This study was focused on the effects of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) additive on process parameters and compost quality of Co-composting of filter cake and bagasse. Filter cake and bagasse were mixed and sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) from a heating power plant of sugar mill. Three compost mixes (M) were obtained: MA with 0%, MB with 10% and MC with 20 wt % of fuel ash. These three different mixes were composted in an experimental composter as three parallel experiments for 3 weeks each. The physical, chemical and biological parameters were monitoring during composting. Significantly, ash additives decreased the total organic carbon; measured by mineralization the breaking down of the organic matter was more rapid in the MC than in the MA, as well as increased the pH during composting. Interesting, the pH decreased was most important in MA and attend 5 for the first week of composting, and then it gradually increased to pH around 8 at the end of the process. The results indicated that ash inhibits the pH drop due to production of organic acids during composting. The acidity of the material was reported as affects the process during the initial phase of rising temperature and quality of the final product. The temperature reached up to 50-55oC during thermophilic phase, the greater temperature was obtained for MC. At the end of composting, the electrical conductivity increased in the MC, especially in MC, but don’t exceed limit (4 mS/cm) for prevent phytotoxicity of the compost. The SCBA additive was likely to speed up the composting process of bagasse with filter cake from 44 days to 33 days.
Characterization for the necessity of thermophilic biogas digester of tea was...IJAAS Team
Characterization of tea waste, cooked waste has been done by various authors but for the first time it has been done for understanding the necessity of thermophilic digestion. And for this kind of digestion takes place in thermophilic digester for efficient biogas production. Detailed morphological analysis of feedstock has been determined. In the present study, thermo gravimetric analysis carried out For easy and fast digestion of cooked waste, a novel design of thermophilic digester is proposed and tested.
Determination of the Optimal Process Conditions for the Acid Activation of Ng...ijceronline
In this work, the optimal adsorption parameters for the adsorption of Carotenoid in the bleaching of palm oil was investigated. Ngwo clay, a local adsorbent obtained from Ngwo town in the South-Eastern province of Nigeria, was used in the study. The palm oil used was also obtained from a local market in Enugu in the same region. The purpose of the work was to develop a model to optimize the efficiency of a local adsorbent that will be cheap and environmentally friendly, for the removal of pigments during refining of vegetable oils. The clay was first, acid activated and characterized, and used in the investigation. Central Composite Design (CCD) package was used to optimize the effects of process parameters of Temperature, Time and Clay Dosage on the bleaching efficiency of Palm Oil. A linear model was predicted and optimized based on BBD. This gave bleaching time of 40min., Temperature of 99.83oC, and Clay dosage of 4%, at a predicted bleaching efficiency of 83%. The optimum conditions were validated to obtain an experimental value of 82.5% with 1.7% error condition.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Creating a Method for Activating Alkaline Bentonite of Navbakhor to Justify t...ijtsrd
This article offers an optimal method of activation for industrial application of alkaline bentonite of Navbakhor and results of its testing. Bayjanov Islam | Kurambaev Sherzod | ?xmedova Shahlo"Creating a Method for Activating Alkaline Bentonite of Navbakhor to Justify the Local Plant Oils" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17159.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/17159/creating-a-method-for-activating-alkaline-bentonite-of-navbakhor-to-justify-the-local-plant-oils/bayjanov-islam
Adsorbent preparation from Karanja seed shellsAkash Dhobale
This research papers deals with the effects of the operating parameters on the yield of activated carbon prepared from karanja oil seed shells.The effects of carbonization temperatures ranging from 400°C to 600°C and acid concentration ranging from 12N to 20 N with nitrogen purge rate of 5 lit/Hr were studied.
Characterization for the necessity of thermophilic biogas digester of tea was...IJAAS Team
Characterization of tea waste, cooked waste has been done by various authors but for the first time it has been done for understanding the necessity of thermophilic digestion. And for this kind of digestion takes place in thermophilic digester for efficient biogas production. Detailed morphological analysis of feedstock has been determined. In the present study, thermo gravimetric analysis carried out For easy and fast digestion of cooked waste, a novel design of thermophilic digester is proposed and tested.
Determination of the Optimal Process Conditions for the Acid Activation of Ng...ijceronline
In this work, the optimal adsorption parameters for the adsorption of Carotenoid in the bleaching of palm oil was investigated. Ngwo clay, a local adsorbent obtained from Ngwo town in the South-Eastern province of Nigeria, was used in the study. The palm oil used was also obtained from a local market in Enugu in the same region. The purpose of the work was to develop a model to optimize the efficiency of a local adsorbent that will be cheap and environmentally friendly, for the removal of pigments during refining of vegetable oils. The clay was first, acid activated and characterized, and used in the investigation. Central Composite Design (CCD) package was used to optimize the effects of process parameters of Temperature, Time and Clay Dosage on the bleaching efficiency of Palm Oil. A linear model was predicted and optimized based on BBD. This gave bleaching time of 40min., Temperature of 99.83oC, and Clay dosage of 4%, at a predicted bleaching efficiency of 83%. The optimum conditions were validated to obtain an experimental value of 82.5% with 1.7% error condition.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Creating a Method for Activating Alkaline Bentonite of Navbakhor to Justify t...ijtsrd
This article offers an optimal method of activation for industrial application of alkaline bentonite of Navbakhor and results of its testing. Bayjanov Islam | Kurambaev Sherzod | ?xmedova Shahlo"Creating a Method for Activating Alkaline Bentonite of Navbakhor to Justify the Local Plant Oils" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17159.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/17159/creating-a-method-for-activating-alkaline-bentonite-of-navbakhor-to-justify-the-local-plant-oils/bayjanov-islam
Adsorbent preparation from Karanja seed shellsAkash Dhobale
This research papers deals with the effects of the operating parameters on the yield of activated carbon prepared from karanja oil seed shells.The effects of carbonization temperatures ranging from 400°C to 600°C and acid concentration ranging from 12N to 20 N with nitrogen purge rate of 5 lit/Hr were studied.
The oil palm industry in Malaysia provides a high economic return to the country. Currently empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the solid wastes which is produced daily but have limited use whereby it is usually left as plantation site to act as an organic fertilizer for the plants to ensure the sustainability of fresh fruit bunch (FFB). However, this waste material have the potential to be transformed into high value-added products such as bioethanol, acids and compost using advanced biotechnology technique. The major drawback in biomass technology is the difficulty of degrading the material in a short period of time. Therefore, a pretreatment step such as hot-compressed water treatment is required to break the lignocellulosic compound to easily accessible carbon sources for further use to produce bioethanol. This research proposes an environmental friendly technology which could convert waste biomass to valuable bio-based chemicals and fuels which could be transferred easily to rural areas and small medium industries for wealth creation and for their own use in their agricultural fields.
A novel flame retardant application technique was developed for cotton apparel fabric using spirocyclic
pentaerythritol di (phosphoryl chloride) (SPDPC), which was further synthesized into bis diglycol spirocyclic
pentaerythritol bisphosphorate (BSPB). The flame retardant agent was then attached to the fabric using a
sol-gel process. The treated fabric was tested on a vertical flame tester which showed very high flame
retardancy as compared to the untreated cotton. TGA analysis exhibited a slow rate of weight loss and
higher ultimate degradation temperature for the FR treated sample. The FR treated sample showed modest
loss in strength while retaining 86.4% of its original strength. The fabric’s appearance did not alter and the
change in stiffness was insignificant as a result of the FR finish.
