International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Screening of Biosurfactant Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Co...ijtsrd
The release of impurities in the environment, containing petroleum and petroleum cogitated products, is engenders of global being taint. It is also a hazardous for human and animal health, since many of these impurities have evidenced to be toxic and oncogenic. Hydrocarbon particles that are secreted into the environment are hard to get rid of, since they change state to surfaces and are captured by surface tension in a water immiscible stage. Bioremediation has tested to be an alternate to lessen the effects caused to impureness of soil and water, applying the metabolic abilities of microorganisms that can apply hydrocarbons as source of carbon and energy, or that can alter them by co metabolism. The proficiency of removal is directly related to the compound’s chemical structure, to its bioavailability deliberation, harmfulness, flexibility and approach and to the physicochemical situation present in the atmosphere. Perwez Qureshi | Dr. Reshma Jaweria "Screening of Biosurfactant/Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Contaminated Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46276.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46276/screening-of-biosurfactantbioemulsifier-producing-bacteria-from-petroleum-contaminated-soil/perwez-qureshi
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellentijtsrd
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent Gamit Shraddha | Shreya Desai | Jemisha Mistry | Swetal Patel | Rajashekhar Ingalhalli"Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16978.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/16978/efficacy-of-leaves-of-lantana-camara-as-mosquito-repellent/gamit-shraddha
Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluentijtsrd
As we know 71% of Earths Surface is covered with water. Water is one of the most essential element for the persistence of life on this planet. Pure and contamination free water is the dire necessity of every living being present on Earth but today water pollution has posed great threat to the existence of life. The discharge of effluents from various industries into the water bodies are mainly responsible for water pollution specially effluents from leather industry are the most contaminating as along with the harmful chemicals they contain organic matter as well. The dyes disposed by the leather industry are the most harmful for the environment. The conventional physicochemical methods used for the treatment of leather dyes in the contaminated water i.e. coagulation, precipitation, oxidation etc have disadvantages and limitations. This study presents microbial decolorization of leather dye effluents from Shigella sp. isolated from effluent samples collected from leather industry. Different parameters such as temperature and pH were optimized for decolorization of Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, EosinYellow, Safranine dyes by using bacterial isolates. Optimum temperature for decolorization was observed to be 300c, the optimum pH range for decolorization was found to be from pH6-pH8. All the samples were incubated at 30-°C 150 rpm. The decolorization was measured as decrease in absorbance maxima at 663 nm, 590 nm, 518nm, 530 nm for mehtylene blue, crystal violet, eosin yellow, safranine respectively. Dr. Jitender Kumar | Navleen Kaur Chopra"Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2405.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/2405/microbial-decolorization-of-leather-dye-effluent/dr-jitender-kumar
Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using...ijtsrd
The numerous applications of citric acid have increased its demand. It is of great importance to produce citric acid using adequate monosaccharides and dissacharides as they have proven to be easily catabolyzed and decomposed by Fungi when compared to polysaccharides. The superiority of sucrose to other sugars is a result of strong extracellular mycelium bound invertase of A.niger which rapidly hydrolyses sucrose at low pH. This project was undertaken to isolate, screen and produce citric acid in a submerged fermentation by four different strains of Aspergillus niger using sucrose. Aspergillus niger was isolated and characterized from garden soil. Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger in a submerged basal medium was quantitatively determined using titrimetric method. Aspergillus niger strain HUS1 ASHUS1 , Aspergillus niger strain HUS7 ASHUS7 , Aspergillus niger strain HG49 ASHG49 and Aspergillus niger strain AN8 ASAN8 showed significant accumulation of citric acid from the submerged basal medium, of which ASHUS 1 significantly a 0.05 recorded the most yield from the production after 9 days of incubation. Mbah, O. G | Okpalla, J. O | Osuala, O. J | Okoye, P. O | Alagbu, P. O "Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using Sucrose as a Carbon Source" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46260/isolation-and-screening-for-citric-acid-production-by-aspergillus-niger-using-sucrose-as-a-carbon-source/mbah-o-g
Abstract Biosorption is bioengineering where metabolism independent adsorption of xenobiotics to living or dead cells takes place.Microorganisms dead or alive are successfully exploited for bioremediation of xenobiotics by biosorption. In the present study bioremediation of xenobiotics of textile industry effluent was carried out by biosorption using dead fungus biomass of Aspergillus flavus. The dead biomass of fungus Aspergillus flavus shows maximum biosorption for three toxic components of textile industry effluent under different parameters. Methyl orange biosorption was found to be 53.62% at room temperature, at pH 5.5, with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of 40 min and the dye concentration was 1ppm. Chromium biosorption was 72.18%, at pH 6, at room temperature with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of 10 min and solution concentration 200ppm. Lead biosorption was found to be 76.12%, at pH 7, at room temperature with biomass concentration 2g/L having contact time of 40 min and solution concentration 1ppm. Desorption studies were also performed and was found that dead fungal biomass can be reused further. Key words: Bioengineering, Bioremediation, Biosorption, Textile industry effluent, Methyl Orange, Chromium, Lead, Aspergillus flavus .
