This thesis examines the toxic effects of ethyl parathion and polluted seawater on the polychaete worm Ophryotrocha diadema. Short and long term experiments were conducted to study lethal and sublethal impacts on mortality, growth, and reproduction. The larval development of O. diadema was also described. Results showed larvae were more susceptible than adults to ethyl parathion. Growth was significantly reduced at concentrations of 0.9 ug/L. The thesis also discovered the egg-eating behavior of O. diadema, which may influence interpretation of previous toxicity tests using this species.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of nanosilver particles on the antipredator response of fathead minnows. Adult fathead minnows were exposed to different concentrations of nanosilver particles for 48 hours. Their response to an alarm cue, made from the skin of other fathead minnows, was then tested in a behavioral maze. Exposure to nanosilver particles at environmentally relevant concentrations may impair a fish's ability to detect and respond appropriately to predator cues, which could negatively impact fish populations. The goal was to expand understanding of how nanosilver contamination affects important olfactory behaviors in fish.
In recent years, nanoparticles that have size of 1-100 nm is widely used for textile, pharmacy,
cosmetic and treatment of industrial wastewater. Producing and using of nanoparticles widely, causes
important accumulation in nature and toxicity on ecosystem. Knowledge of potential toxicity of nanoparticles is
limited. In this study, six different nanoparticles nano-zinc oxide, nano-silicon dioxide, nano-cerium oxide,
nano-aluminum oxide, nano-hafnium oxide, and nano-tantalum oxide which used commonly, were studied to
investigate toxic impacts on organisms. We studied nine different acute toxicity test (bacteria – Escherichia coli
(gram negative bacteria) ; bacteria – Bacillus cereus (gram positive bacteria) ; bacteria – Vibrio fischeri
(bioluminescences bacteria) ; methane Archae Bacteria ; yeast – Candida albicans ; mold – Aspergillus niger ;
algae – Chlorella sp. ; Crustacea – Daphnia magna ; lepistes - Poecillia reticula) for the effect of
nanoparticles to different trophic levels. In general, the most toxic nanoparticle is nano-zinc oxide and the least
toxic nanoparticle is nano-hafnium oxide. Among the used organisms in acute toxicity test; the most sensitive
organism is algae - Chlorella sp ;the most resistant organism is fish- Poecillia reticula.
This document discusses the selection of biological methods for assessing the quality of industrial effluents. It identifies existing bioassays for evaluating acute and chronic toxicity of wastewater. Biological methods can be divided into microbiological, limnological, and ecotoxicological tests. Common ecotoxicological tests identified include those using algae, microcrustaceans like Daphnia, fish, and bacteria to analyze effluent toxicity. The document compares different test methods and variables for routinely monitoring effluents and researching their impacts.
Triclosan Persistence in Environment and Its Potential Toxic Effects on AlgaeAJASTJournal
1) The document examines the persistence of triclosan in the environment and its potential toxic effects on algae. It finds that triclosan decreases algae growth and chlorophyll a concentration in a dose-dependent manner.
2) The study exposed the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. to different concentrations of triclosan from 10-50 ppm. It observed decreased algae population, changes in color, and decreased chlorophyll a levels as the triclosan concentration increased.
3) Growth curves showed triclosan treatment reduced the exponential phase and led to an earlier decline phase compared to the control. Conductivity also increased with decreased chlorophyll a and phytop
This document discusses various biological methods for assessing the quality of industrial effluents, including their advantages and limitations. It identifies common toxicity tests that use organisms like algae, microcrustaceans, fish, and bacteria to test the acute and chronic effects of effluents. The tests are standardized but no one test is best - a set of tests is recommended to understand effluent impacts. While standardized organisms are common, native species may also be used. The methods allow preventative evaluation of environmental impacts from effluents.
2010 - Assessment of advanced wastewater treatments for nitrogen removal sear...WALEBUBLÉ
This document summarizes a study that assessed advanced wastewater treatment plants for nitrogen removal in Spain over 14 months. The study characterized biological communities by identifying and counting protists (ciliates, flagellates, amoeba) and recording physical-chemical parameters. Surprisingly, ciliates were found to be less abundant and diverse than in conventional treatment plants. The aim was to determine potential biological indicators of treatment efficiency, as indicators from conventional plants could not be directly extrapolated to advanced nutrient removal systems with different biological characteristics.
Isolation and identification of bacteria in the rotifer mass culture mediumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified bacteria in the culture medium for rotifers. 97 bacterial isolates were identified as Halococcus sp., which are chemoheterotrophic bacteria that use organic compounds as an energy source. The dominant species able to survive the rotifer culture cycle was H. saccharolyticus, comprising 54.6% of isolates. Bacterial abundance increased from 3.5x102 CFU/mL initially to 2.7x104 CFU/mL as the raw fish substrate was decomposed, indicating bacteria played an important role in decomposing the organic materials provided.
REMOVAL PARAQUAT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS WITH ZEOLITE NANOPARTICLES OPTIMIZED ...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Nowadays, much attention for using chemicals as adsorbent for removal herbicide from aqueous solution has been aroused.
Zeolite as low-cost adsorbent was used in this paper for removal paraquat from water. Iran has a variety resources of zeolite.
Zeolite was collected from Semnan region and after modification, zeolite nano-particles was used for adsorption. Box-Behnken
experimental design was used for simplifying and optimizing the experiment condition. Three factor was studied in this paper; pH
(6-8), temperature (25-45◦C) and the amount of adsorbent (0.5-2 g). The residue of paraquat after each experiment was
determined by injection of 250 μl of each sample to HPLC equipped with column (150mm×4.6mm, ODS (C18)-H-OL), UV-detector
at 258 nm. The mobile phase composition was a mixture of tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate and ammonium
sulphate in ultra-pure water and adjusted to pH 2 with sulphuric acid. According to BBD the optimum condition was pH 6,
temperature 45◦C and 2 g of adsorbent. At this condition the removal efficiency was about 80%. The results of this study showed
thatby increasing the pH, the percentage of removal was decreased. However, the higher temperatureslead to more removal
capacity of zeolite nano-particles but it was not statistically significant.
Keywords: Paraquat, Zeolite, Box-Behnken design, HPLC.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of nanosilver particles on the antipredator response of fathead minnows. Adult fathead minnows were exposed to different concentrations of nanosilver particles for 48 hours. Their response to an alarm cue, made from the skin of other fathead minnows, was then tested in a behavioral maze. Exposure to nanosilver particles at environmentally relevant concentrations may impair a fish's ability to detect and respond appropriately to predator cues, which could negatively impact fish populations. The goal was to expand understanding of how nanosilver contamination affects important olfactory behaviors in fish.
In recent years, nanoparticles that have size of 1-100 nm is widely used for textile, pharmacy,
cosmetic and treatment of industrial wastewater. Producing and using of nanoparticles widely, causes
important accumulation in nature and toxicity on ecosystem. Knowledge of potential toxicity of nanoparticles is
limited. In this study, six different nanoparticles nano-zinc oxide, nano-silicon dioxide, nano-cerium oxide,
nano-aluminum oxide, nano-hafnium oxide, and nano-tantalum oxide which used commonly, were studied to
investigate toxic impacts on organisms. We studied nine different acute toxicity test (bacteria – Escherichia coli
(gram negative bacteria) ; bacteria – Bacillus cereus (gram positive bacteria) ; bacteria – Vibrio fischeri
(bioluminescences bacteria) ; methane Archae Bacteria ; yeast – Candida albicans ; mold – Aspergillus niger ;
algae – Chlorella sp. ; Crustacea – Daphnia magna ; lepistes - Poecillia reticula) for the effect of
nanoparticles to different trophic levels. In general, the most toxic nanoparticle is nano-zinc oxide and the least
toxic nanoparticle is nano-hafnium oxide. Among the used organisms in acute toxicity test; the most sensitive
organism is algae - Chlorella sp ;the most resistant organism is fish- Poecillia reticula.
This document discusses the selection of biological methods for assessing the quality of industrial effluents. It identifies existing bioassays for evaluating acute and chronic toxicity of wastewater. Biological methods can be divided into microbiological, limnological, and ecotoxicological tests. Common ecotoxicological tests identified include those using algae, microcrustaceans like Daphnia, fish, and bacteria to analyze effluent toxicity. The document compares different test methods and variables for routinely monitoring effluents and researching their impacts.
Triclosan Persistence in Environment and Its Potential Toxic Effects on AlgaeAJASTJournal
1) The document examines the persistence of triclosan in the environment and its potential toxic effects on algae. It finds that triclosan decreases algae growth and chlorophyll a concentration in a dose-dependent manner.
2) The study exposed the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. to different concentrations of triclosan from 10-50 ppm. It observed decreased algae population, changes in color, and decreased chlorophyll a levels as the triclosan concentration increased.
3) Growth curves showed triclosan treatment reduced the exponential phase and led to an earlier decline phase compared to the control. Conductivity also increased with decreased chlorophyll a and phytop
This document discusses various biological methods for assessing the quality of industrial effluents, including their advantages and limitations. It identifies common toxicity tests that use organisms like algae, microcrustaceans, fish, and bacteria to test the acute and chronic effects of effluents. The tests are standardized but no one test is best - a set of tests is recommended to understand effluent impacts. While standardized organisms are common, native species may also be used. The methods allow preventative evaluation of environmental impacts from effluents.
2010 - Assessment of advanced wastewater treatments for nitrogen removal sear...WALEBUBLÉ
This document summarizes a study that assessed advanced wastewater treatment plants for nitrogen removal in Spain over 14 months. The study characterized biological communities by identifying and counting protists (ciliates, flagellates, amoeba) and recording physical-chemical parameters. Surprisingly, ciliates were found to be less abundant and diverse than in conventional treatment plants. The aim was to determine potential biological indicators of treatment efficiency, as indicators from conventional plants could not be directly extrapolated to advanced nutrient removal systems with different biological characteristics.
Isolation and identification of bacteria in the rotifer mass culture mediumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified bacteria in the culture medium for rotifers. 97 bacterial isolates were identified as Halococcus sp., which are chemoheterotrophic bacteria that use organic compounds as an energy source. The dominant species able to survive the rotifer culture cycle was H. saccharolyticus, comprising 54.6% of isolates. Bacterial abundance increased from 3.5x102 CFU/mL initially to 2.7x104 CFU/mL as the raw fish substrate was decomposed, indicating bacteria played an important role in decomposing the organic materials provided.
REMOVAL PARAQUAT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS WITH ZEOLITE NANOPARTICLES OPTIMIZED ...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Nowadays, much attention for using chemicals as adsorbent for removal herbicide from aqueous solution has been aroused.
Zeolite as low-cost adsorbent was used in this paper for removal paraquat from water. Iran has a variety resources of zeolite.
Zeolite was collected from Semnan region and after modification, zeolite nano-particles was used for adsorption. Box-Behnken
experimental design was used for simplifying and optimizing the experiment condition. Three factor was studied in this paper; pH
(6-8), temperature (25-45◦C) and the amount of adsorbent (0.5-2 g). The residue of paraquat after each experiment was
determined by injection of 250 μl of each sample to HPLC equipped with column (150mm×4.6mm, ODS (C18)-H-OL), UV-detector
at 258 nm. The mobile phase composition was a mixture of tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate and ammonium
sulphate in ultra-pure water and adjusted to pH 2 with sulphuric acid. According to BBD the optimum condition was pH 6,
temperature 45◦C and 2 g of adsorbent. At this condition the removal efficiency was about 80%. The results of this study showed
thatby increasing the pH, the percentage of removal was decreased. However, the higher temperatureslead to more removal
capacity of zeolite nano-particles but it was not statistically significant.
Keywords: Paraquat, Zeolite, Box-Behnken design, HPLC.