Increasing Yield in the Manufacturing of MPDSAijsrd.com
Meta phenylenediamine 4 sulphonic acid (MPDSA) is one of the important products in the dyestuff sector. The present conventional manufacturing process for MPDSA being carried out at the industry is less efficient and gives an overall yield of about 60 %. But the use of alternative raw materials for the manufacture of MPDSA can give yield as high as upto 80%. In addition, this process also eliminates the use of metal catalysts which cause downstream problems. This method involves the use Metaphenylene Diamine as the raw material instead of 2, 4, dinitrochlorobenzene for the manufacture of MPDSA. A lab scale experiment has been carried out and the overall yield has been found to be higher than that obtained from the conventional process. This paper describes this new manufacturing process and its possible economic benefits. Overall yield is calculated and compared with the conventional process.
Change of Peptides and Free -Amino Acids Contents during Nanjing Dry-Cured Du...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In order to explore the relationship between the change of peptides and free-amino acid (FAA) and its unique flavour, Dry-cured duck samples of different processing phases were used to study the change of free-amino acid by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in this paper, meanwhile the trichloroacetic acid precipitation method for modeling use to establish the quantitative predicated peptides. The changes of small peptides and free amino acids in the process were studied. The results showed that the level and amount of proteolysis increased with the processing time at traditional technology, meanwhile the amount of peptides were positively correlated with FAA contents (R 2 =0.86).
The Effect of Temperature on Aromatic Yield of Treated Heavy Naphthene From B...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of temperature on aromatic yield content of heavy treated Naphtha from Nigerian crude during catalytic reforming. The catalytic reformer was simulated using Aspen Hysys catalytic reformer template configured as four beds while treated heavy Napthene from Bonga Crudewas used as feed stock. The outlet concentrations of paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics volume (Vol.% ) at different temperature of the reformer were recorded. It was observed that an increase in temperature leads to an increase in the concentration of aromatics as the volume of aromatic yield at 430oC was 23.46 % volume while at 540oC it was 51.38% volume showing a significant increase in the aromatic yield level.
Optimization of key factors affecting biogas production from milk waste using...Lasbet Mohamed
The study was undertaken at Bechar University and focuses on production of biogas as an alternative energy by using milk waste of Igli milk factory. The optimization of the factors affected the anaerobic digestion using experimental design gave the following results: pH = 7.5, temperature (T= 38°C) and moisture content 90%. The application of these parameters conducted to an excellent production of the biogas. The experiments were carried out in two digesters and daily gas yield from milk waste was monitored for 70 days and the total volume of gas production was found to be 25.472 L. The measurement of
the percentages of the essentials nutriments needed for the
biomethanization gave the values of 48.28%, 2.857% (75.65 mg /kg P) and 5.56% for the total organic carbon, phosphorus and
nitrogen, respectively. The biogas formed is flammable, so very
rich in methane (62%).
Sugar cane stalk is a solid biomass waste that can be utilised as a feed for biogas plant. With gratitude to the authors, a paper is made available here for educational putpose.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Pyroligneous Liquor Produced at Different Heating Rates in Pyrolysis of Eucal...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The objective of this research was to analyze the influence of two different heating rates (2.67 °C/min, 0.67 °C/min), reaching 500 °C as final temperature in pyrolysis, on the chemical composition of the pyroligneous liquor produced. Three pyrolysis sessions were performed for each heating rate on Eucalyptus urograndis wood chips in an oven-muffle connected to a gas-collecting system. The gravimetric yield was calculated, and the chemical compounds of pyroligneous liquors were identified through gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Heating rates did not affect the gravimetric yield of final products. However, qualitative differences were observed in the chemical composition of pyroligneous liquors produced. The presence of 1-hidroxy 2-propanone, 4-methylphenol (p-cresol), and 5-hidroxymethyl 2-furaldehyde compounds was detected only in the pyroligneous liquor produced at the highest heating rate (2.67 °C/min).
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000527.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on open access journals of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Effect of Fractionation and Pyrolysis on Fuel Properties of Poultry LitterLPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67699
Raw poultry litter has certain drawbacks for energy production such as high ash and moisture content, a corrosive nature, and low heating values. A combined solution to utilization of raw poultry litter may involve fractionation and pyrolysis. Fractionation divides poultry litter into a fine, nutrient-rich fraction and a coarse, carbon dense fraction. Pyrolysis of the coarse fraction would remove the corrosive volatiles as bio-oil, leaving clean char. This paper presents the effect of fractionation and pyrolysis process parameters on the calorific value of char and on the characterization of bio-oil. Poultry litter samples collected from three commercial poultry farms were divided into 10 treatments that included 2 controls (raw poultry litter and its coarse fraction having particle size greater than 0.85 mm) and 8 other treatments that were combinations of three factors: type (raw poultry litter or its coarse fraction), heating rate (30 or 10 °C/min), and pyrolysis temperature (300 or 500°C). After the screening process, the poultry litter samples were dried and pyrolyzed in a batch reactor under nitrogen atmosphere and char and condensate yields were recorded. The condensate was separated into three fractions on the basis of their density: heavy, medium, and light phase. Calorific value and proximate and nutrient analysis were performed for char, condensate, and feedstock. Results show that the char with the highest calorific value (17.39MJ/kg) was made from the coarse fraction at 300°C, which captured 68.71% of the feedstock energy. The char produced at 300°C had 42mg/kg arsenic content but no mercury. Almost all of the Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and P remained in the char. The pyrolysis process reduced ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH4-N) in char by 99.14% and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) by 95.79% at 500°C.
Composting characteristics of cow manure with bulking Agent in a batch composterirjes
Cow manure manure was co-composted with straw in a batch anaerobic composter, to understand
the effects of physical and chemical parameters on composting, for four weeks. Process was performed at
temperature 37oC. Properties of the material periodically monitored during the composting process were
moisture content, temperature, pH, total nitrogen, total carbon, C/N ration, and total phosphorus and total
potassium were examined at the end of composting. Moisture be maintained in higher level, than 70%. Carbon
to nitrogen ratio of 30 :1 was experimented.
The oil palm industry in Malaysia provides a high economic return to the country. Currently empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the solid wastes which is produced daily but have limited use whereby it is usually left as plantation site to act as an organic fertilizer for the plants to ensure the sustainability of fresh fruit bunch (FFB). However, this waste material have the potential to be transformed into high value-added products such as bioethanol, acids and compost using advanced biotechnology technique. The major drawback in biomass technology is the difficulty of degrading the material in a short period of time. Therefore, a pretreatment step such as hot-compressed water treatment is required to break the lignocellulosic compound to easily accessible carbon sources for further use to produce bioethanol. This research proposes an environmental friendly technology which could convert waste biomass to valuable bio-based chemicals and fuels which could be transferred easily to rural areas and small medium industries for wealth creation and for their own use in their agricultural fields.
A novel flame retardant application technique was developed for cotton apparel fabric using spirocyclic
pentaerythritol di (phosphoryl chloride) (SPDPC), which was further synthesized into bis diglycol spirocyclic
pentaerythritol bisphosphorate (BSPB). The flame retardant agent was then attached to the fabric using a
sol-gel process. The treated fabric was tested on a vertical flame tester which showed very high flame
retardancy as compared to the untreated cotton. TGA analysis exhibited a slow rate of weight loss and
higher ultimate degradation temperature for the FR treated sample. The FR treated sample showed modest
loss in strength while retaining 86.4% of its original strength. The fabric’s appearance did not alter and the
change in stiffness was insignificant as a result of the FR finish.