Screening of Biosurfactant Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Co...ijtsrd
The release of impurities in the environment, containing petroleum and petroleum cogitated products, is engenders of global being taint. It is also a hazardous for human and animal health, since many of these impurities have evidenced to be toxic and oncogenic. Hydrocarbon particles that are secreted into the environment are hard to get rid of, since they change state to surfaces and are captured by surface tension in a water immiscible stage. Bioremediation has tested to be an alternate to lessen the effects caused to impureness of soil and water, applying the metabolic abilities of microorganisms that can apply hydrocarbons as source of carbon and energy, or that can alter them by co metabolism. The proficiency of removal is directly related to the compound’s chemical structure, to its bioavailability deliberation, harmfulness, flexibility and approach and to the physicochemical situation present in the atmosphere. Perwez Qureshi | Dr. Reshma Jaweria "Screening of Biosurfactant/Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Contaminated Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46276.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46276/screening-of-biosurfactantbioemulsifier-producing-bacteria-from-petroleum-contaminated-soil/perwez-qureshi
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellentijtsrd
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent Gamit Shraddha | Shreya Desai | Jemisha Mistry | Swetal Patel | Rajashekhar Ingalhalli"Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16978.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/16978/efficacy-of-leaves-of-lantana-camara-as-mosquito-repellent/gamit-shraddha
Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluentijtsrd
As we know 71% of Earths Surface is covered with water. Water is one of the most essential element for the persistence of life on this planet. Pure and contamination free water is the dire necessity of every living being present on Earth but today water pollution has posed great threat to the existence of life. The discharge of effluents from various industries into the water bodies are mainly responsible for water pollution specially effluents from leather industry are the most contaminating as along with the harmful chemicals they contain organic matter as well. The dyes disposed by the leather industry are the most harmful for the environment. The conventional physicochemical methods used for the treatment of leather dyes in the contaminated water i.e. coagulation, precipitation, oxidation etc have disadvantages and limitations. This study presents microbial decolorization of leather dye effluents from Shigella sp. isolated from effluent samples collected from leather industry. Different parameters such as temperature and pH were optimized for decolorization of Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, EosinYellow, Safranine dyes by using bacterial isolates. Optimum temperature for decolorization was observed to be 300c, the optimum pH range for decolorization was found to be from pH6-pH8. All the samples were incubated at 30-°C 150 rpm. The decolorization was measured as decrease in absorbance maxima at 663 nm, 590 nm, 518nm, 530 nm for mehtylene blue, crystal violet, eosin yellow, safranine respectively. Dr. Jitender Kumar | Navleen Kaur Chopra"Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2405.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/2405/microbial-decolorization-of-leather-dye-effluent/dr-jitender-kumar
Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using...ijtsrd
The numerous applications of citric acid have increased its demand. It is of great importance to produce citric acid using adequate monosaccharides and dissacharides as they have proven to be easily catabolyzed and decomposed by Fungi when compared to polysaccharides. The superiority of sucrose to other sugars is a result of strong extracellular mycelium bound invertase of A.niger which rapidly hydrolyses sucrose at low pH. This project was undertaken to isolate, screen and produce citric acid in a submerged fermentation by four different strains of Aspergillus niger using sucrose. Aspergillus niger was isolated and characterized from garden soil. Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger in a submerged basal medium was quantitatively determined using titrimetric method. Aspergillus niger strain HUS1 ASHUS1 , Aspergillus niger strain HUS7 ASHUS7 , Aspergillus niger strain HG49 ASHG49 and Aspergillus niger strain AN8 ASAN8 showed significant accumulation of citric acid from the submerged basal medium, of which ASHUS 1 significantly a 0.05 recorded the most yield from the production after 9 days of incubation. Mbah, O. G | Okpalla, J. O | Osuala, O. J | Okoye, P. O | Alagbu, P. O "Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using Sucrose as a Carbon Source" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46260/isolation-and-screening-for-citric-acid-production-by-aspergillus-niger-using-sucrose-as-a-carbon-source/mbah-o-g
Abstract Biosorption is bioengineering where metabolism independent adsorption of xenobiotics to living or dead cells takes place.Microorganisms dead or alive are successfully exploited for bioremediation of xenobiotics by biosorption. In the present study bioremediation of xenobiotics of textile industry effluent was carried out by biosorption using dead fungus biomass of Aspergillus flavus. The dead biomass of fungus Aspergillus flavus shows maximum biosorption for three toxic components of textile industry effluent under different parameters. Methyl orange biosorption was found to be 53.62% at room temperature, at pH 5.5, with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of 40 min and the dye concentration was 1ppm. Chromium biosorption was 72.18%, at pH 6, at room temperature with biomass concentration of 2g/L having contact time of 10 min and solution concentration 200ppm. Lead biosorption was found to be 76.12%, at pH 7, at room temperature with biomass concentration 2g/L having contact time of 40 min and solution concentration 1ppm. Desorption studies were also performed and was found that dead fungal biomass can be reused further. Key words: Bioengineering, Bioremediation, Biosorption, Textile industry effluent, Methyl Orange, Chromium, Lead, Aspergillus flavus .
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Removal of heavy metals from tannery effluent using Acacia nilotica and Solan...Akshay Prabha
This is done to reduce heavy metals ions such as Cr(VI), Cd(II), Ni, from tannery waste water. The removal is done by using natural adsorbents which are inexpensive and plentily available.
ABSTRACT- The development of human civilization throughout history has led to growing disruption of the natural
balance and the occurrence of different types of pollution. Environmental pollution with petroleum and petrochemical
products has been recognized as significant and serious problem. Diesel engine oil, which is one of the major products of
crude oil, constitutes a major source of pollution in our environment. Therefore diesel engine oil can enter into the
environment through wrecks of oil tankers carrying diesel oil, cleaning of diesel tanks by merchants, war ships carrying
diesel oil and motor mechanics. In present study the microorganisms utilising petrol and diesel oil as carbon source were
isolated and investigation of their characteristics towards the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which is now a
days well known as biodegradable polymer.
Key Words- Petrol and Diesel oil contamination, Bioremediation, Biodegradable bacterial polymer, Sudan
Black B staining, 16sr RNA sequencing
Low density polythene (LDPE) is the most widely used packaging material primarily because of its excellent mechanical properties, barrier properties against water, light weight, low cost and high energy effectiveness.