Indoor air quality and sick building syndrome study at two selected libraries...BRF
The document discusses two studies:
1) A study assessing indoor air quality and sick building syndrome at two libraries in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. It found higher prevalence of sick building syndrome complaints and indoor air pollutants at one library compared to the other. High levels of CO2, temperature, humidity, TVOC and bacteria were linked to sick building syndrome complaints.
2) A study evaluating the genotoxic effects of mercuric chloride on the marine fish Therapon jaruba. Fish exposed to 0.25 ppm mercuric chloride showed the highest micronucleus frequency compared to control fish, indicating mercuric chloride is genotoxic to this fish species under controlled conditions.
Abstract— After the II Word War, the chemical based industrial revolution generated a wide and global contamination due to the release in the environment of thousand of compounds without an adequate knowledge of their environmental biotransformation and their toxic effect on the living matter. Recently, it has been found that several of these compounds and/or their relative by-products are persistent environmental contaminants associated with undesirable long-term effects. At present many questions have to be clarified with particular reference to lipophilic polyhalogenated compounds, such as polychloro-dibenzo-dioxins (PCDD), polychloro-dibenzo-furans (PCDF) and polychloro-biphenyls (PCB). These compounds accumulate up the food chain and humans can reach relative high concentration in their body with a consequent risk for health. In this paper we discuss the some basic features of both biological and toxicological aspects related to the dioxins exposure.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Uptake of Silver from Polyvinylpyrrolidine Coated Silver Nanoparticles in a T...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has facilitated their uninterrupted entry into various ecosystems. Nanoparticles are stabilized using a variety of approaches for various applications. The present study has investigated the uptake of polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) coated Ag NPs in a terrestrial system. Two insect (Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor) and two plant species (Sorghum vulgare and Helianthus annuus) were used in the study. The effect of concentration and size of PVP-coated Ag NPs was investigated. The test species were maintained in soil spiked with 0, 1, 5, 25, 125, and 625 mg/kg PVP-coated 30-50 nm Ag NPs to test the effect of concentration of Ag NPs on uptake. Similarly, the test species were maintained in soil spiked with 25 mg/kg of 20, 30-50, and 50-80 nm PVP-coated Ag NPs to study the effect of size of nanoparticles on uptake. The PVP-coated Ag NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The levels of silver in test samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in both the insect species was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. An increase in the levels of Ag as a function of increasing size of coated Ag NPs was observed with Acheta domesticus. No apparent trend was observed with Tenebrio molitor species. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in the roots of both the plants was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. Additionally, the translocation of Ag to other plant tissues was observed in Helianthus annuus, a dicot plant.
Use of stable and radio isotopes to understand the plant physiological processRAHUL GOPALE
Introduction
what is isotope ?
Types of Isotopes
Isotopic Labelling
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE
Principle isotopes used in plant-soil studies
Case studies
FUTURE THRUSTS OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Five bacterial strains capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) like phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene were isolated from an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. The isolates were identified as Sphingopyxis ummariensis through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Batch experiments showed the isolates could utilize the PAHs as their sole carbon and energy source. A first-order kinetic model fit the phenanthrene degradation profiles well. Rate constants for phenanthrene degradation ranged from 0.653 to 0.878 day-1, with half-lives of 0.79 to 1.06 days. The isolates showed preference for degrading phenanthrene over anthracene
The acute toxicity of oily drill cuttings against the littoral mangrove periwinkle (T. fuscutas) of the Lagos Lagoon was evaluated in the laboratory bioassay. In this study, the result showed that the acute toxicity of oily drill cuttings based on immobility response of Tympanotonus fuscatus increased with time of exposure. The concentration that caused 50% immobility in the organisms at 24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs and 96hrs were 3808.80ml/L 660.89ml/L, 302.28ml/L and 102.43ml/L respectively. The median lethal concentration of drill cuttings against T. fuscatcus decreased as the duration of exposure increased. The analysis of variance (ANONA) showed that there was significant difference (p< 0.05) between all the treatments at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of exposure. The significance of these result is the need to include bio accumulators such as T.fuscatus in monitoring programmes aimed at establishing the environmental level of such pollutant as oily drill cuttings in aquatic ecosystem.
This study isolated Shewanella oneidensis from soil in Basra, Iraq. S. oneidensis showed high resistance to cadmium (1000 mg/L) and lead (700 mg/L). It effectively accumulated both metals at different concentrations and exposure times. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed S. oneidensis accumulated cadmium and lead intracellularly, causing morphological changes. The results suggest S. oneidensis has potential for bioremediating sites contaminated with heavy metals like cadmium and lead.
L’OLIGOTROFITZACIÓ CULTURAL DELS RIUS OCCIDENTALS I ELS CANVIS A L’ECOSISTEMA FLUVIAL: EL CAS DE L’EBRE.
Seminari Dept Ecologia - UB per Carles Ibañez (IRTA-Sant Carles de la Ràpita) el 18/01/2013
Assessment of the Genotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Several Vegetables,...AMERICA CASTAÑEDA
It has been demonstrated that the juices from several vegetables, spices and herbs protect against certain carcinogens. The antioxidant capacity of several vegetables has been documented. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the genotoxicity of celery, coriander, epazote, parsley and watercress using the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) on the wings of Drosophila melanogaster using Standard (ST) and High Bioactivation (HB) crosses with regular and high levels of metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, respectively. The protective effects of the extracts against 4-Nitroquinoline n-Oxide (4NQO) 4NQO, an oxidant compound, and Cyclophosphamide (CP), an alkylating agent, were evaluated. Both promutagens were employed alone as
positive controls and in combination with the extracts. The majority of the extracts were non-genotoxic, although several positive results were observed. Parsley induced spots at all concentrations assayed in the ST cross and at the lowest concentration in the HB cross. Watercress, coriander and epazote produced some significant results in both crosses. CP in combination with the highest extract concentration exhibited a potentiation-synergistic effect while an inhibition-antagonic effect with 4NQO. In addition, the radical-scavenging activities of the extracts were investigated using the colorimetrical DPPH oxidative assay. The radical scavenging activity order from the highest to the lower was watercress > parsley > coriander > celery > epazote.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption and kinetics of two pesticides, abamectin and imidacloprid, in greenhouse soil from Palestine. Key findings include:
1) The highest removal percentages for imidacloprid and abamectin were 13.4% and 7.5% respectively, occurring at a soil dosage of 3.0 g.
2) pH affected adsorption, with imidacloprid removal highest at pH 1.5 and lowest at pH 12, while abamectin removal was highest at pH 12 and lowest around pH 7.
3) Temperature also impacted adsorption, with binding generally increasing at higher temperatures from 15-47
This document presents research being conducted on mangrove plants and their endophytic fungi in heavy metal polluted sites in West Bengal, India. The research is being conducted by Debarati Chakraborty for her M.Phil under the supervision of Dr. Punarbasu Chaudhuri and Dr. Sugata Hazra. The research aims to analyze antioxidant enzyme levels and chlorophyll content in various mangrove species and their endophytes from polluted sites. Physicochemical parameters of the sites will also be examined. Isolated endophytic fungi from plant samples will be identified and their enzyme levels correlated with the plant levels.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document summarizes a study on the accumulation of mercury in marine biota in Buyat Bay, Indonesia. The study found mercury in all sampled organisms, with concentrations varying by species and trophic level. Mercury concentrations were lowest in primary producers like seaweed and sea grass, and highest in carnivorous fish like the honeycomb grouper, with levels over 350 parts per billion. The results indicate biomagnification of mercury up the food chain, especially in the form of methylmercury, the most toxic and bioaccumulative form, posing risks to human health.
Enzymes activity and content of antioxidants in leaves of halophytes from sal...Innspub Net
The purpose of the given study was to investigate characteristics of antioxidant system and other biochemical indices of some salt resistans species growing on saline soils of Georgia. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nitrate reductase, also low molecular antioxidants (proline, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids), and of content of total proteins, chlorophylls, and soluble carbohydrates has been investigated in leaves of salt resistnt plants-Salsola soda L.-opposite-leaved saltworth, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.-salt cedar, Chenopodium album L.-goosefoot, Artemisia lerchiana (Web.)-sagebrush, Achillea biebersteinii (Afan.)-allheal and Adonis bienertii (Butkov ex Riedl.)-pheasant's eye-growing coastwise and in surroundings of Kumisi Lake (East Georgia, lower Kartli), in order to study the influence of salinization level on the studied parameters. Spectrophotometrical, gazometrical and titration methods has been used for investigations. Increase of salinity induced activation of peroxidase, rise of proline and total proteins content in leaves of eu-and crynohalophytes (saltworth, goosefoot, salt cedar). Activation of catalase and peroxidase, also increase of the content of anthocyanins, phenols, total proteins and soluble carbohydrates was mentioned in leaves of glyco halophytes (sagebrush, allheal, peasant's eye) under the same conditions. Activation of peroxidase and increase of the content of total proteins seemed to be the uniting mechanism for adaptation to high level salinization among the studied species..
Possible processes for origin of life and living matter with modeling of phys...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the physiological effects of heavy water (D2O) on the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. B. subtilis was grown in media with increasing concentrations of D2O up to 98% to adapt it. When grown in 89-90% D2O medium, B. subtilis produced 3.9 g/L of deuterated inosine. The study analyzed the qualitative and quantitative composition of cellular proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates when adapted to D2O. Growing chemoheterotrophic bacteria like B. subtilis in hot mineral water with pH 9-11 was proposed to be more suitable for the origin of life than other water
2008 - Molecular microbial and chemical investigation of the bioremediation o...WALEBUBLÉ
The document describes a study that used laboratory-scale bioreactors to investigate the biodegradation of two-phase olive mill waste (TPOMW) by its indigenous microbiota under different conditions. The effects of nutrient addition and aeration on bioremediation and microbial community changes were evaluated. Analysis found that nutrient addition and aeration led to greater decreases in polyphenolic content and increases in the fungal to bacterial ratio. Molecular identification of bacteria and fungi in the bioreactors identified several genera present, with fungi like Penicillium and Candida dominant.
Savvysouls.com provides a web-based ERP solution for educational institutes with features for management, staff, students, and parents. The solution allows management to track staff, students, and interact with parents. It provides staff with features like profiles, attendance tracking, and salary details. Students can access their timetables, track attendance, access the library and use messaging. Parents can track their child's performance, activities, fees, and use other features. The ERP can be customized and includes modules for administration, management, staff, students, parents, and a library.
Indoor air quality and sick building syndrome study at two selected libraries...BRF
The document discusses two studies:
1) A study assessing indoor air quality and sick building syndrome at two libraries in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. It found higher prevalence of sick building syndrome complaints and indoor air pollutants at one library compared to the other. High levels of CO2, temperature, humidity, TVOC and bacteria were linked to sick building syndrome complaints.
2) A study evaluating the genotoxic effects of mercuric chloride on the marine fish Therapon jaruba. Fish exposed to 0.25 ppm mercuric chloride showed the highest micronucleus frequency compared to control fish, indicating mercuric chloride is genotoxic to this fish species under controlled conditions.