Increasing Yield in the Manufacturing of MPDSAijsrd.com
Meta phenylenediamine 4 sulphonic acid (MPDSA) is one of the important products in the dyestuff sector. The present conventional manufacturing process for MPDSA being carried out at the industry is less efficient and gives an overall yield of about 60 %. But the use of alternative raw materials for the manufacture of MPDSA can give yield as high as upto 80%. In addition, this process also eliminates the use of metal catalysts which cause downstream problems. This method involves the use Metaphenylene Diamine as the raw material instead of 2, 4, dinitrochlorobenzene for the manufacture of MPDSA. A lab scale experiment has been carried out and the overall yield has been found to be higher than that obtained from the conventional process. This paper describes this new manufacturing process and its possible economic benefits. Overall yield is calculated and compared with the conventional process.
Change of Peptides and Free -Amino Acids Contents during Nanjing Dry-Cured Du...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In order to explore the relationship between the change of peptides and free-amino acid (FAA) and its unique flavour, Dry-cured duck samples of different processing phases were used to study the change of free-amino acid by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in this paper, meanwhile the trichloroacetic acid precipitation method for modeling use to establish the quantitative predicated peptides. The changes of small peptides and free amino acids in the process were studied. The results showed that the level and amount of proteolysis increased with the processing time at traditional technology, meanwhile the amount of peptides were positively correlated with FAA contents (R 2 =0.86).
The Effect of Temperature on Aromatic Yield of Treated Heavy Naphthene From B...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of temperature on aromatic yield content of heavy treated Naphtha from Nigerian crude during catalytic reforming. The catalytic reformer was simulated using Aspen Hysys catalytic reformer template configured as four beds while treated heavy Napthene from Bonga Crudewas used as feed stock. The outlet concentrations of paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics volume (Vol.% ) at different temperature of the reformer were recorded. It was observed that an increase in temperature leads to an increase in the concentration of aromatics as the volume of aromatic yield at 430oC was 23.46 % volume while at 540oC it was 51.38% volume showing a significant increase in the aromatic yield level.
Optimization of key factors affecting biogas production from milk waste using...Lasbet Mohamed
The study was undertaken at Bechar University and focuses on production of biogas as an alternative energy by using milk waste of Igli milk factory. The optimization of the factors affected the anaerobic digestion using experimental design gave the following results: pH = 7.5, temperature (T= 38°C) and moisture content 90%. The application of these parameters conducted to an excellent production of the biogas. The experiments were carried out in two digesters and daily gas yield from milk waste was monitored for 70 days and the total volume of gas production was found to be 25.472 L. The measurement of
the percentages of the essentials nutriments needed for the
biomethanization gave the values of 48.28%, 2.857% (75.65 mg /kg P) and 5.56% for the total organic carbon, phosphorus and
nitrogen, respectively. The biogas formed is flammable, so very
rich in methane (62%).
Sugar cane stalk is a solid biomass waste that can be utilised as a feed for biogas plant. With gratitude to the authors, a paper is made available here for educational putpose.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Pyroligneous Liquor Produced at Different Heating Rates in Pyrolysis of Eucal...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The objective of this research was to analyze the influence of two different heating rates (2.67 °C/min, 0.67 °C/min), reaching 500 °C as final temperature in pyrolysis, on the chemical composition of the pyroligneous liquor produced. Three pyrolysis sessions were performed for each heating rate on Eucalyptus urograndis wood chips in an oven-muffle connected to a gas-collecting system. The gravimetric yield was calculated, and the chemical compounds of pyroligneous liquors were identified through gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Heating rates did not affect the gravimetric yield of final products. However, qualitative differences were observed in the chemical composition of pyroligneous liquors produced. The presence of 1-hidroxy 2-propanone, 4-methylphenol (p-cresol), and 5-hidroxymethyl 2-furaldehyde compounds was detected only in the pyroligneous liquor produced at the highest heating rate (2.67 °C/min).
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000527.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on open access journals of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Effect of Fractionation and Pyrolysis on Fuel Properties of Poultry LitterLPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67699
Raw poultry litter has certain drawbacks for energy production such as high ash and moisture content, a corrosive nature, and low heating values. A combined solution to utilization of raw poultry litter may involve fractionation and pyrolysis. Fractionation divides poultry litter into a fine, nutrient-rich fraction and a coarse, carbon dense fraction. Pyrolysis of the coarse fraction would remove the corrosive volatiles as bio-oil, leaving clean char. This paper presents the effect of fractionation and pyrolysis process parameters on the calorific value of char and on the characterization of bio-oil. Poultry litter samples collected from three commercial poultry farms were divided into 10 treatments that included 2 controls (raw poultry litter and its coarse fraction having particle size greater than 0.85 mm) and 8 other treatments that were combinations of three factors: type (raw poultry litter or its coarse fraction), heating rate (30 or 10 °C/min), and pyrolysis temperature (300 or 500°C). After the screening process, the poultry litter samples were dried and pyrolyzed in a batch reactor under nitrogen atmosphere and char and condensate yields were recorded. The condensate was separated into three fractions on the basis of their density: heavy, medium, and light phase. Calorific value and proximate and nutrient analysis were performed for char, condensate, and feedstock. Results show that the char with the highest calorific value (17.39MJ/kg) was made from the coarse fraction at 300°C, which captured 68.71% of the feedstock energy. The char produced at 300°C had 42mg/kg arsenic content but no mercury. Almost all of the Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and P remained in the char. The pyrolysis process reduced ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH4-N) in char by 99.14% and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) by 95.79% at 500°C.
Composting characteristics of cow manure with bulking Agent in a batch composterirjes
Cow manure manure was co-composted with straw in a batch anaerobic composter, to understand
the effects of physical and chemical parameters on composting, for four weeks. Process was performed at
temperature 37oC. Properties of the material periodically monitored during the composting process were
moisture content, temperature, pH, total nitrogen, total carbon, C/N ration, and total phosphorus and total
potassium were examined at the end of composting. Moisture be maintained in higher level, than 70%. Carbon
to nitrogen ratio of 30 :1 was experimented.
Evaluation of the Optimum Conditions for Biotechnological Magnesite EnrichmentSryahwa Publications
Magnesite formulated as MgCO3 is the primary source for magnesium and magnesium derivates. In Turkey, many magnesite deposits cannot be worked out because of high CaCO3 content. Therefore, there are many researchers have applied physical and chemical methods to improve the quality of magnesite.
While physical methods are expensive and chemical methods reduce the biological diversity and pollute soil and groundwater, the focus has now been shifted on alternative methods such as biotechnological procedures.
nternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
1. Process Overview: Pyrolysis is a thermal degradation process that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The absence of oxygen prevents combustion and allows the organic material to break down without being fully burned.
2. Temperature: Pyrolysis typically occurs at elevated temperatures, often ranging from 300 to 900 degrees Celsius, depending on the specific feedstock and desired products.
3. Feedstock: Pyrolysis can be applied to a wide range of organic materials, including biomass (wood, crop residues), plastics, rubber, and organic waste (such as municipal solid waste).
4. **Products**:
- **Gases**: Pyrolysis produces gases like hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide, which can be used as fuel or chemical feedstocks.
- **Liquids**: Liquid products, often called bio-oil when derived from biomass, can be used as a source of biofuels or for chemical synthesis.