LDPE to biological attack was believed to be contributed by the hydrophobic carbon backbone and high molecular weight of the polymer. Thus, over the years, the rapid biodegradation of plastic has been a subject of interest in the waste management problem.
Each year, an estimated 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags are consumed worldwide. After their use, these packaging materials are dumped in landfills leading to pollution since they are non-biodegradable under natural environmental conditions
In recent years, nanoparticles that have size of 1-100 nm is widely used for textile, pharmacy,
cosmetic and treatment of industrial wastewater. Producing and using of nanoparticles widely, causes
important accumulation in nature and toxicity on ecosystem. Knowledge of potential toxicity of nanoparticles is
limited. In this study, six different nanoparticles nano-zinc oxide, nano-silicon dioxide, nano-cerium oxide,
nano-aluminum oxide, nano-hafnium oxide, and nano-tantalum oxide which used commonly, were studied to
investigate toxic impacts on organisms. We studied nine different acute toxicity test (bacteria – Escherichia coli
(gram negative bacteria) ; bacteria – Bacillus cereus (gram positive bacteria) ; bacteria – Vibrio fischeri
(bioluminescences bacteria) ; methane Archae Bacteria ; yeast – Candida albicans ; mold – Aspergillus niger ;
algae – Chlorella sp. ; Crustacea – Daphnia magna ; lepistes - Poecillia reticula) for the effect of
nanoparticles to different trophic levels. In general, the most toxic nanoparticle is nano-zinc oxide and the least
toxic nanoparticle is nano-hafnium oxide. Among the used organisms in acute toxicity test; the most sensitive
organism is algae - Chlorella sp ;the most resistant organism is fish- Poecillia reticula.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Citrus limonON Acnevulgaris (PIMPLES) IJSIT Editor
Research was carried out on antibacterial activity of Citrus limon on Acnevulgaris (Pimples). Samples
were obtained from individuals having Pimples, by swabbing their faces, backs and chests. Samples were
collected from Amanawa hospital in sokoto, Nigeria using Swab sticks. The sticks were transported to the
Microbiology Laboratory of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto. Citrus limon juice was used at different
concentrations of (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) on Propionibacteriumacnes, the bacteria that cause
Acnevulgaris (Pimples). The Citrus limon juice was found to be effective at all Concentrations used.
Conventional Cleanser was used as positive control, and it was only found to be effective at higher
concentrations of (60%, 80% and 100%) and was not effective at Lower Concentrations (20% and 40%). The
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Citrulimon on Propionibacterium acnes was taken and presence
of growth was observed at concentrations of 20%, 40% and 60%, and absence of growth was observed at
80% and 100%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of conventional cleanser indicated the presence of
growth at 20% and 40% and absence of Growth at 60%, 80% and 100%. The Minimum bactericidal
Concentration (MBC) taken on Propionibacteriumacnes using both Citrus limon juice and cleanser all showed
absence of growth at all the concentrations used (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). From the research
conducted it was observed that lemon juice have strong anti Acne vulgaris effect morethan the convensional
cleansers used for the treatment of Acne vulgaris.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Removal of heavy metals from tannery effluent using Acacia nilotica and Solan...Akshay Prabha
This is done to reduce heavy metals ions such as Cr(VI), Cd(II), Ni, from tannery waste water. The removal is done by using natural adsorbents which are inexpensive and plentily available.
ABSTRACT- The development of human civilization throughout history has led to growing disruption of the natural
balance and the occurrence of different types of pollution. Environmental pollution with petroleum and petrochemical
products has been recognized as significant and serious problem. Diesel engine oil, which is one of the major products of
crude oil, constitutes a major source of pollution in our environment. Therefore diesel engine oil can enter into the
environment through wrecks of oil tankers carrying diesel oil, cleaning of diesel tanks by merchants, war ships carrying
diesel oil and motor mechanics. In present study the microorganisms utilising petrol and diesel oil as carbon source were
isolated and investigation of their characteristics towards the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which is now a
days well known as biodegradable polymer.
Key Words- Petrol and Diesel oil contamination, Bioremediation, Biodegradable bacterial polymer, Sudan
Black B staining, 16sr RNA sequencing
Low density polythene (LDPE) is the most widely used packaging material primarily because of its excellent mechanical properties, barrier properties against water, light weight, low cost and high energy effectiveness.
LDPE to biological attack was believed to be contributed by the hydrophobic carbon backbone and high molecular weight of the polymer. Thus, over the years, the rapid biodegradation of plastic has been a subject of interest in the waste management problem.
Each year, an estimated 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags are consumed worldwide. After their use, these packaging materials are dumped in landfills leading to pollution since they are non-biodegradable under natural environmental conditions
In recent years, nanoparticles that have size of 1-100 nm is widely used for textile, pharmacy,
cosmetic and treatment of industrial wastewater. Producing and using of nanoparticles widely, causes
important accumulation in nature and toxicity on ecosystem. Knowledge of potential toxicity of nanoparticles is
limited. In this study, six different nanoparticles nano-zinc oxide, nano-silicon dioxide, nano-cerium oxide,
nano-aluminum oxide, nano-hafnium oxide, and nano-tantalum oxide which used commonly, were studied to
investigate toxic impacts on organisms. We studied nine different acute toxicity test (bacteria – Escherichia coli
(gram negative bacteria) ; bacteria – Bacillus cereus (gram positive bacteria) ; bacteria – Vibrio fischeri
(bioluminescences bacteria) ; methane Archae Bacteria ; yeast – Candida albicans ; mold – Aspergillus niger ;
algae – Chlorella sp. ; Crustacea – Daphnia magna ; lepistes - Poecillia reticula) for the effect of
nanoparticles to different trophic levels. In general, the most toxic nanoparticle is nano-zinc oxide and the least
toxic nanoparticle is nano-hafnium oxide. Among the used organisms in acute toxicity test; the most sensitive
organism is algae - Chlorella sp ;the most resistant organism is fish- Poecillia reticula.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Citrus limonON Acnevulgaris (PIMPLES) IJSIT Editor
Research was carried out on antibacterial activity of Citrus limon on Acnevulgaris (Pimples). Samples
were obtained from individuals having Pimples, by swabbing their faces, backs and chests. Samples were
collected from Amanawa hospital in sokoto, Nigeria using Swab sticks. The sticks were transported to the
Microbiology Laboratory of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto. Citrus limon juice was used at different
concentrations of (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) on Propionibacteriumacnes, the bacteria that cause
Acnevulgaris (Pimples). The Citrus limon juice was found to be effective at all Concentrations used.
