although using NPs in water treatment industries
that is recovered for reuse, is very economical ; toxic
effects that occur with the discharge of ecosystems.
We studied nine different species and observed acute
and high toxicity for some NPs. Most toxic effects
showing the nano-ZnO is discharged to the receiving
environment should be very careful because even at
low concentrations nano-ZnO is high toxic to
Chlorella sp. (EC80=0,93 mg/l). In trials with nano-
ZnO 0.93 mg/l to 850 mg/l for changing EC50 values
; when working with the nanoparticles should be
careful to this concentration range. Other most toxic
of the nano-CeO2 nanoparticles and nano-SiO2,
respectively, in the studies ; 7 mg/l to 500 mg/l and
1.04 mg/l to 720 mg/l for changing EC50 values;
should be careful when working with nanoparticles
in this concentartion range.
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