- **Char**: The solid residue left behind is known as char. Depending on the feedstock, this char can have various applications, such as as a soil conditioner or for carbon sequestration.
5. **Applications**:
- **Biofuels**: Pyrolysis of biomass can yield biofuels like bio-oil or biochar, which can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels.
- **Waste Management**: Pyrolysis can be used to treat organic waste and reduce its volume while recovering energy or valuable products.
- **Plastic Recycling**: Plastic pyrolysis is used to convert plastic waste into valuable chemicals or fuel.
6. **Types of Pyrolysis**:
- **Fast Pyrolysis**: This process involves very high heating rates and produces a higher proportion of liquid products.
- **Slow Pyrolysis**: Slow pyrolysis takes place at lower temperatures and longer residence times, resulting in a higher proportion of solid char.
- **Intermediate Pyrolysis**: As the name suggests, it falls between fast and slow pyrolysis in terms of temperature and product distribution.
7. **Challenges**: The efficiency and selectivity of pyrolysis can vary depending on the feedstock and process conditions. Controlling the reaction parameters is crucial to obtaining the desired products.
In summary, pyrolysis is a versatile and important process for converting organic materials into valuable products, including biofuels, chemicals, and char, while also addressing waste management and environmental concerns. It plays a significant role in sustainable energy and resource management.
Abstract— This research was carried out in order to utilize mud cake from sugar factory and cattle feces waste to make compost. Composting process was accelerated by addition of isolate called Trichoderma viride APT01. The study was conducted according to a completely randomized design with three replications with mud cake and cattle feces ratio: 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100. Each mixture of organic matter was added with isolate of Trichoderma viride APT01. Quantitative data was analyzed using variance analysis with alpha 0:05. Among those compositions, it was shown that the value of C / N ratio between 14.6 to 18.3 with the level of acidity, pH 6.62 to 7.36 was the best product. Compost produced for composition of mud cake and cattle feces 25/75 has a value of C/N = 14.6 and pH = 6.78. This result was in accordance with The Bureau of Indian Standards.
Comparison of kinetic models for biogas production rate from saw dusteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
Optimization of Experimental Biomethanation Applied to Poultry Droppings for ...IJEAB
The fight against climate change is first and foremost passed by the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG). Mainly in the form of methane CH4, the GHGs emitted by the waste originate from the decomposition of organic matter which is more commonly known as Anaerobic Digestion (AD) or Biomethanation. Livestock manure is one of the major hazards to the environment and human health due to the nuisances and pollution generated. The present study consists of optimizing the methane fermentation applied to poultry droppings. This optimization focuses on the daily monitoring of experimental digesters, on the physico-chemical characterization of the inputs used and on the study of the effect of temperature and inoculum changes on the daily production of biogas and its composition (CH4, CO2 and H2S). The main results show, on the one hand, that the stability of the DA process after initial filling depends on experimental conditions, the general characteristics of the anaerobic digester, the initial biomass activity and the nature of the introduced inoculum. On the other hand, the production of biogas is better at a temperature of 35°C than at a temperature of 55°C and the addition of the inoculum has improved the production of biogas and the CH4 content, especially the use Of liquid poultry digestate.
Determination of Propionates and Propionic Acid in Bread Samples Using High P...theijes
In the present study, a HPLC method for determination of the preservative propionates in 7 groups of industrial bread samples is described. The separation the propionates were performed on the C18- column and Na2SO4 (8.0 mM) + H2SO4 (1.0 mM): acetonitrile (90:10, v/v %) as mobile phase. The detector wavelength was set at 210 nm. Separation of the propionates was achieved in less than 8 min. The samples first were milled and then extracted with 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH solution under ultrasonic irradiation. After centrifuge, supernatant clear solution was filtered using 0.45 µm Nylon syringe filter and 25 µL of solution was injected to HPLC loop. Analytical characteristics of the method such as limit of detection (LOD= 5 mg L-1 ), recovery percentage (>91%) and reproducibility (RSD=3.5 %) were evaluated. A plot of peak area (y) versus concentration of propionate (x, mg Kg-1 ) was linear over 10-1000 mg Kg-1 . The calibration graph can be described by the equation y = 301.64x + 9963 (r2= 0.991). The levels of propionates in bread samples ranged from 3683-4752 mg Kg-1. The results stated that High performance liquid chromatography is a simple and rapid method for the determination of propionates in bakery products.
Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1 of dry basis (db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13% db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids. The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1 of ethanol. In conclusion, D. tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
Similar to Effects of bagasse ash additive on the physiochemical and biological parameters of filter cake and bagasse co-composting process (20)
Structure failure often occurs in the structure of wall. This failure can adversely affect the comfort level of the structure. Knowing the behavior of structure resulting from the load is important, as it can help to predict the strength of the structure and comfort of the structure being worked on. One way to find out and predict the strength and comfort of the structure as a result of the load received is experimental test and simulation. The simulation VecTor2 used to predict the shear force, crack, and displacement of reinforced concrete wall when applied the load. This simulation considered the effect of bond stress-slip effect of behavior reinforced concrete. Bonds stress-slip gives a great influence on the strength and hysteretic response of the reinforced concrete wall. That is why this study considers the influence of bond stress-slip on reinforced concrete wall. All the result of simulation VecTor2 using bond stress-slip effect would be compared with the result of the experimental test to see the accuracy of the simulation test.
The concept of sustainable construction is increasingly affecting the development of the construction market.The specificity of construction as an economic activity and ofthe construction product (goods and services) determine the existence of a complex vertical chain of links, involving different actors, who tend to work in the short term and are limited to the rational use of knowledge and experience in practice. Moreover, it is characterized by a low level of inter-company relationshipsresulting in a fragmentation of responsibilityand complicates and hinders the realization of projects and sites,which meet the requirements of sustainable construction. Sustainable construction requires a holistic approach and substantial changes in the organization of construction activity, both at the market and firm level, under the active role of the state. The aim of the study is: 1) analysis of problems in the vertical chain of connections in the construction market, 2)an analysis of the possibilities for creating stable long-term relationships and a joint approach of clients, contractors and subcontractors, which can provide economic, social and environmental efficiency of the construction.
Since the recent development of UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and digital sensors technology has enabled the acquisition of high-resolution image data, it is considered that the image data of riverside can be analysed. Therefore, this study analyses the applicability of remote sensing techniques through image analysis in river systems and habitats. The target stream in this study was the Cheongmi stream and the applicability of the river environmental evaluation technique was analysed through image analysis. The satellite images used for the analysis of river topography and environments were compared with the aerial images taken by a micro UAV), and the river environmental evaluation was carried out with the field research at the same time. The data acquisition range and application limit by river environmental evaluation technique proposed previously were evaluated, and as a result, it was found that it was possible to draw various evaluation parameters using a drone that could take an image at a low altitude in comparison to satellite images.
Industrial engineering is founded on the idea that there is always a better way. This mantra rings true in everything an industrial engineer does, from lean manufacturing to six sigma, to quality control and ergonomics. This paper demonstrates the uniqueness of this discipline, the impact its techniques has in sectors outside of manufacturing, and the positive effects it has on businesses.
The study was carried out using the UAV for analyzing the characteristics of debris in order to present the methodology to estimate the quantitative amount of debris caught in small river facilities. A total of six small rivers that maintained the form of a natural river were selected for collecting UAV images, and the grouping of each target in the image was carried out using the object-based classification method, and based on the object-based classification result of the UAV images, the land cover classification for the status of factors causing the generation of debris for six target sections was carried out by applying the screen digitizing method. In addition, in order to verify the accuracy of the classification result, the error matrix was performed, securing the reliability of the result. The accuracy analysis result showed that for all six target sections, the overall accuracy was 93.95% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.93, showing an excellent result.