Abstract— After the II Word War, the chemical based industrial revolution generated a wide and global contamination due to the release in the environment of thousand of compounds without an adequate knowledge of their environmental biotransformation and their toxic effect on the living matter. Recently, it has been found that several of these compounds and/or their relative by-products are persistent environmental contaminants associated with undesirable long-term effects. At present many questions have to be clarified with particular reference to lipophilic polyhalogenated compounds, such as polychloro-dibenzo-dioxins (PCDD), polychloro-dibenzo-furans (PCDF) and polychloro-biphenyls (PCB). These compounds accumulate up the food chain and humans can reach relative high concentration in their body with a consequent risk for health. In this paper we discuss the some basic features of both biological and toxicological aspects related to the dioxins exposure.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Uptake of Silver from Polyvinylpyrrolidine Coated Silver Nanoparticles in a T...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has facilitated their uninterrupted entry into various ecosystems. Nanoparticles are stabilized using a variety of approaches for various applications. The present study has investigated the uptake of polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) coated Ag NPs in a terrestrial system. Two insect (Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor) and two plant species (Sorghum vulgare and Helianthus annuus) were used in the study. The effect of concentration and size of PVP-coated Ag NPs was investigated. The test species were maintained in soil spiked with 0, 1, 5, 25, 125, and 625 mg/kg PVP-coated 30-50 nm Ag NPs to test the effect of concentration of Ag NPs on uptake. Similarly, the test species were maintained in soil spiked with 25 mg/kg of 20, 30-50, and 50-80 nm PVP-coated Ag NPs to study the effect of size of nanoparticles on uptake. The PVP-coated Ag NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The levels of silver in test samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in both the insect species was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. An increase in the levels of Ag as a function of increasing size of coated Ag NPs was observed with Acheta domesticus. No apparent trend was observed with Tenebrio molitor species. A concentration dependent increase in the levels of Ag in the roots of both the plants was observed as a function of increasing concentrations of coated Ag NPs in soil. Additionally, the translocation of Ag to other plant tissues was observed in Helianthus annuus, a dicot plant.
Use of stable and radio isotopes to understand the plant physiological processRAHUL GOPALE
Introduction
what is isotope ?
Types of Isotopes
Isotopic Labelling
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE
Principle isotopes used in plant-soil studies
Case studies
FUTURE THRUSTS OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Five bacterial strains capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) like phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene were isolated from an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. The isolates were identified as Sphingopyxis ummariensis through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Batch experiments showed the isolates could utilize the PAHs as their sole carbon and energy source. A first-order kinetic model fit the phenanthrene degradation profiles well. Rate constants for phenanthrene degradation ranged from 0.653 to 0.878 day-1, with half-lives of 0.79 to 1.06 days. The isolates showed preference for degrading phenanthrene over anthracene
The acute toxicity of oily drill cuttings against the littoral mangrove periwinkle (T. fuscutas) of the Lagos Lagoon was evaluated in the laboratory bioassay. In this study, the result showed that the acute toxicity of oily drill cuttings based on immobility response of Tympanotonus fuscatus increased with time of exposure. The concentration that caused 50% immobility in the organisms at 24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs and 96hrs were 3808.80ml/L 660.89ml/L, 302.28ml/L and 102.43ml/L respectively. The median lethal concentration of drill cuttings against T. fuscatcus decreased as the duration of exposure increased. The analysis of variance (ANONA) showed that there was significant difference (p< 0.05) between all the treatments at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of exposure. The significance of these result is the need to include bio accumulators such as T.fuscatus in monitoring programmes aimed at establishing the environmental level of such pollutant as oily drill cuttings in aquatic ecosystem.
This study isolated Shewanella oneidensis from soil in Basra, Iraq. S. oneidensis showed high resistance to cadmium (1000 mg/L) and lead (700 mg/L). It effectively accumulated both metals at different concentrations and exposure times. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed S. oneidensis accumulated cadmium and lead intracellularly, causing morphological changes. The results suggest S. oneidensis has potential for bioremediating sites contaminated with heavy metals like cadmium and lead.
L’OLIGOTROFITZACIÓ CULTURAL DELS RIUS OCCIDENTALS I ELS CANVIS A L’ECOSISTEMA FLUVIAL: EL CAS DE L’EBRE.
Seminari Dept Ecologia - UB per Carles Ibañez (IRTA-Sant Carles de la Ràpita) el 18/01/2013
Assessment of the Genotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Several Vegetables,...AMERICA CASTAÑEDA
It has been demonstrated that the juices from several vegetables, spices and herbs protect against certain carcinogens. The antioxidant capacity of several vegetables has been documented. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the genotoxicity of celery, coriander, epazote, parsley and watercress using the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) on the wings of Drosophila melanogaster using Standard (ST) and High Bioactivation (HB) crosses with regular and high levels of metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, respectively. The protective effects of the extracts against 4-Nitroquinoline n-Oxide (4NQO) 4NQO, an oxidant compound, and Cyclophosphamide (CP), an alkylating agent, were evaluated. Both promutagens were employed alone as
positive controls and in combination with the extracts. The majority of the extracts were non-genotoxic, although several positive results were observed. Parsley induced spots at all concentrations assayed in the ST cross and at the lowest concentration in the HB cross. Watercress, coriander and epazote produced some significant results in both crosses. CP in combination with the highest extract concentration exhibited a potentiation-synergistic effect while an inhibition-antagonic effect with 4NQO. In addition, the radical-scavenging activities of the extracts were investigated using the colorimetrical DPPH oxidative assay. The radical scavenging activity order from the highest to the lower was watercress > parsley > coriander > celery > epazote.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption and kinetics of two pesticides, abamectin and imidacloprid, in greenhouse soil from Palestine. Key findings include:
1) The highest removal percentages for imidacloprid and abamectin were 13.4% and 7.5% respectively, occurring at a soil dosage of 3.0 g.
2) pH affected adsorption, with imidacloprid removal highest at pH 1.5 and lowest at pH 12, while abamectin removal was highest at pH 12 and lowest around pH 7.
3) Temperature also impacted adsorption, with binding generally increasing at higher temperatures from 15-47
This document presents research being conducted on mangrove plants and their endophytic fungi in heavy metal polluted sites in West Bengal, India. The research is being conducted by Debarati Chakraborty for her M.Phil under the supervision of Dr. Punarbasu Chaudhuri and Dr. Sugata Hazra. The research aims to analyze antioxidant enzyme levels and chlorophyll content in various mangrove species and their endophytes from polluted sites. Physicochemical parameters of the sites will also be examined. Isolated endophytic fungi from plant samples will be identified and their enzyme levels correlated with the plant levels.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document summarizes a study on the accumulation of mercury in marine biota in Buyat Bay, Indonesia. The study found mercury in all sampled organisms, with concentrations varying by species and trophic level. Mercury concentrations were lowest in primary producers like seaweed and sea grass, and highest in carnivorous fish like the honeycomb grouper, with levels over 350 parts per billion. The results indicate biomagnification of mercury up the food chain, especially in the form of methylmercury, the most toxic and bioaccumulative form, posing risks to human health.
Enzymes activity and content of antioxidants in leaves of halophytes from sal...Innspub Net
The purpose of the given study was to investigate characteristics of antioxidant system and other biochemical indices of some salt resistans species growing on saline soils of Georgia. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nitrate reductase, also low molecular antioxidants (proline, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids), and of content of total proteins, chlorophylls, and soluble carbohydrates has been investigated in leaves of salt resistnt plants-Salsola soda L.-opposite-leaved saltworth, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.-salt cedar, Chenopodium album L.-goosefoot, Artemisia lerchiana (Web.)-sagebrush, Achillea biebersteinii (Afan.)-allheal and Adonis bienertii (Butkov ex Riedl.)-pheasant's eye-growing coastwise and in surroundings of Kumisi Lake (East Georgia, lower Kartli), in order to study the influence of salinization level on the studied parameters. Spectrophotometrical, gazometrical and titration methods has been used for investigations. Increase of salinity induced activation of peroxidase, rise of proline and total proteins content in leaves of eu-and crynohalophytes (saltworth, goosefoot, salt cedar). Activation of catalase and peroxidase, also increase of the content of anthocyanins, phenols, total proteins and soluble carbohydrates was mentioned in leaves of glyco halophytes (sagebrush, allheal, peasant's eye) under the same conditions. Activation of peroxidase and increase of the content of total proteins seemed to be the uniting mechanism for adaptation to high level salinization among the studied species..
Possible processes for origin of life and living matter with modeling of phys...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the physiological effects of heavy water (D2O) on the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. B. subtilis was grown in media with increasing concentrations of D2O up to 98% to adapt it. When grown in 89-90% D2O medium, B. subtilis produced 3.9 g/L of deuterated inosine. The study analyzed the qualitative and quantitative composition of cellular proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates when adapted to D2O. Growing chemoheterotrophic bacteria like B. subtilis in hot mineral water with pH 9-11 was proposed to be more suitable for the origin of life than other water
2008 - Molecular microbial and chemical investigation of the bioremediation o...WALEBUBLÉ
The document describes a study that used laboratory-scale bioreactors to investigate the biodegradation of two-phase olive mill waste (TPOMW) by its indigenous microbiota under different conditions. The effects of nutrient addition and aeration on bioremediation and microbial community changes were evaluated. Analysis found that nutrient addition and aeration led to greater decreases in polyphenolic content and increases in the fungal to bacterial ratio. Molecular identification of bacteria and fungi in the bioreactors identified several genera present, with fungi like Penicillium and Candida dominant.
Savvysouls.com provides a web-based ERP solution for educational institutes with features for management, staff, students, and parents. The solution allows management to track staff, students, and interact with parents. It provides staff with features like profiles, attendance tracking, and salary details. Students can access their timetables, track attendance, access the library and use messaging. Parents can track their child's performance, activities, fees, and use other features. The ERP can be customized and includes modules for administration, management, staff, students, parents, and a library.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This short document discusses a music video for the song "Stupid Girls" by Pink. It celebrates being the author's first music video and encourages people to keep watching for more videos from them in the future. The document conveys excitement about creating a music video and plans to make additional videos.
The document summarizes a craft demonstration and national craft seminar being organized in Ahmedabad, India. The craft demonstration will showcase craftspeople from various states demonstrating metalworking, woodworking, and bamboo crafts. The national craft seminar will discuss the future of India's rich craft traditions and topics like craft mapping, design innovations, marketing, technology, and education. It is being organized as part of the Garvi Gurjari National Craft Fair and Summit and will feature presentations from craft experts and a concluding panel discussion.
Acute Toxicity of Lufenuron (Insecticide) on Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754)...IJERA Editor
In this study, lufenuron (insecticide) acute toxic effects on larvae of Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754) used in intensively cotton and corn farming in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was investigated by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible adverse effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. The study was carried out with 25 ± 2 oC in the laboratory and the test fish which an average weight of 1.36±0.5 g and average length 5.56±0.6 cm in aquariums by two replicates according to the static bioassay method. Data were analysed by log-logistic model statistical analysis method 24-h and 48-h LC50 values were calculated fish mortality in statistical analysis considering the observed acute toxic effects of the investigation lufenuron O. niloticus larvae 24-hour LC50 1.80±0.06 mgl-1 , while the 48-hour LC 50 value is calculated as LC50 1.77±0.04 mgl-1
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based herbicide to freshwater ...Taqprimer institute
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based
herbicide to freshwater fishChanna punctatus(Bloch) using
micronucleus test and single cell gel electrophoresis
Chemical communications among plant and animal components are fundamental elements for the functioning and the connectivity of ecosystems. In particular, wound-activated infochemicals trigger specific reactions of invertebrates according to evolutionary constraints, permitting them to identify prey cues, escape predators and optimize their behaviors according to specific life strategies.
A laboratory bioassay of the potential effect of rubber extract (hevea brasil...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a laboratory study that investigated the potential toxic effects of the water soluble fraction of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) latex on the survival of fingerlings of the tilapia species Oreochromis niloticus over 96 hours. 240 tilapia fingerlings were exposed to concentrations ranging from 0-40mg/L of the rubber extract. Behavioral effects like loss of balance and respiratory difficulties were observed, along with mortality rates that increased with concentration. The LC50 was estimated to be 28.50mg/L. Mortality rates varied between replicate groups, suggesting individual organisms responded differently to the toxic effects.