Conventional Cleanser was used as positive control, and it was only found to be effective at higher
concentrations of (60%, 80% and 100%) and was not effective at Lower Concentrations (20% and 40%). The
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Citrulimon on Propionibacterium acnes was taken and presence
of growth was observed at concentrations of 20%, 40% and 60%, and absence of growth was observed at
80% and 100%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of conventional cleanser indicated the presence of
growth at 20% and 40% and absence of Growth at 60%, 80% and 100%. The Minimum bactericidal
Concentration (MBC) taken on Propionibacteriumacnes using both Citrus limon juice and cleanser all showed
absence of growth at all the concentrations used (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). From the research
conducted it was observed that lemon juice have strong anti Acne vulgaris effect morethan the convensional
cleansers used for the treatment of Acne vulgaris.
QsNetIII, An HPC Interconnect For Peta Scale SystemsFederica Pisani
QsNetIII Network
–Multi-stage switch network
–Evolution of the QsNetIIdesign
–Increased use of commodity hardware
–Increasing support for standard software
•QsNetIII Components
–ASICs Elan5 and Elite5
–Adapters, switches, cables
–Firmware, drivers, libraries
–Diagnostics, documentation
Aussie Indo Lanka Feb 14, 2009 Markets Inch Forward On Budget Expectations, S...Jagannadham Thunuguntla
“Expectations of various sectoral incentives being given through the interim budget seem to be the only trigger this week’s rally. An element of break out might still be there but it remains to be seen how markets will react after the interim budget is announced on Monday,” said Jagannadham Thunuguntla, chief executive of India’s fourth largest share brokerage firm, the Delhi-based SMC Group.
A series of batch and bioreactors experiments were carried out for absorption of dis-azo dyes present in
textile mill effluents under different aeration conditions. One fungal strain with five rates of air was
used to absorb direct brown dye. Five liters bioreactors were applied to study the removal performance.
The experimental results are compared for various operating conditions. The effects of airflow rate
(1/8, ¼, ½, 1, 2 v/v min) inlet on the dye removing were assessed. It was found that the rate of aeration
of ½ v/v min induced increase in dye removal percentages (72%) and fungal biomass (9.2 g); at the rate
of aeration of 2 v/v min, high dye removal percentage (77%) was recorded with a decrease in biomass
dry weight at the end of the incubation time. The results also indicated that the biomass dry weight
obtained at three flow rates of aeration was more or less similar until the end of the growth stage (after
incubation for three days). The results obtained indicate that using low rate of aeration (1/8, ¼, ½ v/v
min) was better for dye biosorption than high rate (1, 2 v/v min), and therefore it is recommended for
dis-azo dye removing.
Inductive Toxic-Mopping (IT-m) and Carotenogenic Bioconversion Properties of ...iosrjce
Environmental impurities and degrading substances are major causes of pollution. On-going efforts
to cut the world’s carbon emission have been an uphill battle with the unknown. Because of the importance of
some photosynthetic bacteria, viable, efficient and environment-friendly biological remediation researches have
therefore become inevitably important. In search of these criteria, there was the need for the logical merger of
efficacy of the mop-up capability of the biological agents and productive beneficial end-results. We studied the
previously identified thermophilic species of photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodocista pekingensis isolated from a
local hot spring in Malaysia. Inductive Toxic-mopping (IT-m) technique was used to assess the production of
bacteriocarotenoids by metabolic bioconversion process of eight toxic chemical compounds by Rhodocista
pekingensis. Results showed a positive response to four of the toxic chemical compounds with the production of
65±5 mg/L, 63±3 mg/L, 59±3 mg/L and 53±6 mg/L yields of raw bacteriocarotenoid in DMSO, Methanol,
Isopropyl alcohol and Dubai crude respectively when compared with 65±3 mg/l of raw bacteriocarotenoid
produced in the Control experiment. Four of the toxic compounds were efficient to trigger carotenogenic
processes needed in the production of beneficial bacteriocarotenoids, two were mild and two others were
inadequate to trigger a substantial process. The improvement in carotenoid production with the assimilated
toxic chemicals corroborated the efficiency of the Inductive Toxic-mopping Bioremediation pattern and
beneficial convertibility of chemical wastes by Rhodocista pekingensis
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
In order to clean up soils contaminated with hydrocarbons, the bioremediation activity of Pseudomonas putida was studied. Pseudomonas putida is a bacterium that can withstand the harshest environmental conditions. It is able to metabolize a wide range of petroleum hydrocarbons which is used as a source of carbon and energy. Given the potential of this microorganism, an experiment wasconducted on this strain.
For the isolation of this microorganism, a sample ofsoil from the Vakinankaratra region in the urban commune of Antsirabe II, Madagascar was microbiologically analysed. The bacterial identification was based on a study of the morphological, physicochemical and sequential analysis of the 16S rDNA gene.