Multilevel Inverters are getting popular and have become more attractive to researchers in the recent times for high power applications due to their better power quality and higher efficiency as compared to two level inverters. This research work presents a detailed comparative analysis of various multicarrier sinusoidal PWM schemes such as In Phase Disposition, Phase Opposition Disposition and Alternate Phase Opposite Disposition implemented on five level conventional and modified cascaded h-bridge inverters in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Conventional five level topology uses eight switches and suffers from increased switching complexity while modified five level topology uses only five switches and is recommended to reduce switching complexity and switching losses. It also ensures less number of components, reduced size and overall cost of the system. The effect of modulation index (Ma) on the output harmonic contents in various PWM techniques is also analyzed.
Objective: Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide.Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important element in this disease.The aim of this study is to prepare TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite (NC), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO)nanoparticles (NPs) to determine the anticancer activity on human CC cell line (HeLa) and healthy mouse fibroblast cell line (L-929). Materials&Methods: ZnO, TiO2 NPs and NC were prepared by a solution combustion synthesis method. The samples were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Stability analysis was performed with zeta potential. The synthesized NC and NPs were permormed to the HeLa and L-929 cell lines and anticancer activity of these NC and NPs were determined by using MTT method. The HeLa and L-929 cells were treated with different concentrations of these NC and NPs (0,5-100 μg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The spectrophotometric readings at 570 nm were recorded and analysed with Graphpad Prism7. Results: NC and NPs were successfully synthesized. The effects of these NC and NPs on the HeLa and L-929 cells were compared with the control group and IC50 values were determined for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Then we compared the effects of these molecules on the L-929 cell line with the HeLa cell line and founded more active is on HeLa cells. Conclusion:There are many drugs used in CC treatment. However, undesirable toxicity and drug resistance of these drugs negatively affect treatment.We have synthesized NC and NPs in order to formulate basis of a new drug in this study and have identified anti-cancer activity.As a result, we found that NC and NPs anti-cancer activity was higher in HeLa cells than in L-929.
Graphene is a material that attracts attention in technical textile applications as in many other areas due to its outstanding features. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the performance properties of graphene coated fabrics. Pre-treated polyester fabrics were coated with nano-graphene powders at different concentration rates (50, 100 and 200 g/kg) by knife-over-roll technique. According to test results, generally, the graphene coating had a positive effect on the performance properties of polyester fabrics.
The work presents report on production and analysis of bioresin from epoxidized mango kernel oil (EMKO). The bioresin (acrylated epoxidized mango kernel oil) or AEMKO was produced from epoxidized mango kernel oil via acrylation chemical reaction route. The FTIR spectrum analysis of epoxidized mango kernel oil (EMKO) and acrylated epoxidized mango kernel oil (AEMKO) produced gave the degree of acrylation (DOA) as 46%. The Viscosity of AEMKO (resin) was determined at room temperature (25 °C) to be 387cP while the density at 25oC was 1.2 g/cm3. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the bioresin was determined to be 95oC. Production cost analysis of the bioresin was done and found to be N8, 804.35 per litre. The high cost was due to high costs of the chemicals, labour and overhead charges involved at my local level. At commercial level, those components of the costs would definitely reduce to the level compatible with synthetic (polyester) resin (N2, 500 per litre) currently sold by some markers in Nigeria. However, the overall results of the work demonstrated that bioresin can be successfully synthesized from mango kernel oil with properties compatible with ASTM standards. The commercial production of the bioresin will go a long way in mitigating some of the challenges associated with total use of fossil fuel currently use for production of bulk of synthetic resins for composite manufacturing activities.
The window functions used for digital filter design are used to eliminate oscillations in
the FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filter design. In this work, the use of Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) algorithm is proposed in the design of cosh window function, in which has widely used in the
literature and has useful spectral parameters. The cosh window is a window function derived from the
Kaiser window. It is more advantageous than the Kaiser window because there is no power series
expansion in the time domain representation. The designed window function shows better ripple ratio
characteristics than other window functions commonly used in the literature. The results obtained
were presented in tables and figures and successful results were obtained
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between 2D gray scale pixels and 3D gray scale pixels of image reconstructions in computed tomography (CT). The 3D space image reconstruction from data projection was a challenging and difficult research problem. The image was normally reconstructed from the 2D data from CT data projection. In this descriptive study, a synthetics 3D Shepp-Logan phantom was used to simulate the actual data projection from a CT scanner. Real-time data projection of a human abdomen was also included in this study. Additionally, the Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the application was designed using Matlab Graphical User Interface Development Environment (GUIDE). The application was able to reconstruct 2D and 3D images in their respective spaces successfully.The image reconstruction for CT in 3D space was analyzedalong with 2D space in order to show their relationships and shared properties for the purpose of constructing these images.
In this work the antimicrobial activity and the economic viability analysis of the essential oil extracted from the hybrid formed by the seeds species of the Murupi (Capsicum chinense), Criollos de Morellos (Capsicum annuum) and Finger of the young (Capsicum baccatum ). The essential oil of the pepper was obtained by the steam drag process and for this extraction, the Soxhlet method was used. For the determination of the antimicrobial activity of the oil the disc diffusion method was used for the strains of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results point out the resistance of the tested strains to the essential oil of the respective pepper and, in terms of financial and economic aspects, this was not feasible on a small scale. It is suggested that other microorganisms be tested and, later, that studies be carried out with the purpose of characterizing the studied oil chemically for proper application in the agroindustry.
Eliminating Gibbs phenomenon, which occurs during design of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) digital filter and which is undesirable, is very important in order to provide expected performance from digital filter. Window functions have been developed to eliminate these oscillations and to improve the performance of the filter in this regard. In this work, an application was developed for designing window function using LABVIEW which is a graphical programming environment produced by National Instruments. LABVIEW offers a powerful programming environment away from complexity. In this work, the performances of cosh and exponential window functions, which are designed by using the possibilities of LABVIEW in programming, are examined and the situations that will occur under various conditions are compared.
Better efficiency of the air transport system of a country at the national level, especially in terms of its
capacity to generate value for passenger flow and cargo transport, effectively depends on the identification of
the demand generation potential of each hub for this type of service. This requires the mapping of the passenger
flow and volume of cargo transport of each region served by the system and the number of connections. The
main goal of this study was to identify important factors that account for the great variability (demand) of
regional hubsof the airport modal system in operation in the State of São Paulo, the most populated and
industrialized in the Southeast region in Brazil. For this purpose, datasets for each airport related to passengers
or cargo flow were obtained from time series data in the period ranging from January 01, 2008 to December
31, 2014. Different data analysis approaches could imply in better mapping of the flow of the air modal system
from the evaluation of some factors related to operations/volume. Therefore, different statistical models - such
as multiple linear regression with normal errors and new stochastic volatility (SV) models - are introduced in
this study, to provide a better view of the operation system in the four main regional hubs, within a large group
of 32 airports reported in the dataset.