Insecticidal and Antifeedant Effects of Neem Seed and Scent Leaves on Dermest...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal and antifeedant effect on the hide beetle (Dermestes marculatus) exposed to dried croaker (Pseudotolithus elongatus) flesh treated with 30%, 25% and 15% concentrations of scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum) and neem seed (Azadirachta indica) extracts. Insecticidal effect was determined as daily percentage mortality of hide beetle larvae in each treatment, while weight loss of preserved fish was the measure of feeding inhibitory effect of the treatment during the 10 days exposure. With a total kill (100% mortality) of the insect larvae in 10 days by 30% neem seed concentration, neem seed proved to be more potent than scent leaf of equal concentration even though statistical analysis did not find any significant difference between the two treatments. The least weight loss of 7% obtained from 30% neem seed concentration was less than half the weight lost by fish treated with equal concentration of scent leaf, indicating the superiority of neem seed. The study has shown that high concentration of scent leafs and particularly neem seed, have strong insecticidal and antifeedant effect on hide beetle larvae and can be used to control this pest and preserve dried fish. A combination of neem seed and scent leaf together may prove more effective and needs to be investigated.
The URBE research unit studies environmental and evolutionary biology through three main areas of research: freshwater ecology, evolutionary genetics and ecology, and environmental physiology and toxicology. The unit has 33 staff members including 17 PhD students and 7 senior researchers. Research is conducted at different organizational levels from genes to entire ecosystems. Projects include studies of aquatic ecosystems, population genetics of invasive species, and the physiological responses of organisms to pollutants and environmental stressors.
Effect of lethal concentrations of rubber extract (hevea brasiliensis) on the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of varying concentrations of water soluble fractions of rubber extract (Hevea brasiliensis) on the survival of fingerlings of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) over 96 hours under laboratory conditions. Observations of moribund swimming, restlessness, respiratory difficulties, and depigmentation were seen in fish exposed to the rubber extract. The lethal concentration that killed 50% of the fish (LC50) was estimated to be 50.12 mg/L. No significant differences in mortality were found between replicate test groups. The study concluded that the water soluble fraction of rubber extract had toxic effects on the catfish in a concentration-dependent manner.
ABSTRACT- Comparative toxicity of Nerium indicum latex powder (NILP) was studied against two common predatory and weed fishes of different body size in laboratory condition and cemented and muddy pond. LC50 of NILP for predatory fish Channa punctatus was 2.13 mg/L, 7.80 mg/L and 19.26 mg/L to small size, middle size and large size fish respectively in laboratory condition after 24 h exposure periods. Similar trends were also observed in case of cemented and muddy ponds but doses were 1-4 times higher than laboratory conditions. Similar trend of result was also observed against weed fish Mystus mystus. No further mortality was observed beyond 24 h in all set of experiments suggested fast degradation of the toxicant in water.
Key-words- Toxicity, Fish, Botanicals, Nerium indicum, Piscicidal Activity
The document describes a study that identified and quantified paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in mussels and sea stars collected from Puget Sound, Washington. Samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and pre-column oxidation. Quantitative results revealed levels of saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin above regulatory toxic limits in some samples (up to 265 μg/100 g and 111 μg/100 g respectively). Total toxicity values were estimated for all samples and ranged from nontoxic to very toxic (up to 3687 μg saxitoxin-equivalents/100 g). The analytical method was based on a published procedure but with some modifications for sample
The document summarizes the research activities of various departments that are part of the Centre for Coastal and Estuarine Science (CCES). CCES aims to promote collaboration between participating departments from Radboud University Nijmegen and the Netherlands Institute of Ecology. It focuses on research related to coastal and estuarine systems using integrative approaches across various disciplines like microbiology, zoology, botany and environmental science. CCES also offers two master's programs in biology and environmental sciences to students.
Uptake and Fate of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoningv2zq
This document summarizes a study examining the uptake and fate of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins from the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima in the bay scallop Argopecten irradians. The study exposed bay scallops to P. lima cells in controlled microcosms to determine toxin uptake and detoxification rates, and anatomical compartmentalization of toxins. Results showed that while DSP toxin levels in scallop viscera exceeded regulatory limits within 24 hours, total toxin retained after 2 weeks was less than 1% of ingested toxin. Most toxin was in the viscera, with lower levels in other tissues. Toxins were rapidly released during depuration,
Few species are standardized and have been used as test organisms around the world in
ecotoxicological assays. In the case of sediment assessment, there are only two amphipod species
(Tiburonella viscana and Grandidierella bonnieroides) standardized protocols for toxicity test in South
Atlantic region
Few species are standardized and have been used as test organisms around the world in
ecotoxicological assays. In the case of sediment assessment, there are only two amphipod species
(Tiburonella viscana and Grandidierella bonnieroides) standardized protocols for toxicity test in South
Atlantic region.
El Profesor Erik Simões, tutor del Área de Medio Ambiente de FUNIBER, ha publicado un trabajo sobre las “Mareas Rojas” en el periódico Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.
Emily Shultz-Optimized Seperation of Estuarin Plankton to Determine Associati...Emily Shultz, M.S.
1. The study developed and optimized a method for separating estuarine plankton using a freshwater plankton separator to quantify associations between Vibrio species and different plankton.
2. Results showed the optimal separation time with the least cross-contamination between phytoplankton and zooplankton was between 30-40 minutes.
3. Determining the relationships between plankton species and Vibrio populations could help predict disease outbreaks from contaminated shellfish and inform monitoring of coastal waters.
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Lab #11 –
Ecotoxicology
Prelab Discussion
Today’s Lab ObjectivesTo apply your knowledge of ecosystems, population ecology, and ecotoxicology to a case study of the impact of pollution on Daphnia populations and what that might indicate for ecosystems as a whole.
To learn more about the sources and impacts of pollutants on the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, particularly the impacts of organic pollution, acid pollution, and salinity.
To learn more about the use of indicator species and to understand why Daphnia are used as such a species.
Understand what lethal dose/concentration means and how it is specific for each pollutant type.
To practice using credible sources on (at least 2 peer-reviewed) to support your arguments.
Synthesize this information into a final lab report.
In Today’s Lab
Review of Ecosystem BasicsEcosystem: All of the interacting organisms (populations) and abiotic factors that occur in a particular place at a given time
Components of an Ecosystem:
Abiotic - nonliving components e.g. Sunlight, temperature, precipitation, soil/water chemistry
Biotic - all the living things that affect an organism in its environment e.g. Organisms
Example of an Ecosystem
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Looking at the image below…
how would you define pollution?
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What is pollution?Definition – unnatural by-products of human activities accumulating in the environment at levels that are harmful to living organism.
Sources of pollution vary
Some specific types of pollution:AcidOrganic ThermalPharmaceuticalSalinity
Acid PollutionDefinition:
sulfur and nitrogen oxides react with air in the atmosphere (and potentially the terrestrially via run-off) to form sulfuric and nitric acids which will reenter the environment via rain.
Acid pollution is extremely detrimental to all organisms (auto- or heterotrophic) in the environment
Acid Rain is a prime example of Acid Pollution.Rainwater with a pH <5.6 = acidic.Side effect of air pollution from industry.
Basic Example of the
Creation of Acid Pollution
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Organic PollutionDefinition:
compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation
Examples: Pesticides, fertilizers, detergents, sewage, farm run-off
Organic pollutants canBe persistent in the environment for a long period of timeThey accumulate in human/animal tissues and magnify in food chains.a.k.a. They have significant impacts on human health and the environment as a whole.Are capable of long-range transportCan provide large quantities of of organic compounds and limiting nutrients, which act as substrates (food) for microorganisms, are released into water sources (algal blooms)
Examples of Organic Pollution
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EutrophicationThe process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates.
These typically promote excessive growth of algae.Algae die, decompose, increase organic material…therefore resulting in oxygen depletion.
The Process of Eutrophication
Bioaccumulati ...
APPLICATION OF DNA ANALYSIS APPROACH CONTRIBUTES TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SEV...nguyenxuanhung16
DNA barcoding has been widely used to assess species diversity in a variety of ecosystems, including
temperate, subtropical, and tropical rain forests. However, due to the difficulties associated with field
exploration, most of the species in Truong Sa archipelago have never been barcoded. The purpose of this study
is to barcode five species of plants from the Truong Sa archipelago and to provide valuable evolutionary
information that will aid in future understanding of the plant community assembly on those particular islands.
Using DNA markers (ITS-rDNA), this study created a DNA barcode database for five plant species found on
the Truong Sa archipelago. We used the sequence similarity and a phylogenetic based method to the identify 15
samples from five plant species collected in Truong Sa archipelago, Vietnam. Results showed that the PCR
success rate for ITS-rDNA region was 100%. The success rate of bidirectional sequencing of PCR product was
100% for 650 bp long the ITS-rDNA region fragment. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood (ML)
indicated that five plant species (PB, BT, BV, NH and TR) had a close relationship with T. argentea, S.
taccada, B. asiatica, M. citrifolia, M. citrifolia and C. uvifera, respectively. The current study provided further
evidence for ITS-rDNA region as a useful molecular marker for species identification found on other tropical
coral islands
Determinar la toxicitat dels sediments en els ecosistemes aquàtics és un repte, i és necessari per a una adequada avaluació del risc toxicològic en aquests ecosistemes. En les darreres dècades s’han estudiat i aplicat diferents eines (ex. tests de laboratori amb diferents concentracions, tests amb l’aigua intersticial, estudis de bioacumulació, índexs de toxicitat). Actualment es recomana l'aplicació conjunta d'eines químiques, ecològiques i toxicològiques per a una adequada avaluació. En aquest treball utilitzem l’aproximació de les Toxic Units, tests de toxicitat amb l’aigua intersticial (Vibrio fischeri, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata i Daphnia magna) i tests d'exposició amb el sediment (V. fischeri, Chironomus riparius), juntament amb l’estudi de la comunitat d'invertebrats, per detectar respostes a curt i llarg termini en quatre rius de la Península Ibèrica: el Llobregat, l’Ebre, el Xúquer i el Guadalquivir.
by Núria de Castro-Català, Maja Kuzmanovic, Neus Roig, Jordi Sierra, Antoni Ginebreda, Damià Barceló, Sandra Pérez, Mira Petrovic, Yolanda Picó, Marta Schumacher and Isabel Muñoz
Physiological and ethological effects of antidepressants: a study using ants ...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: After having shown that fluoxetine, the active substance of the ISRS antidepressants, has severe adverse effects, we examined the effects of an ACT (anafranil, the active substance being clomipramine hydrochlorid) and an IRSNa (efexor, the active substance being venlafaxine) antidepressants, using identical biological models (= ants) and experimental protocols for comparative purpose. Anafranil appeared to be the less toxic. It reduced the individuals’ activity, precision of reaction, response to pheromones, ‘audacity’, tactile perception, cognitive ability, and aggressiveness towards aliens. It did not impact food consumption, acceptance of congeners, brood caring, visual and olfactory perception. It increased the ants’ ability in acquiring visual and olfactory conditioning, as well as their visual and olfactory memory. Ants developed no habituation and no dependence on anafranil consumption. The effects of that drug linearly vanished in the course of time, in about 28 hrs after its consumption ended. Efexor had more adverse effects. It increased the individuals’ jerking movements, and aggressiveness between congeners. It decreased their precision of reaction, response to pheromones, food consumption, tactile perception, cognitive ability, aggressiveness towards aliens, olfactory perception, ability in acquiring visual and olfactory conditioning, and memory. It did not impact ants’ audacity, brood caring, and visual perception. There was no habituation to and no dependence on efexor consumption. The effects of this drug vanished in 12 h (linear speed), 28 h (sinuosity of movement) and 32 h (precision of response). All the observed effects are either in agreement with those already known, or more precisely described, or newly revealed. In fact, the ACT antidepressants are the less toxic, the IRSNa are somewhat dangerous, while the ISRS have severe adverse effects. Attention should also be paid to the presence of such drugs, largely consumed and eliminated intact, in natural water, impacting then the physiology and the behavior of all the living organisms.