Multidrug resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from domestic and tannery w...iosrjce
The objective of this study was to screen for the microorganisms in the domestic wastes and tannery
effluents and characterize it’s antibiogram to know the prevalence of resistant pathogens. A total of 109 isolates
of 16 different genera were isolated from 38 samples by aerobic culture method. Fourteen and ninety-five
isolates were obtained from six domestic wastes and 32 tannery waste samples, respectively. The isolates
belonged to the genus Micrococcus (18.3%), Alcaligens (15.6%), Staphylococcus (11.0%), Enterobacter (4.6%),
Shigella (14.7%), Klebsiella (6.4%), Haemophilus (4.6%), Citrobacter (3.7%), Actinobacillus (3.7%),
Escherichia (4.6%), Corynebacterium (4.6%) and others (8.2%). It was interesting to notice that most of the
isolates were Gram-negative bacillus (63.3%) and few were Gram-positive cocci (36.7%). Pathogenic
microorganisms from domestic wastes and tannery effluents have been identified and reported. Most of the
isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, nitrofurontoin and cefixime. Levofloxacin and
imipenem were effective against 108 (99.5%) of the isolates. Multi drug resistance was observed in most of the
isolates. Some isolates were found in both domestic and tannery waste samples, but their antibiotic resistance
patterns were not similar. Serratia spp. and two Bacillus spp. with different antibiogram pattern were found only in tannery waste samples. The significant number of Multiple Antibiotic Resistant (MAR) bacteria was observed in both the samples. Human infections caused by these bacteria could be difficult to treat with available drugs.
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED BY Pseudomonas aer...UniversitasGadjahMada
The biosurfactants are used by several industrial sectors such as petroleum, agriculture, food production, chemistry, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Because of their hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, they have potency to reduce surface tension, interfacial tension between water-hydrocarbon systems, and low micelle concentration. Their characteristics strongly depend on the producer strain as well as on the medium composition, such as carbon and nitrogen sources. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different sources of carbon (n-hexadecane, glycerol and glucose) and nitrogen (urea, NH4Cl and NaNO3 ) for the production of biosurfactants by a new strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa B031 isolated from a rhizosphere of Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen, a hardwood plant species at a phytoremediation field. The biosurfactant characteristics of the strain were evaluated, particularly its surface-active properties and potential to remove hydrocarbon. Glycerol was found to be the optimum carbon source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 718 mg/L, 37%, and 35 mN/m, respectively. Sodium nitrate (NaNO3 ) was observed as the optimum nitrogen source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and CMC of 290 mg/L, 30%, and 24 mN/m, respectively. These biosurfactants efficiently reduced surface tension of culture broth from 42 mN/m to 31 mN/m for the glycerol treatment and from 37 mN/m to 24 mN/m for the sodium nitrate treatment. The crude biosurfactants from the glycerol and sodium nitrate treatments also removed 87.5% and 84%, respectively, of crude oil from sand. These rates were higher than those of the chemical surfactants (SDS and Triton X-100). These findings indicate that the biosurfactants produced by the strain from both glycerol and NaNO3 treatments can efficiently decrease the interfacial tension of culture broth dilution and have a high emulsion index, thus hold promise in hydrocarbon bioremediation application.
An Investigation Into The Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Biosulphidogenesis I...iosrjce
Anthropogenic activities like mining, processes of metallurgy and other chemical industries lead to
the discharge of a high amount of sulphate into the environment that causes serious problems to human health.
This paper illustrates the employment of thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria for biosulphidogenesis. Two
different species have been isolated from hot water spring of Vajreshwari and Ganeshpuri,Thane, Maharashtra,
INDIA.The mechanism involved in biosulphidogenesis includes production of specific protein as well as
liberation of some extracellular polymeric compound (EPS) e.g. proteins, carbohydrate, acids etc. that are
produced during the microbial cell metabolism. These compounds plays an important role in the faster
reduction of sulphate and decrease in production rate of sulphide.The isolate was found to be of genus
Bacillusand type strain was found to be subtilis Zankar and licheniformis Sonali. The strain sequence were
deposited in NCBI database with accession number KJ939324 and KJ939325 respectively. The result highlights
the potential use of these organism in biosulphidogenesis.
Phytoremediation of industrial effluent and Reduction of physicochemical para...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
Ek4301827831
1. Neetu Singh et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.
www.ijera.com 827 | P a g e
Comparative Studies on Simultaneous Biodegradation of Phenol
and Cyanide Using Different Strains
Neetu Singh1
, Bhumica Agarwal2
and C. B.Majumder3
Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttrakhand, INDIA.
Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttrakhand, INDIA.
Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttrakhand, INDIA
Abstract
Removal of pollutants like phenol and cyanide is a serious environmental concern. Widespread studies on the
biodegradation of phenol and cyanide have been carried out to overcome the environmental problems. This
study provides an overview on the biological degradation of phenol and cyanide by isolated strain S.odorifera.
For comparison three strains namely, A. chroococuum, E. coli and P. putida were also used for the degradation
of phenol and cyanide. In this study, the effect of initial concentration of phenol and cyanide on their removal
and biomass concentration was studied. It was observed that amongst these four bacteria percentage removal of
phenol and cyanide, was found to be maximum for S. odorifera. The maximum tolerance level of phenol and
cyanide for S. odorifera was found to be 1500 mg/l and 150 mg/l respectively. It was also concluded from this
study that, the bacteria S. odorifera was capable simultaneous removal of phenol and cyanide i.e., 88.26% and
99.85% respectively.