Linear attenuation coefficient (휇) is a measure of the ability of a medium to diffuse and absorb radiation. In the interaction of radiation with matter, the linear absorption coefficient plays an important role because during the passage of radiation through a medium, its absorption depends on the wavelength of the radiation and the thickness and nature of the medium. Experiments to determine linear absorption coefficient for Lead, Copper and Aluminum were carried out in air. The result showed that linear absorption Coefficient for Lead is 0.545cm – 1, Copper is 0.139cm-1 and Aluminum is 0.271cm-1 using gamma-rays. The results agree with standard values.
This study presents results of Activity Concentrations, Absorbed dose rate and the Annual Effective dose rates of naturally occurring radionuclides (40K, 232Th and 226Ra) absorbed in 8 soil samples collected from different areas within the Ajiwei mining sites in Niger State, North Central Nigeria. A laboratory γ-ray spectrometry NaI (Tl) at the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, was used to carry out the analysis of the soil samples. The values of Activity Concentration for 40K ranged from 421.6174 ± 7.9316 to 768.7403 ± 7.9315; for 226Ra it ranged from 20.6257 ± 2.0858 to 44.0324 ± 5.0985 and for 232Th the ranged is from 23.7172 ± 1.3683 to 62.7137 ± 4.1049 Bq.Kg-1. While the Absorbed Dose for 40K ranged from 17.5814 ± 0.3307 to 32.0565 ± 0.3307 ŋGy.h-1, for 226Ra the range is from 9.5291 ± 0.9636 to 20.3430 ± 2.3555 ŋGy.h-1 and for 232Th range from 14.3252 ± 0.4414 to 37.8791 ± 2.4794 ŋGy.h-1. The total average Absorbed Dose rate of the 8 soil samples collected is 63.7877 ŋGy.h-1 and the estimated Annual Effective Dose for the sampled areas range from 0.0636- 0.1028mSvy-1 (i.e 64 – 103 μSv.y-1), with an average Annual Effective Dose of 0.0782 mSv.y-1 (i.e. 78.2 μSv.y-1). These results show’s that the radiation exposure level reaching members of the public in the study areas is lower than the recommended limit value of 1 mSv.y-1 (UNSCEAR, 2000). Also the mean Radium Equivalents obtained ranged from 107.3259 BqKg-1 (AJ1) to 179.4064 BqKg-1 (AJ4). These results show that the recommended Radium Equivalent Concentration is ≤ 370 BqKg-1 which is the requirement for soil materials to be used for dwellings, this implies that the soil from this site is suitable use for residential buildings. The mean External Hazard Index ( Hext ) ranged from 0.1229 Bqkg-1 (AJ3) to 0.4226 Bqkg-1 (AJ7).. While the maximum allowed value of (Hext = 1) corresponds to the upper limit of Raeq (370 BqKg-1) in order to limit the external gamma radiation dose from the soil materials to 1.5 mGy y-1. That is, this Index should be equal to or less than unity (Hext ≤ = 1). Furthermore, the mean Internal Hazard Index (Hext) ranged from 0.3456 Bqkg-1 (AJ1) to 0.6453 Bqkg-1 (AJ2) .Finally, the mean value of the Excess Alpha Radiation (Iα) ranged from 0.1031 Bq.Kg-1 (AJ1) to 0.2202 Bq.Kg-1 (AJ3. All these values for Iα are below the maximum permissible value of Iα= 1 which corresponds to 200 Bq.Kg-1. It can therefore be said that no radiological hazard is envisaged to dwellers of the study areas and the miners working on those sites area.
Pick and place task is one among the most important tasks in industrial field handled by “Selective
Compliance Assembly Robot Arm” (SCARA). Repeatability with high-speed movement in horizontal plane is
remarkable feature of this type of manipulator. The challenge of design SCARA is the difficulty of achieving
stability of high-speed movement with long length of links. Shorter links arm can move more stable. This
condition made the links should be considered restrict then followed by restriction of operation area
(workspace). In this research, authors demonstrated on expanding SCARA robot’s workspace in horizontal area
via linear sliding actuator that embedded to base link of the robot arm. With one additional prismatic joint the
previous robot manipulator with 3 degree of freedom (3-DOF), 2 revolute joints and 1 prismatic joint is become
4-DOF PRRP manipulator. This designation increased workspace of robot from 0.5698m2 performed by the
previous arm (without linear actuator) to 1.1281m2 by the propose arm (with linear actuator). The increasing
rate was about 97.97% of workspace with the same links length. The result of experimentation also indicated
that the operation time spent to reach object position was also reduced.
The paper contains several technical solutions of air and moisture permeability in textile
layers and theirs combinations. It is useful collection of the author’s knowledge from several last years.
Discussed are also various marketing declarations of miraculous characteristics of individual used materials.
Examples show not only own technical solution, but also the good description of ongoing processes, using the
method of numerical simulation.
Physical and chemical properties of host environment to concrete structures have serious impact on
the performance and durability of constructed concrete facilities. This paper presents a 7-month study that
simulated the influence of soil contamination due to organic abattoir waste and indiscriminate disposal of spent
hydrocarbon on strength and durability of embedded concrete. Concrete mix, 1:1.5:3 was designed for all cube
and beam specimens with water-cement ratio of 0.5 and the compressive and flexural strengths of the specimen
were measured from age 28 days up to 196 days in the host environment. It was found that both host
environments attack the physical and strength of concrete in compression and flexure. However, hydrocarbon
had much greater adverse effect on the load-carrying capacity of concrete structures and hence make
constructed facilities less serviceable and vulnerable to premature failure.
Visualization of cartographic systems in mobile devices is a challenge due to the its own
limitations to show all the relevant information that the user needs on the screen. Within this paper we review
current state-of- the-art technological solutions to face this problem and we classify them in a novel typology. In
addition, it is shown an example case of a developed system for a logistic company specialized in dangerous
goods. The system is able to calculate optimal routes and communicate the drivers the best path in order to
achieve a great management of the company resources
More from International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (20)
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Effects of bagasse ash additive on the physiochemical and biological parameters of filter cake and bagasse co-composting process
1. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET)
www.ijmret.org Volume 3 Issue 10 ǁ October 2018.
w w w . i j m r e t . o r g I S S N : 2 4 5 6 - 5 6 2 8 Page 10
Effects of bagasse ash additive on the physiochemical and
biological parameters of filter cake and bagasse co-composting
process.
Nsangou Nchare. A1
, Kapseu. C1
, Yana Yana. B2
1
Department of process engineering, National advanced school of Agro industrials sciences, University of
Ngaoundere, Cameroon
2
Division of agronomy and bio-trials, Cameroon Sugar Company
Abstract: This study was focused on the effects of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) additive on process
parameters and compost quality of Co-composting of filter cake and bagasse. Filter cake and bagasse were
mixed and sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) from a heating power plant of sugar mill. Three compost mixes (M)
were obtained: MA with 0%, MB with 10% and MC with 20 wt % of fuel ash. These three different mixes were
composted in an experimental composter as three parallel experiments for 3 weeks each. The physical,
chemical and biological parameters were monitoring during composting. Significantly, ash additives decreased
the total organic carbon; measured by mineralization the breaking down of the organic matter was more rapid
in the MC than in the MA, as well as increased the pH during composting. Interesting, the pH decreased was
most important in MA and attend 5 for the first week of composting, and then it gradually increased to pH
around 8 at the end of the process. The results indicated that ash inhibits the pH drop due to production of
organic acids during composting. The acidity of the material was reported as affects the process during the
initial phase of rising temperature and quality of the final product. The temperature reached up to 50-55o
C
during thermophilic phase, the greater temperature was obtained for MC. At the end of composting, the
electrical conductivity increased in the MC, especially in MC, but don’t exceed limit (4 mS/cm) for prevent
phytotoxicity of the compost. The SCBA additive was likely to speed up the composting process of bagasse with
filter cake from 44 days to 33 days.