7 haddad et al, 2004. freshwater stingrays study of epidemiologic, clinicpryloock
This document summarizes a study of 84 envenomings in humans caused by freshwater stingrays in Brazil. It finds that intense pain was the most common symptom, and skin necrosis occurred in many victims, primarily fishermen and swimmers. Initial treatments like hot water provided pain relief but did not prevent necrosis. Analysis of stingray venom found various enzymes that could contribute to the clinical effects, including gelatinases and caseinases over 80-100kDa and hyaluronidase around 84kDa. The presence of these enzymes may partially explain the local effects seen in stingray envenomings.
Similar to Mt lasut 1996-tesis-aarhus univ-dk (20)
This document summarizes a dissertation submitted by Markus Talintukan Lasut for the degree of Doctor of Technical Science in Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management at the Asian Institute of Technology. The dissertation focuses on analyzing the current wastewater management system and constraints/potentials for wastewater management in the coastal city of Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Key aspects studied include the community's environmental knowledge and attitudes, condition of household wastewater treatment systems, and water quality of selected rivers. The results identified constraints such as natural conditions, population growth, low-income households, and poor wastewater infrastructure. Potentials included environmental awareness and existing policies. The dissertation concludes by recommending strategic
The document summarizes the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in managing coastal communities in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. NGOs play a key role in facilitating bottom-up coastal zone management by working with local communities and governments. Their activities include establishing community information centers, improving fishermen's incomes, developing environmental education programs in schools, and conducting coastal conservation projects like mangrove replanting and coral reef cleaning. As a result of NGO participation, local villages have established regulations to better manage coastal resources in a sustainable manner.
Studi ini meneliti proses bioakumulasi dan biotransfer merkuri (Hg) pada rantai makanan organisme perairan, yaitu fitoplankton, ikan herbivora, dan ikan karnivora dalam kondisi terkontrol. Hasilnya menunjukkan terjadinya akumulasi Hg yang bergantung pada konsentrasi yang diberikan, dengan biotransfer tertinggi antara fitoplankton dan ikan herbivora."
This study assessed water quality in three rivers flowing into Manado Bay in Indonesia. Water samples were collected from stations along each river during dry and wet seasons and analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, bacteria, total mercury, and other pollutants. The results showed pollution from urban wastewater and agricultural runoff, with high levels of bacteria and organic waste. This poor water quality threatens Manado Bay and local fisheries and tourism. Improved wastewater management is needed to mitigate pollution in the rivers and bay.
The attachment force of the snail Littoraria scabra was measured when exposed to water-soluble fractions (WSF) of lubricant oil at different concentrations and durations. Higher concentrations and longer exposures reduced the snail's ability to attach to surfaces. This was likely due to increased mucus production draining the snail's energy reserves. Statistical analysis found the WSF significantly reduced attachment force and endurance at concentrations of 0.8 ppm or more after 4 hours of exposure.
This study examined the effects of salinity and cyanide (KCN and NaCN) interactions on mortality of abalone (Haliotis uaria). The highest mortality occurred at a salinity of 25% and cyanide concentrations of 4 ppm for both KCN and NaCN. KCN was found to be more toxic than NaCN. A salinity of 25% is lower than the abalone's optimum and likely caused stress, increasing their sensitivity to cyanide. Cyanide inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in cells, preventing oxygen utilization and rapid cessation of metabolic processes. This leads to mortality.
The document describes 4 species of the genus Polinices collected from northern Sulawesi, Indonesia:
1) P. (Mammilla) melanostoma, characterized by a whitish shell with diffuse brown zones and spots;
2) P. (M.) sebae, distinguished by a ear-shaped shell with well-defined brown spots and streaks;
3) P. (Polinices) flemingianus, identified by its globular shell with a closed umbilicus; and
4) P. (P.) tumidus, recognized by its ovate shell with an open umbilicus. The species are described and illustrated with measurements and keys provided
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of two pesticides, diazinon and glyphosate, on the oxygen consumption of the box mussel Septifer bilocularis. Mussels were exposed to various sublethal concentrations of each pesticide and their oxygen consumption was monitored over time. Results showed that low concentrations tended to increase oxygen consumption, while higher concentrations decreased it. Specifically, concentrations of 6 and 30 ppm diazinon and 720 and 960 ppm glyphosate were found to have a statistically significant effect on reducing the mussels' oxygen consumption. The study provides insight into how these common pesticides may impact the physiology and energy requirements of non-target marine organisms.
Potential Contamination of Mercury from Artisanal Gold MiningMarkus T Lasut
This presentation had been presented in the 9th International Conference of Mercury as Global Pollutan (ICMGP) at Guiyang China, 7-12 June, 2009 (http://www.mercury.2009.org)
Tulisan ini membahas tentang bahaya limbah tambang arsenik yang dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan. Arsenik berasal dari bebatuan yang mengandung deposit emas dan dapat menyebabkan berbagai penyakit seperti kanker. Kegiatan penambangan emas skala besar berisiko meningkatkan konsentrasi arsenik di lingkungan karena membuka akses ke bebatuan yang mengandung arsenik. Proses pengolahan bijih emas primer yang mengandung senyawa ar
Accumualtion of TBT and Intersex Occurence on Marine Snails Littoraria ScabraMarkus T Lasut
Presented in the International Conference & Workshop XI of “Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme”, sponsored by DANIDA at Kodaikal, Rameswaran and Tuticorin-Tamilnadu, India. 28 September – 8 Oktober, 2000.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
1. Toxic effects of ethyl parathion and polluted
seawater on the polychaete Ophryotrocha
diadent a (Dorvilleidae)
M.Sc. Thesis
Markus Talintukan Lasut
tl
ilr
1!
'.
International M.Sc. Programme in Marine Sciences
Institute of Biological Sciences
at University of Aarhus, Denmark, 1996.
2. University of Aarhus
Institute of Biological Sciences
rnternational M.sc. Programme in Marine sciences
Toxic effects of ethyl parathion and polluted
seawater on the polychaete ophryotrocha
diaderua (Dorvilleidae)
.r-r cr _ ,Ttl_ - _! ,
-
Ivl.Dc. tltgsls
Markus Thlintukan Lasut
Institute of Biological Sciences
Department of Ecology and Genetics
University of Aarhus
DK-8000 Arhus C
Denmark
Permanent address:
Fakultas Perikanan
Universitas Sam Ratulangi
JL. Kampus Bahu
Manado 95115
Indonesia
Defended at Department of Ecoldiy and Genetics,Institute of Biological Sciences, University of
Aarhus, 23 January 1996, 09.00 AM.
Cover illustration: Larvae of Ophryotrocha diadema, and egg mass.
3. Practical Research education (PRE)
PRE (Practical Research Education) concludes the last 9 months of the curriculum
(second year) of the M.Sc. Programme in Marine Sciences at University of Aarhus.
PRE constitutes the implementation of the research proposal submitted at the end
of the preceding three months course (Theoretical Research Education referred to as
TRE).
PRE encompasses two courses (1-2) and submission of a thesis (3):
1. Scientific Drawing Techniques
Teacher: Dr. Tomas Cedhagen. Literature: Compendium written specifically for the
course. fime: 12 hours.
2.Application of the Internet in research
Teacher: Dr. Tomas Cedhagen. Literature: Compendium written specifically for the
course. Time: 12 hours.
3. Submission of a thesis describing independent and original research carried out
during a 6 months study period. The printed thesis must be submitted as a manu-
script prepared according to guidelines in international journals, e.g., Ophelia. The
contents of the thesis must be presented in the form of a public lecture. The length
of this lecture must be 20 minutes in accordance with the time generally available
for presentations at international meetings. Examination (questions from the board
of examiners and the audience) concludes the PRE.
With the exception of language corrections and technical guidance, the contri-
butions appear in print as when they were handed over to the M.Sc. programme for
evaluation. The research work has been carried out by the student and has not
previously formed the basis for the award of degree, diploma or other similar titles.
I wish to acknowledge the staffof the Institute of Biological Sciences, the Geo-
logical Institute, and the International M.Sc. Programme at University ofAarhus
for guidance of individual students.
1.Rt'lrr
Hylleberg
Course Director
The International Masters Programme in Marine Sciences,
University of Aarhus, Denmark
4. 1
TOXIC EFFECTS OF ETHYL PARATHION AND POLLUTED SEAWATER
ON THE POLYCHAETB OPHRYOTROCHA DADEMA (DORVILLEIDAE)
by Markus Talintukan lasut
' ABSTRACT
The dorvilleid polychaete , Ophryotocha diadema,including
its egg-eating behaviour
was..used to study the toxic effects of ethyl parathion *C poffiirO
sea;yater. The
studies were conducted in experiments of acuti (lethal) exposure
for 96 hours (short-
term) and chronic (sublethal) for 2A and 30 days (long+erm). The
lethal and
sublethal aspects studied were mortality, growth ani reproduction.
The larval
development was also studied and described.
The observations g-n developmcni showed that iiie eggs grew from irochophore
larval
through meratrochophore to tarvar sage-inside the eggliuri io
results of the toxicity tests showeo ttrat the LCro ror id hours,
t; tl;ys. The
for both tarvae and
adults, were 1.23 and 4.47 mgll, respectively.- Obuiously, the larvae
were more
susce'ptible than the adults. In the sublethal tests, mortality OiO
not occur ir,
replicate' and the parameter used gave a very incomplete picture "u"ry
of the eifects of
ethyl parathion. Growth retardation was signihcant at a concentration
of 0,g t gll (p
9.8 rren (l) < 0.05). The estimated naarc values mostly
concentrations of a,.2 tg
ranged between 0.1 a1d 0.8 pgll. The water quality test
showed that the warer from
Aarhus harbor was of better quality than the *.tofrom off Aakrogen village.
I discovered egg-eating behaviour in o. diadema. This aspet may influence the
inteqpreation of previous tests made with this species.
Y alorfu: Polychaeta (Dorvilleidae), Ophryotrocha diadema,polychaete
larval development, (lethal)
bioassay,
acute toxicity, ihronic (sublethal)'t*irity, short- and
long-term tests, mortality, growth and reproduction, Ltrtyr p*utttion,
r water quality,
MATC, egg-eating behaviour.
INTRODUCTION
Many environmental contaminants have a toxic effect on marine
organisms. They
diminish the number of survivors, influence metabolism, breeding
efficiency, alter
behavioural patterns, and affect structure and form (Reish 1974;
Rosenthal &
Alderdice 1976). Since the concern of this study is the deleterious
effects of
contaminants on marine organisms, the first step was to find
a method for measuring
such effects. Hitherto, biological methods provide the most
appropriate way of
5. 2
assessing toxicity effects (Stebbing et al. 1930). One of these methods is the
bioassay, also called the aquatic toxicity test. In this test, by using some parameters,
the relative potency of a substance is evaluated by comparing living organisms
exposed to the substance with unexposed organisms of the same type (Bliss 1957;
Stebbing 1979; Chapman & Iong 1983; Rand & Petrocelli 1985; Govindarajulu
1988).
In the bioassay procedure, the selection of test species is a significant problem,
because the test species should be representative of the ecosystem to which the
consequential parameters are applied. Therefore, they should be selected with regard
to their sensitivity, availability, ild position in the food chain (Anderson &
D'Apollonia 1978). Several authors 1e.g. Akesson 1970, 1975a,1980; Reish rg73,
1984; Stebbing et al. 1980; Rand & Petrocelli 1985; Pocklington & Wells 1992)
have discussed the properties of good test species for a laboratory bioassay. They
agreed that the use of easily cultivated laboratory animals has many advantages.
Polychaete bioassays are among the most sensitive tools for acquiring data on short-
term (acute) and long-term (chronic) effects of pollutants in marine environments
(water and sediment) when using lethal and sublethal response parameters (applied
to mortality, growth and reproduction), but particularly when applied to
reproduction, which is a parameter of direct ecological importance (Brown &
Ahsanullah l97l; Reish 1974; Rossi & Anderson 1976, 1978; Hooftman & vink
1980; Roed 1980; carr & curran 1986; Moore & Dillon 1993; Harrison &
Anderson 1994).