Keywords: Biodegradation, Environmental concern, Phenol, Cyanide, Simultaneous removal
I. INTRODUCTION
A huge source of water pollution is industrial waste;
industries produce large amount of waste water
which is harmful to environment and human health.
Phenol and cyanide compounds are produced as
waste products of many industrial processes; coke
plant being one of them. Waste water from coke plant
also contains toxic xenobiotics: phenol derivatives
(pyrocatechol, pyrogallol, problems. The
concentration of phenol, cyanide and their derivatives
in coke waste water is generally higher than the
standard limits set for their release in to the
environment. The Maximum Contaminant
limit (MCL) of phenol and cyanide in drinking
water as defined by the US Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA) and the Minimum National
Standards (MINAS) of the Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB) in India are 0.5 mg/l and 0.2 mg/l
respectively [1,2].
Phenol and cyanide contamination in water
has posed severe health effects around the world.
Long-term exposure of cyanide at levels above the
MCL, can cause weight loss, thyroid effects, nerve
damage and even death and phenol exposure can lead
to gastrointestinal disorders, skin and eyes injuries,
lung kidney, liver and heart damage, collapse, coma
and other serious mental disturbances [3,4,5].
Several routes for phenol and cyanide
removal from the environment are under
investigation, including the use of biodegradation.
Biodegradation requires the use of living
microorganisms for degradation or adsorption of
pollutant. The microorganisms that can be used for
biological treatment method must have the ability to
utilize waste material and converting them into
simple compounds by natural metabolism. Biological
removal of pollutants provides a cost effective and
eco- friendly solution for the pollution deterioration
from the industrial effluent. Widespread studies on
the biodegradation of phenol and cyanide have been
carried out in order to overcome the environmental
problems. During the past two decades, a variety of
bacteria capable of degrading phenol and cyanide, in
single substrate system have been isolated and
characterized. Some of the bacteria having phenol
degrading capacity are Rhodococcus arythropolis,
Gordonia sputa, Pseudomonas putida, Streptomyces,
Phormidium valderianum BDU 30501, Arthrobacter
sp., Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freundii, Microccus
agilis etc. [6,7,8,9,10,11]and cyanide degrading
capacity are Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter sp.,
Pseudomonas sp., Cryptococcus humicolus MCN2,
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Azotobacter
chroococcum 446 etc,[12,13].
A very few studies have also investigated
the phenol removal in the presence of cyanide.
However no study has been reported where
simultaneous removal of phenol and cyanide by
bacterial degradation takes place. Hence the focus of
this study was on the simultaneous biodegradation of
phenol and cyanide from coke waste water. For this
purpose, the bacterial strain capable of co-
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Neetu Singh et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.
www.ijera.com 828 | P a g e
fermentation of phenol and cyanide as sole source of
carbon and nitrogen has been utilized as described
elsewhere [14]. Biodegradation capacity of three
other strains, namely E. coli BA07, Pseudomonas
putida MTCC 1194, and Azotobacter chroococcum
446 was also studied. It is a well known fact that the
initial concentration of the pollutant influences its
percentage removal as well as biomass
concentration[15,16].Therefore, the effect of initial
concentration of phenol and cyanide on their removal
and biomass concentration was also studied.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Chemicals
All the chemicals used in this study were of
analytical reagent grade and obtained from Himedia
Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai India. All the
solutions were prepared in Milli-Q Water (Q-H2O,
Millipore Corp. with resistivity of 18.2 MΩ-cm).
Stock solution of 100 mg/l cyanide was prepared by
dissolving 0.256 g of KCN in 1 L of water whose pH
was pre-adjusted to 10. Stock solution containing
1000 mg/L of phenol was prepared by dissolving 1 g
of pure phenol crystal in 1 L of water.
2.2 Bacteria strains and medium
Pseudomonas putida MTCC 1194 and
Azotobacter chroococcum 446, used in this study,
were supplied by Microbial Type Culture
Collection, Chandigarh, India. The strains were
revived according to the instructions given by MTCC
[MTCC guidelines]. Cultures were stored on agar
plates till further use and were sub cultured
after every 30 days. All inoculations were
performed in aseptic conditions in laminar air flow
unit (Rescholar Equipment, INDIA). The strains E.
coli BA07 and S. odoriferra MTCC 5700 were
isolated from coke waste water in laboratory by [14].
The composition of growth media specific to above
mentioned strains is given in Table 1.
2.3 Acclimatization
The acclimatization of all four strains in
phenol and cyanide environment was performed as
follows:
The cultures were sub-cultured from agar
plate in 100 ml of steam sterilized prescribed media
(Table 1) in 250 ml flasks. The media was
supplemented with 10 mg/l of phenol and 1 mg/l of
cyanide. The conical flasks were agitated/ incubated
in an incubator shaker (Metrex, MO-250, INDIA) at
30 ◦
C with agitation speed of 120 rpm for 24 h. After
24 h the synthetic medium in the flasks turned turbid
indicating significant bacterial growth in the flasks.
Thereafter, phenol and cyanide were periodically
added in increments of 5 mg/l till their concentration
in the growth media reached 1500 mg/l and 150 mg/l
respectively.
2.4 Batch Biodegradation Experiments
Batch experiments for simultaneous
biodegradation of phenol and cyanide were carried
out in 250 ml round flasks with working volume of
100 ml and incubated in an incubator cum Orbital
shaker, at 29±1 0
C with agitation speed of 150 rpm.
The flasks were covered with both cotton plug and
aluminium crimp cap. All the flasks containing
growth medium were steam sterilized in autoclave at
121±1 0
C for 20 minutes at 15 psi pressure. Phenol
and cyanide were added after steam sterilization to
avoid oxidation. The initial phenol concentration was
ranged from 100 to 1500 mg/l and cyanide
concentrations were ranged from 10 to 150 mg/l in
the ratio of 10:1. During the biodegradation
experiments, the pH of the medium was set between
7 and 8. The batch experiments were conducted in
triplicate and lasted for a maximum of 96 h.