Keywords: Composting, Ash, Additive, Organic fertilizer, Sugar mill waste
I. Introduction
Global sugar production was nearly 100
million tonnes in 2002 from sugarcane in over 130
countries (FAO, 2003). On an annual basis, the
sugar production process releases filter cake and
bagasse by-products at a rate of 3.4% and 25–30%
of the fresh sugar cane input, respectively. 302400
tonnes of bagasse and 1700 tonnes of filter cake
were released annually from SOSUCAM
(Cameroun sugarcane factory). Bagasse is used as a
fuel and produce ash but no market for filter cake.
Currently, the only option for filter cake utilization
is as an organic soil amendment or as landfill.
Direct incorporation of raw agro-industrial waste
into the soil may cause undesirable effects such as
phytotoxicity and soil nitrogen immobilization
(Negro et al., 1999).
Composting is considered to be one of the most
suitable ways of converting organic wastes into
products that are beneficial for plant growth
(Stantiford, 1987). Improvements are needed for
enhanced performance at composting facilities
using sugar mill by-products, particularly to
conserve plant nutrients, prevent pH drop during
process. The C/N ratio needed for effective
composting is between 25 and 40, depending on the
particular organic substance (Golueke, 1991). The
C/N ratio of filter cake is approximately 14, but for
bagasse it is approximately 100 (depending of
pedoclimatic and process conditions). Therefore,
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the composting of filter cake may result in
considerable N loss, but N must be added to
promote composting of bagasse (Meunchang et al
2005). The composting process effectiveness and
product quality are affected by the substrate quality
(Chiumenti et al., 2005; De Guardia et al., 2010).
Acidification occurs during composting can cause
process problems, The acidity in substrates results
from an early production of fatty acids (Smårs et
al., 2002; Sundberg et al., 2004). Similarly, when
the decomposition process of acid biowaste begins,
the number of mesophilic microorganisms such as
lactic-acid bacteria and yeast increases (Kurola et
al., 2011). A number of authors have noted
stagnation or decline in microbial activity in the
transition from mesophilic to thermophilic
conditions in laboratory-scale compost reactors
(Day et al., 1998; Schloss and Walker, 2000; Beck-
Friis et al., 2001; Weppen, 2001) due to high
acidity. Different phases of the composting process
can be studied by monitoring temperature, pH, and
various physical and chemical parameters. Alkaline
ashes (SCBA) as buffer material for pH reduction
during the composting process are suggested by
different authors (Koivula et al., 2004; Kuba et al.,
2008; Kurola et al., 2011; An et al., 2012).
Addition of SCBA effectively increased the macro-
and micro-nutrients of the final products including
phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium,
copper and zinc. In addition, the color of the final
products will be darker when ash is used in
composting and no odor (Carpenter and Beecher,
1997). The quantity of ash to add should not exceed
certain value in order to avoid slow down of the
biological activity and prevent a higher presence of
salts (EC) and phytotoxic compounds in the
product. In the present study we examined the
effect of SCBA additives on the composting
process of sugarcane mill by-products
(Temperature behavior, pH levels, Electric
Conductivity (EC)) and the physicochemical
quality of the product.
II. Materials and methods
2.1. Raw material and pre-treatment
The study was developed at laboratory-scale
compost reactors. The substrates were obtained
from a Cameroun sugar factory (SOSUCAM). Both
by-products were air dried to a moisture content of
10% and been characterized as shown in Table 1.
Bagasse was manually crushed, until particle sizes
between 5 and 7 cm were achieved. These are the
recommended sizes.
Fig.1. Bagasse pretreatment
2.2. Characterization of the Raw material
Analyzed parameters included: pH, EC, moisture,
Total Oxidizable Organic Carbon (TOC),
Potassium and Phosphorous. pH was measured
using a pH-electrode connected to a pH-meter
(Hanna Instrument, Romania). The sample was
diluted using distillated water in a 5:1 (V/V) ratio.
EC was measured using a conductivimeter WTW
model 325. The organic matter (OM) content of the
compost was analyzed by weight loss on ignition at
430°C for 24 h and total organic carbon (TOC) was
calculated from OM according to the following
equations (Navarro et al., 1993):
W105=Oven dry weight of mass at 105°C
W430=Furnace dry weight of mass at 430°C
%OM=((W105-W430)/W105)x100 %TOC=0.51x
%OM + 0.48
Total-N was determined by the micro-Kjeldahl
method following digestion in sulfuric acid with
catalysts (Bremner and Mulvaney, 1982). The ash
content at the beginning(X1) and the ash content at
any particular time during composting (X2) were
used to calculate % organic matter lost according to
the following formula (Paredes et al., 1996).
OMloss(%)=100-100(X1(100-X2))/ X2(100-X1)).
Heavy metals (Potassium and Phosphorous) were
analyzed by the spectrophotometry of HNO3/HCl
(1:1) solution (AFNOR, 1993).
2.3. Experimentation and analysis
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The composting experiment was carried out in an
experimental composter at the laboratory.
Fig.2. Experimental composter.
Bagassse was used as a bulking agent to the filter
cake. Filter cake and bagasse (2:1 ratio by weight).
The purpose of adding filter cake to bagasse was to
increase the starting C/N ratio of filter cake from
14 to 22 to provide a wider C/N to conserve N
during composting (Table 1). Proportion of the ash
to the compost mass was 0, 10 and 20 wt. %,
creating compost mixes (Ms) A, B and C,
respectively. The treatments were:
MA: Filter cake and bagasse (2:1 ratio by weight).
+ 0% of SCBA
MB: Filter cake and bagasse (2:1 ratio by weight).
+ 10% of SCBA
MC: Filter cake and bagasse (2:1 ratio by weight).
+ 20% of SCBA
To homogenize the compost mixtures, bagasse as
bulking agent was first crushed and then ash and
filter cake were mixed. The composting time in the
composters was 3 weeks. The moisture levels of the
mixtures were measured gravimetrically every 3
days and an appropriate amount of water was
sprinkled onto the pile to increase the moisture
content to 60% by weight. The mixture was return
to uniformly distribute the water. The control
parameters for the composting process were
temperature, pH and EC. The organic matter (OM)
content was also monitored. During the first week,
pH was measured daily and later on, at least three
times per week. EC was measured using a
conductivimeter (Hanna instrument, Romania).
Temperature was measured in the three size of
mixture using a 70 cm length dial thermometer and
means was recorded.
The process was monitored until the temperature of
the piles was around room temperatures ±5°C and
the product had soil smell. Thus, the maturation
process was reached (Dulac, 2001). A descriptive
analysis of temperature, pH and EC was carried
out.
Once the monitoring period was completed, a
representative sample was taken. The same
parameters measured in samples were measured in
the product. Thus, the substrate quality was
determined in pH level, moisture, TOC, K, P,
Ntotal. Quality results of the product were
compared with the limits establish.
III. Results and discussion
3.1. Substrate characterization
The C/N ratio of filter cake is approximately 15,
but for bagasse it is approximately 111 (Table 1).
Therefore, the composting of filter cake may result
in considerable N loss, but N must be added to
promote composting of bagasse. Results were
conformed to Meunchang et al (2005) and Fotso et
al (2014) who worked on sugarcane by-product.