Dorvilleid polychaetes of the genus Ophryotrochahave been found to be among the
most useful invertebrate species for bioassay purposes. In this bioassay, O. diodema
was selected because it is sensitive to environmental perturbations, it is
hermaphroditic with litfle intra-specific aggression, ild because its reproductive
events can be easily recorded lAkesson 1975b; 1980). The species is small
(maximum length, 4.6 mm), easily cultivated, and has a high reproductive capacity.
6. 3
The transparent egg masses contain a fairly low number of eggs, which facilitate the
study of the fate of individual eggs. The short life cycle of about 4 weeks at room
temperature (Hooftman & Vink 1980) is also advantageous. Furthermore, O.
diadzma has been used for determining the toxic effects of some pollutants, including
heavy metals (Klockner 1979; Reish & carr 1978; Hooftman & vink 1980; Reish
1978, 1984; Parker 1984).
The chronic toxicity test is a kind of bioassay that permits the evaluation of any
adverse effects of a chemical after long-term exposure at sublethal concentrations.
In this test, the organism is exposed for an entire reproductive life-cycle period to
at least five concentrations of the test substance (Rand & Petrocelli 1985). The
results often are considered to predict the potential environmental effects of a
pollutant better than those of an 'acute-lethal' bioassay. By using such a test, the
'safe' environmental concentration of the toxicant (MATC: Maximum Acceptable
Toxicant Concentration) can be established; this value will be found between the
values of NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) and LOEC (Lowest Observed
Effect Concentration) (Rand & Petrocelli 1985).
The chemical substance (ethyl parathion) used in the present study is an
organophosphorous insecticide. Like other organophosphorous insecticides, it
inactivates the enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) and can break down the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine (ACh) in a synapse of the nervous system and thereby disrupt the
nervous coordination. It may cause deleterious effects by way of increasing mortality
and inhibiting growth and reproduction in marine invertebrates (Persoone et al.
1985; Rompas et al. 1989; Kobayashi et a|.1990; Monserrat et al. 199I; Rodr(guez
& Pisand 1993; connel & Miller 1984, p. 199). rn 1982, ethyl parathion was found
in concentration of 0.2to0.7 p,gll in water from a glasshouse in the Netherlands
(Iristra et al. 1984).
.
The effects of the dangerous contaminant ethyl parathion in aquatic ecosystem can
be found in the entire ecosystem which is indicated by changes in species
7. 4
composition and population number. Typically, these changes follow a sequence of
dynamic events as outlined below (Pimentel t971,; Pimentel & Goodman 7974; and
Brown 1978 in Connel & Miller 1984).
1. If lethal or sublethal concentrations of pesticides are dispersed in an
ecosystem, the number of species in the ecosystem becomes reduced.
2. If the reduction in number of species is sufficient, this may lead to instability
of the ecosystem and subsequently to population outbreaks in some nontarget
species. Outbreaks result from a breakdown in the normal feed-back of the
system.
3. When a pesticide disappears from the affected ecosystemn species in the
lower trophic levels usually increase to outbreak levels.
4. Predators and parasites existing at the higher trophic levels become
susceptible to loss of a species or large scale fluctuations in numbers of
species in the lower parts of the food chain upon which they depend.
The aims of this study, from a general point of view, were to study the lethal
(mortality) and sublethal (growth and reproduction) aspects of O. diadema, andtheir
use in marine ecotoxicological studies. Particularly, to determine the toxic effects of
ethyl parathion in very low concentrations, to establish its MATC value for a marine
environment, and to apply the method used to water quality testing.
The studies were also made in order to improve the polychaete bioassay method, and
were motivated by the fact that still very little is known about the toxic effects of
similar chemicals on marine invertebrates. Furthermore, the studies were also
motivated by the fact that ethyl parathion is still widely used as a biocide (Haskoning
t994).
Therefore, the studies were designed to answer the two questions:
1. If ethyl parathion, in a very low concentrations, and mildly polluted seawater
8. 5
has sublethal effects on the growth and reproduction of O. diadema.
2. Can the egg-eating behaviour of adults affect the results of the toxicity tests.
In the present report, I first figure out the larval development of O. diadema
in order to have a reference point. Then I investigate the sublethal effects of ethyl
parathion on O. diadema in terms of mortality, growth and reproduction. I also test
the effects of polluted seawater on O. diodema. Finally, I describe the egg-eating
behaviour of O. diadema as a factor that can affect the results of the toxicity tests.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animsfu and compounds tested
The marine polychaete Ophryotrocha diadema (Dorvilleidae: Polychaeta) was used
as test species. The animals were supplied by Prof. B. Akesson (Department of
ZooIogy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden) in May 1995.
The two kinds of seawater solutions used were:
- Seawater containing etlryl parathion. Ethyl parathion (0,O-diethyl 0-4-nitrophenyl
phosphorothioate) (NIOSH 1990; Haskoning 1994),an organophosphorus insecticide,
was used. The water solubility and persistence in water of ethyl parathion are 24
mg/l at 25 "C and 108 days (at pH7.4 and20 "C) and 2 to 6 days (under natural
conditions), respectively (Haskoning 1994).
- Polluted seawater. Water samples were collecteA at three selected sites in Aarhus
Bay, Denmark (Fig. 1), and tested. The first sample was taken off the Aakrogen
village, the second within the Aarhus harbor, and the third off the Moesgaard forest.
Cultivation procedures
The stock and test animals were cultivated in the laboratory at the Department of
Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus,
Denmark. The procedures for cultivation were integrated from those of the American
Public Health Association (1980), Hooftman & Vink (1980), Ward & Parrish (1982),
Akesson (1983), and Parker (1984). The animals were kept in 80 ml and20 ml glass
bowls, respectively. The volume of the water medium for the tests was 10 ml in
9. 6
each bowl.
The bowls were placed in a bucket with water and lid to prevent evaporation.
Water culture and food
All water used for cultivation, including dilutions and controls, was collected from
Gullmarsfiorden, Sweden. It was filtered (0.45 pm) and heated (to 80"C) before use.
Distilled water was used to dilute the water to obtain the salinity needed. The
animals, both larvae and adults, were fed with a seawater suspension of frozen and
fragmented spinach.
Figure 1. Sampling localities. (1) off the Aakrogen village, (2) inside the Aarhus
harbor, (3) off the Moesgaard forest.
Environmental conditions
The environmental conditions in the laboratory (temperature, salinity, and pH) were
controlled. All experiments were conducted at a water temperature of 24.4 + 0.2
oC (except
Experiment C, which was conducted at 2I.0 + 0.1 "C). The salinity and
pH were 32.7 + 0.1%o and 8.0 + 0.0 (mean J I S.E.), respectively.
10. 7
Experiments
Larval development
Adult animals from a single stock culture were kept in a 80 ml glass bowl until they
had produced egg masses. The development of the egg masses and the eggs were
observed daily until the larval stage. The various stages were documented with a
photographic microscope.
A living egg mass was placed onto a modified object glass (see Appendix 1). The
object glass was constructed so that it allowed me to observe the egg masses and
eggs alive under a microscope.
Tests of toxicity
L e t h a I t o x i c i t y. Five concentrations of ethyl parathion were tested: 0.01,
0.L, 1, 10, and 100 mg/l and compared with the control. They were chosen on the
basis of the results of a preliminary study that showed no effects of ethyl parathion
on the mortality of O. diadema in concentrations less than 0.01 mg/l after 96 hours
of exposure.
For both larvae and adults, four 20 ml semispherical glass bowls, each containing
seven animals and 10 ml of prepared seawater of each concentration, were used. The
water and the bowls were renewed every 24 hours, and dead animals were
simultaneously counted. The tests were terminated after 96 hours and LCro
calculated.
S ub leth a1 toxicity. Theparameters measured werethoseof Klockner
(1977) and Hooftman & Vink (1980) viz., growth (using the count of setigers (setae-
carrying segments)), mortality, time of the first egg mass deposit, number of egg
masses per animal, number of eggs per egg mass, number of larvae per egg mass,
mortality in the egg masses, and reproductive potential. (The reproductive potential
was calculated by dividing the final number of larvae of each concentration by the
final number of larvae in the control, and is expressed as a percentage of the control
value (Hooftman & Vink 1980).
11. 8
The tests were ilrranged in two parallel series (one beginning with larvae and the
other with adults) according to Akesson (1983).
Experiment A: larvae
Larvae of the same age were used Q to 3 days, starting to feed). Five concentrations
of the test solution were chosen (0.05, 0J,A.2,0.4, and 0.8 pgll) on thebasis of
the allowed concentration proposed by the European Community (0.1, p,g/I) for fresh
and marine water (Haskoning 1994).
Four 20 ml semispherical glass bowls, each containing ten animals and 10 ml
prepared seawater of each concentration, were used. The time of exposure was 30
days. Every third day, the animals were fed (with suspended spinach during the first
two weeks and thereafter with fragmented frozen spinach), the water solution and the
bowls were renewed, and the parameters were observed.
Experiment B: adults
F 0 I e v e I (E x p. B - I). A11 the adult animals were 4 weeks. The preparations,
concentrations, time intervals of renewals of solutions, and times of duration of the
experiments were as described in Exp. A.
F1 level (Exp. B-II). Thetestanimalswerepreparedbyexposing two
couples of l-week-old juveniles from the same F0 stock culture in each concentration
until they reached the adult stage of the first generation (F1). The experiment started
with 4-week-old adults of Fl animals, and ran for 20 days. The test was carried out
in the same way as in the F0 Exp. (B-I), except that 4 animals were used in each
bowl.
Experiment C: polluted seawater
Seawater samples from three selected sites of Aarhus Bay were used. The test
animals (2 to 3 days old larvae, starting to feed) were exposed for 30 days.
Preparations of water, the number of test animals, renewals, and observed
parameters were as described for Exp. A.
12. 9
Egg-eating behaviour
A11 experiments ran for 48 hours, and the number of missing eggs were counted.
Four 20 ml cylindrical plastic bowls containing 10 ml seawater and ten adult animals
(Exp. 1), different numbers of adult couples (Exp. 2), and one couple (Exp. 3) in
each were used for four kinds of experiment arrangements, viz.: 1) eggs, no
animals, no food; 2) eggs, no animals, food; 3) eggs, animals, no food; and 4) eggs,
animals, food.
Analyses of data
The median lethal concentrations (LCr) of ethyl parathion after 96 hours of exposure
were calculated by using probit analysis according to Finney (197I). One-way
ANOVA (Analyses of variance) and Tukey test were applied to test whether the
concentrations of ethyl parathion and water of bad quality affect the mortality,
growth and reproduction. The Mann-Whitney U-test and the two-way ANOVA were
applied in the behavioural studies. The tests were computed using the Minitab@
computer program and the manual for the Tukey test (Fowler & Cohen 1990; Sokal
& Rohlf 1981), respectively.
REST]LTS
Larval development
The study of larval development of O. diadema verified the results of Akesson
(1976) and was used as a reference point. O. diodema is a simultaneous
hermaphrodite with internal fertilization. It produced egg masses about 15 days after
hatching. The eggs are yellow and oval-shaped, and deposited in mucous masses that
are attached to the wall of the culture bowls. The egg mass is contained in a
transparent fusiform membrane; the eggs and the fate of the individual egg can be
easily observed through the membrane. The total number of eggs per egg mass
ranged from 16 to 18 in a water temperature of 24.4 + 0.2 oC, & salinity of 32.7
+ 0.1%o, and a pH of 8.0 + 0.0 (mean + 1 S.E). The time from incipient egg
development to released larvae is about 7 to 9 days under the conditions.
13. l_o
s s
ffi &
w
ffi
"":
;"" :.$
r'
Figure 2. Larval development of O. diadema. (1-8) The development of larvae in
the egg mass from the first to the eighth day. (Scale bar : 1 prm).