2.5 Analytical Methods
For biodegradation studies, appropriate
volumes of samples were withdrawn and centrifuged
using Remi Lab Centrifuge at 9000 rpm for 10 min.
The supernatant was analyzed for phenol and cyanide
by 4-aminoantipyrene method at 510 nm and
colorimetric picric acid method at 520 nm,
respectively [17]. The bacterial growth was measured
as optical density by UV-Vis spectrophotometer
(Lasany International) at 600 nm after 96 h and was
expressed in terms of biomass concentration (mg dry
weight /l) [18].
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Studies on cyanide biodegradation
Cyanide biodegradation was followed over a
period of 96 h in all the selected strains and analysed
for reduction of concentrations of cyanide over the
incubation period. Suitable dilutions of the samples
were made to make sure the values detected were
within the linear range of the cyanide standard curve.
Though all of the four bacteria consumed cyanide as
a source of energy, percentage removal of cyanide
was found to be maximum for S. odorifera. It was
observed that the percentage removal of cyanide
decreases with increase in initial concentration of
cyanide (Fig. 1). With S. odorifera percentage
removal remained constant up to initial concentration
of 20 mg/l and decreased thereafter. However all
other strains showed a decrease in removal
with increase in initial concentration. The cyanide
degradation by S. odorifera, A. chroococuum, P.
putida and E. coli was found to be 99.85 %, 96.34%,
96.67% and 25.56 %, respectively at 20 mg/l of
3. Neetu Singh et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.
www.ijera.com 829 | P a g e
cyanide. It was found that concentration above 50-60
mg/l
Table. 1 Composition of media for
microorganisms
Micro-
organisms
Media
Compositions (g/l)
References
Serratia
odoriferra
MTCC 5700
Na2HPO4
KH2PO4
NaCl
NH4Cl
MgSO4.7H2O
Glucose
[14]
Azotobacter
chroococuum
446
MgSO4.7H2O
Na2MoO4.2H2O
CaCl2 .2H2O
KH2PO4
FeSO4.7H2O
Glucose
[19]
Pseudomona
s putida
MTCC 1194
Na2HPO4
KH2PO4
NaCl
MgSO4.7H2O
Glucose
FeSO4.7.H2O
CaCl2.2H2O
MgCl2.6 H2O
Na2MoO4.2H2O
MnCl2.4H2O
(NH4)2SO4
[11]
E. coli BA07 Peptone
Yeast extract
NaCl
Glucose
[20]
Fig1. Effect of initial concentration of cyanide on
its percentage removal by S. odorifera, E. coli, A.
chroococuum and P. putida
was toxic to microorganism and biodegradation rate
of both A. chroococuum and P. putida decreased to
40-50% at 50 mg /l. However S. odorifera was able
to remove 35.6% of 100 mg/l cyanide and 7.56 %
removal 150 mg/l cyanide. This is due to the fact that
as initial concentration of cyanide increased the
toxicity of cyanide to microorganism also increased
thereby reducing the percentage removal of cyanide
[15].
3.2 Studies on phenol degradation
Phenol biodegradation was also followed
over a period of 96 h in all the selected strains and
analyzed for reduction of concentrations of phenol
over the incubation period. Suitable dilutions of the
phenol samples were carried out to make sure the
values were detected within the linear range of the
phenol standard curve. The percentage removal of
phenol was observed to decrease with increase in
initial concentration of phenol as shown in Fig.2. The
removal was found to be constant after 1000 mg/l of
phenol for S. odorifera, P. putida and E. coli.
However 500 mg/ l was found to be the maximum
tolerance limit for A. chroococuum. At low phenol
concentration i.e., 50 mg/l, S. odorifera, E.coli, A.
chroococuum and P. putida showed 88.265%,
83.179 %, 65.643% and 69.99%
Fig2.Effect of initial concentration of phenol on its
percentage removal by S. odorifera, E. coli, A.
chroococuum and P. putida
Fig 3. Effect of initial concentration of phenol and
cyanide on biomass concentration by S. odorifera,
E. coli , A. chroococuum and P. putida
4. Neetu Singh et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.
www.ijera.com 830 | P a g e
removal, respectively. However at high phenol
concentration of 400 mg/l, S. odorifera, E. coli, A.
chroococuum and P. putida showed only 47.13 %,
22 %, 41.34 %, and 34.36 % removal of phenol,
respectively. Maximum tolerance limit of P. putida
was found to be 1000 mg/l however biodegradation
rate at such high concentration was negligible,
whereas E.coli was able to survive till 1500 mg/L
of phenol but showed no removal. So it was
observed from Fig. 2 that S. odorifera provided
maximum removal capacity of phenol even at 1500
mg/l of phenol.
3.3 Effect on Biomass concentration
The biomass concentration was found to
be increasing with the increase in phenol and
cyanide concentration up to 200 mg/l of phenol and
20 mg/l of cyanide (Fig. 3). This is due to the fact
that with the increase in phenol and cyanide
concentration, microorganism utilizes more phenol
and cyanide as carbon and nitrogen source, hence
there is an increase in the biomass concentration
[14]. However, above 200 mg/l of phenol and 20
mg/l of cyanide, substrate inhibition starts to play
the inhibitory role; as a result biomass
concentration starts to decrease. The biomass
concentration becomes negligible at a phenol
concentration of 1500 mg/l and cyanide
concentration of 150 mg/l for S. odorifera. The
maximum tolerance level where the biomass
concentration became negligible for E. coli and P.
putida was found to be 1000 mg/l of phenol and
100 mg/l of cyanide. However growth of A.
chroococuum was inhibited at much lower
concentration (500 mg/l of phenol and 50 mg/l of
cyanide).