But results are closed to those found by Fotso,
contrary to Meunchang which are distant, the
reason it’s the pedoclimatic conditions. Likewise
SCBA contains macro- and micro-nutrients for the
final products including phosphorus, potassium.
Also his higher pH can serve as buffer for pH drop
during process.
Physicochemical analyzes of substrates are
presented in Table 1.
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Table1. Physicochemical characterization of substrates of the process
Paramètres Bagasse Boues Cendre de bagasse
pH 4.2±0,1 7.5±0.1 11.7±0.01
CE (ms/Cm) 0.018± 0.01 0.9±0.05 3.22±01
MO (%MS) 71±0.3 46±0.8
Cendre (%MS) 29±0.3 54±0.8 -
COT (% MS) 36.69± 0.03 23.94±0.2
Total N (% MS) 0.33± 0.03 1.6±0.02 0.12±0.4
C/N 111.18±1 14.96±1.8
Total P (P2O5) 0.035±0.1 1.1±0.3 2.07±0.3
Total K (K2O) 0.21±0.3 0.44±0.1 -
MS: Dry matter, each value represents mean ± STDEV of three replications, - : not determined
3.2. Development of the composting process
Temperature: Temperatures during the
composting runs of the three Ms are shown in Fig.
3.
Fig.3. Temperature during composting time
A similar tendency was observed in all Mixtures
and the typical composting phases were observed
(mesophilic, thermophilic, cooling and maturation).
Thermophilic temperature was reached in all Ms
during the first and third day of the process. But we
note that, the peak of temperature was not high like
in common composting process. Due to the small
size of the heaps (laboratory scale), so the loss of
the heat was greater than in larger compost
windrows. Also the ambient temperature was cold.
However, higher temperatures were reached during
the thermophilic phase for Ms with SCBA, (43, 40
and 38°C for MC, MB and MA respectively). One
reason for these high temperatures might be that the
ash in MC increased the heat capacity of the mass.
Also the rapid degradation of the organic matter in
MC.
A temperature above to 40°C was reached during 5
to 7 days in MC and during 2 to 4 days in MB. But
MA doesn’t reach 40°C. Therefore, an
enhancement of hygienization process was
observed by using SCBA. However, this
temperature level was low no sufficient, as
recommended (45-55°C) by for a complete
hygienization. This might be explained due to the
Size of substrate. Temperature performance during
cooling and maturation phases was similar for all
piles. First, a sloped decreasing was initially
observed (cooling) and then a lower and extended
reduction of temperature (maturation).
Temperatures decreases from above 26°C for MC,
24°C for MB and 20°C for MA. Maturation phase
was slower because the more complex molecules
are decomposed during this period. After 3 weeks
of composting process, environment temperatures
were reached. A tendency to higher temperatures
(+4°C) in M with SCBA was observed. It can be
attributed to ashes, which increase the thermal
capability of the mass, keeping a higher heat in the
piles (Koivula et al., 2004).
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pH and conductivity
pH levels of substrates were increased by the
incorporation of SCBA (Figure 2). Although an
acid level in the pH was observed in MA, it was not
a limitation for the beginning of the composting
process and it might be explained due to the
presence of easy biodegradable compounds. In Ms
with SCBA, the acids generated by the organic
matter transformation were neutralized and
minimal decrease in pH values was observed, due
to the alkaline compounds presented in the SCBA
that buffers the acidity (An et al., 2012). In the case
of MA, the initial acid values indicate the progress
in the degradation of organic matter at the
beginning of the process, which is an evidence of
the secondary acid metabolites production in the
microbial decomposition of easily degradable
elements. During the composting the pH of the MA
decreased from 4.7 to 2.9. pH decrease was very
slow in MB and MC respectively from 5.4 to 5 and
5.9 to 5.7. The acids generated by the organic
matter transformation were neutralized by SCBA.
So addition of ash raised the pH values during the
composting phase. During the curing phase, the pH
value of the all Ms increased and reach
recommended value 5.5, 5.9 and 6.7 respectively
for MA, MB, MC. The acidification phase of the
composting is shorter and milder, when SCBA is
used and prevent a quick drop of pH during
composting.
Fig.4. pH profile during composting
Electric Conductivity (EC): Conductivity is
determined by ions, among others by sodium-,
chloride- and nitrate-ions. The concentrations of
soluble ions are relevant to the use made of
composts.
A common disadvantage of compost as fertilizer is
weakening of the water intake ability of plants
through too high salt concentrations. The guideline
for the conductivity of the mature compost is below
4 mS/cm (Anon., 1992). The addition of SCBA to
the compost appears to raise the conductivity
(Figure 3). The conductivities were below
guidelines in all Ms, contrasted to what reported by
Oviedo et al (2014).
Fig.5. EC evolution during composting
Mineralization (Ash content)
Mineralization of the different mixtures “Ms” can
be seen in Fig. 5. The relative increase of the ash
content in the remaining mass through the
degradation of the organic matter was 13% in the
MA, 17% in the MB, and 23% in the MC. So
mineralizations in MB and in MC were faster than
mineralization in MA. During mineralization of
compost the absolute ash content remains the same
and organic matter decreases while CO2 and H2O
are generated.
Fig.6. Ash content during composting
Nutrients: Product quality
The product quality is presented in Table 2
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All Ms reached maturation and had soil smell. In
addition, the color of the final products will be
darker when SCBA is used in composting.
High values of pH were found in MB and MC, but
all Ms don’t exceeded limit value. Addition of
SCBA effectively increased the macro- and micro-
nutrients of the final products including
phosphorus, potassium. The total P content was
higher in the MB and C, but the phosphorus was in
sparingly soluble form.
The total N content in younger samples was clearly
lower in the MB and MC than in the MA. This
might be attributed to the dilution by mixture with
SCBA and by an improved mineralization. When
the pH and temperature of the compost increases,
the evaporation of ammonia increases (Koivula et
al., 2004). The total N content of all composts
exceeded the limit; it is recommended that the
nitrogen content of the compost product should be
greater than 0.8% of the dry matter (Anon., 1992).
Table.2. Compost nutrients content and agronomical characteristics
IV. Conclusions
The acidification that occurs during
composting can inhibited process. The results of
our investigation demonstrate that addition of
SCBA can jugulated it. SCBA increased the rate of
mineralization of compost. Rapid degradation of
the organic matter of MC was also observed.
SCBA increments the pH level, buffering affect to
the acid generated in the first phase of the process
and improvement on the nutrient content and
reduces the need to add mineral matter to the
mature compost later. However an excessive
increment on the pH level associated with
thermophilic temperatures can propitiate losses of
N by means of volatilization. The amount of ash in
compost should not be too high (According to our
experiment it seems that the amount of 20% is still
acceptable). Increments on the presence of salts and
phytotoxic elements during the process were
observed with addition of SCBA. This can limit the
product use for agricultural activities.
To further verify the compost quality as a suitable
fertilizer, future work on some detailed as Heavy
metal contents, if this don’t exceed recommended
values, other physicochemical and microbiological
parameters, as well as the studies on larger scale
process are needed.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank
SOSUCAM (Cameroon sugar company) for the
support of the study, AUF( Agence Universitaire de
la francophonie) and IRD (Institut de recherche
pour le Developpement) for their financial support
in the frame of research project “ biodiversity and
global changes: valorization of effluents from sugar
factory and Agro-pastoral wastes” (ref:BACGL-
2014-44).
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