14. 11
Table 1. Experiment A: l.ong-term effects of ethyl parathion on growth, mortality
and reproduction of O. diadema. The experiment started with2- to 3-day-old larvae;
duration 30 days. The values show mean and standard emor (S.E.).
ETHYL PARATHION
CONCENTRATIONS (p,ell)
0,00. ::0i05 ii:lO:iiil0 .t.:..i0.i'90 0.i:80
Growth (number of r6.6 16.0 15.9 16.1 15.9 15.5
setiger, 30 days) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
First egg deposit 15 t6 t6 17 18 19
(day after start) 0.0 0.8 0.6 t.3 1.0 1.5
Mortality o-o 2.5 0.0 5.0 5.0 28.0
(%, after 30 days)
Mean number of eggs 16.2 12.6 16.5 t6.6 t2.7 12.6
per egg mass 0.9 1.3 0.5 1.0 1,.4 1.0
Mean number of egg 1.6 1..7 r.2 t.3 1.4 1.4
masses per animal 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
Mean number of larvae 8.6 4.9 6.3 5.5 4.4 3.9
per egg mass 0.9 0.5 t.2 1,.2 1.5 1.0
Mortality in egg 44 60 59 66 68 66
masses (%) 4.3 4.5 7.0 6.6 8.0 6.0
Reproductive potential 100 66 51 67 50 37
(%, control : 100) 0.0 18.8 9.4 26.4 2t.4 6.3
In the egg mass, the eggs developed to trochophore larvae in the fourth day after
hatching (Fig. 2). The trochophores have a ciliary band for locomotion around the
body and swim by rotation. The trochophores were yolky and non-feeding, so-called
'lecithotrophic' (see also Barnes (1987, p. 305); Brusca & Brusca (1990, p. a2fl).
They reached the metatrochophore stage in the sixth day. The first pair of parapodia
with setae developed on the first setigerous segment at this stage, and continued until
it reached four pairs as a complete larva on the eighth day. At this time, the larvae
broke the egg mass and escaped. The larvae started to feed 2 to 3 days after release.
If the development failed, dead eggs were found among alive in the same egg mass.
They were distinguished from the life ones by their white opaque colour.
15. L2
Table 2. Experiment B-I: Long-term effects of ethyl parathion on mortality and
reproductionof O. diadema. The experiment started with 4-week-old adults; duration
30 days. The values show mean and standard error (S.E).
ETIIYL PARATHION
P.t T,ERS
CONCENTRATIONS (pell)
0,,.OCI 0:05 i
,:$:i::'Ql;;,;';1
j0iii20
Mortality 0.0 0.0 2.5 ,: 5.0 5.0
(%, after 30 days)
Mean number of eggs 1,8.7 16.5 T7.T t4.9 13.9 t4.9
per egg mass 1.0 t.2 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.8
Mean number of egg 3.4 4.8 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.1
masses per animal 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2
Mean number of larvae 13.8 TI.4 11.8 9.1, 7.6 6.9
per egg mass 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.7
Mortality in egg 26 30 31 40 49 52
masses (%) 2.9 0.7 3.5 1.3 5.2 4.2
Reproductive potential 100 118 101 79 67 46
(Vo, eontrol :100) 0.0 t3.7 16.0 12.8 17.0 5.1
I also observed that the larval stage, especially the trochophore, was critical. Most
of the larvae that failed to survive did it at this stage.
Tests of toxicity
Efficts of etlryl parathion
Lethal to xicity. The mortalityin theacute (lethal) exposure for96hours
was 7, 39, 43, and l00Vo for the experiment with larvae, and 4, 29, 36, and lNVo
for the experiment with adults at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/l. In both
tests, no mortality was observed at the lowest concentration (0.01 mg/l), but it was
1,A0% at the highest (10 mg/l).
The LCro at 96 hours for larvae and adults, were I.23 and 4.47 mgll, respectively.
The larvae were more susceptible than adults. Unfortunately, because of the
restricted duration of these tests, threshold values for constant LC5o could not be
derived.
16. l_3
Table 3. Experiment B-II: Long-term effects of ethyl parathion on mortality and
reproduction of O. diadema. The experiment started with 4-week-old adults F1-
generation; exposed to ethyl parathion at l-week-old juveniles (F0-generation);
duration 20 days. The values show mean and standard enor (S.E.).
ETTTYL PARATIIION
CONCENTRATIONS (pell)
.,.,,,.,0.::00 .0l,.1,0 0120.....,. ......0.i.40 0;.80....,..l
Mortality o-o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5
(Vo, after 30 days)
Mean number of eggs 18.1 T6.I 17.4 14.8 14.2 t2.5
per egg mass 0.8 t.9 1.1 2.3 1.7 0.6
Mean number of egg 4.3 4.5 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.7
masses per animal 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.7 4.4
Mean number of larvae 10.9 9.6 8.7 7.4 4.7 3.4
per egg mass 0.8 t.3 1.1 2.6 1.2 0.6
Mortality in egg 39 42 51 55 6I 73
masses (%) 5.5 2.0 6.2 9.9 4.5 6.3
Reproductive potential 1m 103 93 51 37 26
(%, control : 100) 0.0 30.8 38.s 15.0 11.5 2.5
S ub lethal tox icity. Thelong-termeffectsof ethylparathion onthe
growth of O. diadema (Exp. A) along a complete life-cycle (30 days) are shown in
Table 1. There were small temporary growth retardations at concentrations of 0.05
to 0.4 p,gll, bnt the big permanent retardation occurred at the highest concentration,
0.8 1tglI, P < 0.05 (Fig. 3).
The reproductive potential decreased at concentrations from 0.05 to 0.8 p,gl (Exp.
A) in Table 1 , 0.2 to 0. 8 pgll (Exp. B-I) in Table 2, and 0. 1 to 0.8 lt glI (Exp. B-II)
in Table 3. It was caused mainly by a reduced number of larvae, in combination with
a relatively high mortality in egg masses in all experiments, and also a delayed time
of hatching. However, such effects were not significant (P > 0.05) in larvae and F0-
adults, but it was in experiments with Fl-adults (P < 0.05).
17. L4
20
1a
16
t
U 14
(9 --€-
fr't2
a
O.OO ppb
O.O5 ppb
b 10 -+K-
d O.1 O ppb
UA
m --*-
O.2O ppb
=
Zt)
O.4O ppb
-+<-
O.AO ppb
12 15 16 21 24 27 50
TIME (DAY)
Figure 3. Growth of O. diad.emd exposed to ethyl parathion in different concentra-
tions tested for 30 days (ppb : trgll). Each point represents 20 animals.
Table 4. Results of estimated MATC of ethyl parathion on long-term tests with O.
diadema. ) The values are NOEC and LOEC, and the MATC value is lying between
those values, *) No significant effect of treatment. NSD) No significant difference
between the control with the other treatments.
ESTIMATED MATC (pg/l)"
,'.EXP.i.'..,fi
First egg deposit
Mean number of eggs
per egg mass NSD 0.1-0.2 :r
Mean number of egg masses
per animal *NSD*
Mean number of larvae
per egg mass :r. 0.1-0.2 0.4-0.8
Mortality in egg masses 'rc 0.2-0.4 0.4-0.8
Growth 0.4-0.8
Reproductive potential * NSD 0.1-0.2
18. 15
Table 5. Experiment C: Growth, mortality and reproduction of O. diademc exposed
to polluted seawater from different locations. The experiment started with 2- to 3-
day-old larvae; duration 30 days. The values show mean and standard error (S.E.).
WATER SAMPLES
LOCATIONS
a,
i.iCO"N.TROL x
Growth (number of 15.15 14.85 15.15 14.85
setiger, 30 days) 0.13 0.23 0.2s 0.15
Mortality o-o ,: 5.0 10.0
(%, after 30 days)
Mean number of eggs 7.6 6.2 7.1 7.4
per egg mass 0.62 0.54 0.44 0.66
Mean number of egg 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.2
masses per animal 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.26
Mean number of larvae 5.4 2.8 4.7 5.1
per egg mass 0.52 0.41 0.34 0.30
Mortality in egg 31 58 38 29
masses (%) 5.29 5.62 6.70 4.46
Reproductive potential 100 59 104 96
(%, control : 100) 13.8 23.52 24.2
The mortality increased clearly only at the highest concentration (0.8 pgll) for all
the tests, while no mortality was observed in the control. This high mortality
occurred mostly during the first week (larval-juvenile stage) of the experiments. No
statistical tests were carried out for this parameter, because it did not even occur in
every replicate. It was therefore considered as a slightly sensitive parameter in the
sublethal toxicity tests.
The mortality of eggs in egg masses tended to increase at the highest concentration
(0.8 pgll) in all experiments. It mostly occurred at 3 to 4 days (trochophore stage)
after hatching. This parameter is therefore considered as a susceptible test.
Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC)
The estimated MATC values, including NOEC and LOEC, of ethyl parathion using
19. 16
O. diadema were mostly between 0.1 and 0.8 pgll (Table 4).
Effects of polluted seawater
Animals cultured in water from off Aakrogen village have a markedly reduced
number of larvae per egg mass and a high mortality in the egg masses (Table 5).
The effects were followed by those in the water from the harbor and off Moesgaard
forest, respectively.
Table 6. Egg-eating behaviour of O. diadema; duration 48 hours.
EXP. 1: (food & no food)
Eggs & no animals 0&0
Eggs & animals 22.8 & 54.8
EXP. 2: (food & no food)
1 Couple r9.0 & 36.3
2 Couples 30.3 & 50.0
3 Couples 23.3 & 46.3
EXP. 3: (no food)
The eggs did not belong
to the animals 11
The eggs belonged to
the animals 33.8
Egg-eating behaviour
Statistically, no significant differences were observed in three behavioural (egg-
eating) experiments on O. diadema. The eggs were eaten by the adults and the egg-
eating was not influenced by food supply and/or animal densities (Exp. 1 & 2). They
ate not only their own eggs, but also from other parents (Exp. 3) (Table 6).
DISCUSSION
Susceptibility of O. diodcma
O. diadema has been proven as a sensitive test species to a range of chemicals
20. L7
(Parker 1984). Its sublethal responses used in the present study were found to
thoroughly reflect the toxicity of ethyl parathion. Previously Hooftman & Vink
(1980) reported that the effects of pesticides (Pentachlorophenol (PCP), 3,4-
Dichloroaniline (DCA), Dieldrinn and I ,1,2-Tichloroethane) on the mortality of O.
diadema provided only a very limited picture of toxic actions. They pointed out that
O. diadema is a moderately or slightly sensitive test species. However, if the
reproductive potential and all other life-cycle stages are studied, O. diadema appe*lr
to be very sensitive. This as found occurred in the present tests with low
concentrations of ethyl parathion.
Hooftman & Vink (1980) further pointed out that the reproductive potential of O.
diadema was the most sensitive parameter. This parameter was also significant (see
Exp. Fl-adults) in my study. Ehrenstrom (1979) reported that the reproductive
potential of larvae and adults decreased when exposed to a 'second generation'
dispersant, BP 1100 WD alone and mixed with diesel oil.
Hooftman & Vink (1980) showed that there was no significant suppression of growth
of O. diadema by the pesticides tested. My study shows that the growth was
significantly suppressed. It therefore provides a good picture of the toxic action of
ethyl parathion (Exp. FO-adults), and it can also be used to establish the estimated
MATC values (Table 4).
Gametes, embryos and larvae are generally the most critical stages in an organism's
life cycle (Akesson 1983). When pollution occurs at levels which are lethal to adult
animals, the larvae may have little chance to survive. Pollution at sublethal levels
may leave the adults seemingly unaffected but nevertheless this stress can cause
complete inhibition of the reproduction. Ehrenstrom (1979) and Hooftman & Vink
(1980) have used O. diadema in toxicity tests and they showed that larvae were more
susceptible than adults.