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In the present study, the biodegradation
capacity of S. odorifera strain is compared with
three other strains, namely E. coli BA07,
Pseudomonas putida MTCC 1194, and Azotobacter
chroococcum 446. It was concluded from this study
that, the bacteria S. odorifera was capable of
almost complete removal of phenol and cyanide
i.e., 88.26% and 99.85% respectively and survive
till 1500 mg/l of phenol and 150 mg/l of cyanide
concentration, whereas E. coli BA07,
Pseudomonas putida MTCC 1194, and Azotobacter
chroococcum 446 gives 83.179 %, 65.643% and
69.99% removal for phenol, respectively and 25.56
%,96.67% and 96.34% removal for cyanide,
respectively.
V. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Ministry
of Human Resource Development (MHRD),
INDIA for funding this research work. The authors
are also grateful to I.I.C and I.A Lab
,I.I.T.Roorkee, India for providing facilities for
carrying out this research work.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Akcil, ―Destruction of cyanide in gold
mill effluents: Biological versus chemical
treatments‖, Biotechnol. Adv., 21. 501–
511,2003.
[2] G. Busca, S.Berardinelli, C.Resini, and
L.Arright, ―Technologies for removal of
phenol from fluid streams: a short review
on recent developments‖, J. Hazard.
Mater., 160(2-3), 265-288,2008.
[3] ATSDR, Agency for toxic substances and
Disease Registry, Public Health
Statement,
Cyanide.http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprof
iles/tp.asp?id=72&tid=19,2006.
[4] ATSDR, Agency for toxic substances and
Disease Registry, Toxicological profile for
phenol, US, Department of Health and
Human
Service.<http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxpro
files/tp.asp?id=148&tid=27>,2008.
[5] A.Mittal, , L. Krishnan, and V. K. Gupta,
―Use of waste materials—Bottom Ash and
De-Oiled Soya, as potential adsorbents for
the removal of Amaranth from aqueous
solutions‖, J. of Hazard. Mater., 117, 171-
178,2005.
[6] M.Prieto, A.Hidalgo J. L.Serra, M.J.
Llama, ―Degradation of phenol by
Rhodococcus erythropolis UPV-1
immobilized on Biolite in a packed-bed
reactor‖, J. Biotechnol., 97, 1–11,2002.
[7] K.Przybulewska, A.Wieczorek, A.Nowak,
and M.Pochrzaszcz, ―The isolation of
microorganism capable of phenol
degradation‖, Polish J. of Microbiol.,
55(1), 63-67,2006.
[8] T. S.Chung, H. Y. Tseng, and R.S. Juang,
―Mass transfer effect and intermediate
detection for phenol degradation in
immobilized Pseudomonas putida
systems‖, Process Biochem., 38, 1497–
1507,2003.
[9] A.Mordocco, C.Kuek, and R. Jenkins,
―Continuous degradation of phenol at low
concentration using immobilized
Pseudomonas putida”, Enzyme Microb.
Tech., 25, 530–536,1999.
[10] G. Spigno, M. Zilli, and C. Nicolella,
―Mathematical modeling and simulation
of phenol degradation in biofilters‖,
Biochem. Eng. J., 19, 267–275,2004.
5. Neetu Singh et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 1), March 2014, pp.
www.ijera.com 831 | P a g e
[11] A. Kumar, S. Kumar, and S. Kumar,
―Biodegradation kinetics of phenol and
catechol using Pseudomonas putida
MTCC 1194‖, Biochem. Eng. J., 22,151–
159,2005.
[12] Y. B. Patil, and K. M. Paknikar,
―Biodetoxification of silver cyanide from
electroplating industry waste water‖,
Lett. App. Microbial., 30(1), 33-37,2001.
[13] V. M.Luque-Almagro, R.Blasco, M.J.
Huertas, M.Martinez-Luque, C.Moreno-
Vivian, F.Castillo, and M.D.Roldan,
―Alkaline cyanide biodegradation by
Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT
5344‖, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 33, 168-
9,2005.
[14] B. Agrawal, and C.Balomajumder, ― Coke
waste water: A source of phenol and
cyanide assimilating bacteria‖, J. of Sci.
Tech. Manegement, 5(1) ,2012.
[15] R. R. Dash,. C. B.Majumder,. and A.
Kumar, ―Treatment of metal cyanide
bearing wastewater by simultaneous
adsorption and biodegradation (SAB)‖. J.
of Hazard. Mater., 152(1), 387–396,2008.
[16] P.Wu, G. Zhang, J. Li, H. Lu, and W.
Zhao, ―Effects of Fe2+
concentration on
biomass accumulation and energy
metabolism in photosynthetic bacteria
wastewater treatment‖, Bioresource Tech.,
119, 55–59,2012.
[17] APHA,.―Standard methods for the
examination of water and waste water‖
,20th
ed, American Public Health
Association, Washington, DC,2001.
[18] M. Afzal, S. Iqbal, S. Rauf, and M.
K.Zafar,―Characteristics of phenol
biodegradation in saline solutions by
monocultures of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Pseudomonas
pseudomallei”, J. of Hazard. Mater., 140,
60-66,2007.
[19] N. Gupta, ―Simultaneous biodegradation
and biosorption of cyanide from industrial
waste water‖. Ph.D Thesis, I.I.T.
Roorkee.2013.
[20] MTCC Guide lines,
http://www.imtech.res.in/mtcc/bacteria.ht
m.