21. L8
Most of the larvae that died failed to develop after the trochophore stage. This is
probably the most critical stage for larvae to survive. Seemingly, once they can pass
through this stage, they can probably succeed to survive to other stages in their life
cycle. Thus, mortality in egg masses could be considered as one of the most
sensitive parameters. The parameter was statistically significant with ethyl parathion
(Exp. B-I & B-II). Hooftman & Vink (1980) pointed out that the early larval stages
of O. diadema were affected at lower PCB and Dieldrin concentrations than the
adults.
Effects of ethyl parathion in aquatic ecosystems.
Mulla et al. (1981, p. 4l); Connel & Miller (1984, p. 2W) reported that the effects
of insecticides can be followed from a single individual organism to an entire
ecosystem, and the effects are always found in non target species, like marine
invertebrate populations. Lethal and sublethal concentrations of the chemicals affect
growth and reproduction of an organism and may directly or indirectly lead to
reduced survival, and changes in abundance, composition, and productivity of the
populations in marine ecosystems (Ken & Vass 1973 in Mulla et al. t98l).
Regarding the effects on the invertebrates (especially on polychaetes), few relevant
comparative studies have been done. The comparison of those data must be handled
with caution because of the variability of exposure periods, test conditions, as well
as response differences between the species used.
Ethyl parathion in concentrations of 0.01 to 0.1 mg/l (acute exposure) did not cause
any mortality of the two oligochaetes, Tubifex sp. and Limnodrilus sp., while
complete mortality was obtained at 5.2 mg/l (Whitten & Goodnight 1966 in Mulla
et al. 1981). Persoone et al. (1985) have shown that LCn (24-96 hrs) of this
substance on crustaceans and mollusks are 0.00004-5.6 and 0.8-10 mgll,
respectively. In my study, 1.23 and 4.47 mgll, the LCro 96-hrs values for larvae and
adults are of the same order of magnitude.
In low concentrations and chronic exposure, ethyl parathion inhibited growth and
22. 19
reproduction of O. diadema (Exp. A, B-I, & B-II). Rodriguez & Pisan6 (1993)
reported that this substance reduced the number of larvae hatched per female of the
crab, Chasmagnathus granulata (Decapoda: Brachyura), ild at L p,gll it causes
morphological abnormalities (hydropsy and atrophy of eyes) in the larvae. Also
Persoone et al. (1985) reported that the NOEC for crustaceans and mollusks of such
chemical is 0.@004-0.0025 and > 0.2 mglI, respectively. Rodriguez & Pisan6
(1993) have calculated ECro (EC: concentration required to immobilize 50% of test
animals) values for clutch loss in egg incubations and hatching larvae of the crab,
C. granulata. They found it to be 34 p,glI. The estimated that MATC of ethyl
parathion on O. diadema, fall within the interval 0.1 - 0.8 p,gllby using larvae and
adults (Table 4).
My results show that the LOEC value of ethyl parathion is around 0.8 p,glI, and its
solubility limit in water is 24 mglI, as well as its partition coefficient (K*) is 6,430
(Haque et al. 1977 in Mulla et al. l98l); this coefficient is directly correlated with
its bioaccumulation in the food chain. These clearly indicate that ethyl parathion is
highly dangerous to marine organisms.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to generalize for all invertebrates or even polychaetes.
This is due to differences in the sensitivity of responses to the pesticides between
different species or even individuals (Connel & Miller 1984). This variation in
response means that a pesticides can eliminate susceptible individuals from a
population or an entire susceptible species from a community of organisms (Pimentel
& Goodman, 1974 inMulla et al. l98l).
Water quality study
It was strikingly surprising that the water from the harbor had a higher quality than
the water from off Aakrogen village. However, no obvious reason was found to
explain these results. It may be a normal reaction of O. diademc when transferred
to water from uncustomary sources, and is not necessarily attributable to the
presence of unnatural contaminants. But, it can also be interpreted as an indication
on a reduced water quality.
23. 20
Egg-eating behaviour of O. diadema
The influence of the egg-eating behaviour on the results was recorded by the
behaviour experiments (Exp. C). This behaviour occurred regularly when the eggs
were 1 to 2 days old (pers. obs.). According to B. Akesson (pers. comm.), non-
developing eggs are often eaten by the parents in order to clean out the egg mass
because they can otherwise poison the viable ones. But, it was surprising to observe
that some egg masses were found empty after two days. Moreover, no eggs
disappeared later in the sequence of development. It seems that the animals did not
select the un-developing eggs only. This behaviour may particularly cause a bias on
the results of the sublethal toxicity tests. It may further affect final conclusions.
Therefore, I suggest that the parents and their egg masses should be separated as a
precaution when toxic effects are measured using O. diadema.I have not found any
published reports about the egg-eating behaviour in dorvilleids, especially not in
relation to toxicity tests. However, S. Mattson (pers. comm.) frequently found an
Ophryotrocha species in egg masses of other polychaetes from Gullmars{orden, and
he believes that they may be egg-eaters in the nature.
CONCLUSIONS
I have used the polychaete O. diademc in bioassay where I studied the lethal and
sublethal effects of a biocide, ethyl parathion. I also applied it in the determination
of polluted seawater. My conclusions are that the method is sensitive and useful in
marine ecotoxicological studies. It can be used to determine toxic effects of
chemicals at low concentrations, and to investigate the quality of seawater (Table 5).
The method can also be used to find out the LCro and the MATC values (Table 4)
of chemicals such as biocides.
The present studies have shown several long-term (chronic) effects of ethyl parathion
on O. diadema. The deleterious effects may cause not only growth retardation, but
also inhibition of reproduction (Tables l, 2, and 3). Because of these effects, I
conclude that ethyl parathion is highly dangerous to the marine environment.
24. 2L
I also conclude that the egg-eating behaviour of O. diadcma may affect the results
of toxicity tests. So I suggest that precautions are made in future investigations to
avoid bias caused by this behaviour.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am very indebted to DANIDA for scholarship and Aarhus University through the
Faculty of Natural Sciences and the Institute of Biological Sciences for study
facilities. I am particularly grateful to my supervisors Prof. J. Hylleberg and Ass.
Prof. T. Cedhagen for help and advice. I also want to thank Prof. B. Akesson from
Gothenborg University, Sweden, for supplying the brood stock of O. diodema and
as a good contact person. I benefited from Dr. S. Mattson who gave comments on
my manuscript. I am particularly grateful to Mr. H. Jalk who always help and solve
practical problems during my work. I am grateful to laboran Mrs. A. H. Jensen who
provided the laboratory equipments, and Mrs. K. Petersen who provided the
chemical solution.
25. 22
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29. 26
APPENDX 2
HOMOGENEITY (F-MAX), ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ONE-WAY),
AND TUKEY TESTS OF THE DATA IN EXPERIMENT A
PARAMETERS
TESTS t::r:!:::::
.....A .......B c D E F.............
'::::'6.
,, ,,tjI
6.25 7.94 7.68 7.58 3.48 2.92 17.71
F-max
TEST .i'.lrH 62.0 62.4 62.0 62.0 62.0 3.94 62.W
iiig.x"OS H* H* H* H* H* H* H*
iiii.F 1.86 3.95 1.33 2.51 2.42 3.26 t.72
ANOVA F*l 2.77 2.77 2.77 2.77 2.77 2.30 2.77
..,..CEGS NS s* NS NS NS s* NS
4.7t 0.81
4.49 4.lt
TTJKEY
TEST SD-
with
NSD 0.8
ttgll
NOTE: A. Time of first egg deposit
B. Mean number of eggs per egg mass
C. Mean number of egg masses per animal
D. Mean number of larvae per egg mass
E. mortality in egg masses
F. Growth
G. Reproductive potential
CLCS Conclusion
H Homogeny
NS Non significant
S Significant (95% Confidence)
HS Highly significant (99Vo Confidence)
SD Signif. different, compared to Control (0.00 pgll).
NSD Non significant different
:F
95/o confrdence
cal. Calculation
tab. table
30. 27
APPENDIX 3
HOMOGENEITY (F-MAX), ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ONE-WAY),
AND TUKEY TESTS OF THE DATA IN EXPERIMENT B-I
PARAMETERS
TESTS
.,... tl....E
E..',
*4.... 4.95 16.10 3.03 55.67 1 1.18
F-max
62.0 62.0 62.0 62.4 62.0
TEST ',F6,,;..,
cLgs H* H* H- H- H*
ru:i:ii:i:lil 4.27 5.82 9.38 10.2 4.41
F,''l*....,,.','. 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25
ANOVA
c[€s. HS HS HS HS HS
T; 3.85 1.03 3.93 t5.23 55.58
T;:I 4.49 4.49 4.49 4.49 4.49
TTJKEY
TEST SD- SD- sD- sD-
with with with with
0.2,0. 0.05 0.2, 0.4,& NSD
4r& ttgll 0.4,& 0.8
0.8 0.8 ttgll
p,gll tr,glI
NOTE: A. Mean number of eggs per egg mass
B. Mean number of egg masses per animal
C. Mean number of larvae per egg mass
D. mortality in egg masses
E. Reproductive potential
CLCS Conclusion
H Homogeny
NS Non significant
S Significant (95 % Conftdence)
HS Highly significant (99Vo Confidence)
SD Signif. different, compared to Control (0.00 pgll).
NSD Non significant different
* 95Vo confrdence
cal. Calculation
tab. table
31. 28
APPEIIDX 4
HOMOGENETTY (F-MAX), ANALYSTS OF VARTANCE (ONE-WAY),
AND TUKEY TESTS OF THE DATA IN EXPERIMENT B-II
PARAMETERS
TESTS
A B::::::::l
rr,::F$.'.,.',, 14.42 3.12 20.r2 23.92 29.27
F-max
ix1'$ 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.O
TEST
cLcs H* H* H" H* H"
ru t.9t 0.92 4.21 4.05 43.58
2.77 2.77 2.77 2.77 4.25
ANOVA
NS NS s S HS
6.32 27.86 0.51
4.49 4.49 4.49
TI,JKEY
TEST sD- sD. SD-
with with with
0.8 0.8 0.05,
ttEll pglr 0.2,0.4
0.8prg/1
NOW: A. Mean number of eggs per egg mass
B. Mean number of egg masses per animal
C. Mean number of larvae per egg mass
D. mortality in egg masses
E. Reproductive potential
CLCS Conclusion
H Homogeny
NS Non significant
s Significant (95 Vo Confrdence)
HS Highly significant (99Vo Confidence)
SD Signif. different, compared to Control (0.00 pgll)
NSD Non significant different
* 95% confidence
cal. Calculation
tab. table
T Logarithmic transformation
32. 29
APPFAIDD( 5
HOMOGENEITY (F-MAX), ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ONE-WAY),
AND TUKEY TESTS OF THE DATA IN EXPERIMENT C
PARAMETERS
TESTS
:ii:l::u F::..,
F*..'.t 2.2r 0.53 3.22 2.04 3.25 3.10
F-max
F.m 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.43 39.2
TEST
.....CLGS H- H- H* H* H* H-
:.:iFan..r.r.r 1.11 0.26 8.72 5.47 0.76 1.27
3.49 3.49 5.95 3.49 2.74 3.49
AIOYA
NS NS HS S NS NS
t.70 23.48
4.20 4.20
TIJKEY
TEST SD- SD-
Contr. Contr.
GL€S. +2, *2,
2+3, 2+4
2+4
NOTE: A. Mean number of eggs per egg mass
B. Mean number of egg masses per animal
C. Mean number of larvae per egg mass
D. Mortality in egg masses
E. Growth
F. Reproductive potential
CLCS Conclusion
H Homogeny
NS Non significant
S Significant (95 Vo Confidence)
HS Highly significant (99% Confidence)
SD Signif. different.
NSD Non significant different
* 95% conftdence
cal. Calculation
tab. table