Nanotechnology

BY: S. MAROOF
2016
2
Using of Nanotechnology in
Bioremediation

Contents
3
 Introduction
 Nanotechnology
 Nanotechnology Tools
 Nanotechnology in Industry
 Conclusion

Remediation
5
 The field of study that focuses on investigating the clean up or removal
of contaminants from the environment is called “environmental
remediation”.
 Environmental remediation techniques use various methods to remove
and/or break-down (degrade) environmental contaminants in polluted
soils, surface waters, groundwater, as well as in sediments.
D.Griege K. et al(2015) “ Nano-remediation: Tiny particles cleaning up big environmental problems” Blog
entry for inuc

Choosing the best methods
6
Nature of contaminant
Performance
Cost
Environmental impacts
D.Griege K. et al(2015) “ Nano-remediation: Tiny particles cleaning up big environmental problems” Blog entry for
inuc

Remediation methods
7
 ex situ techniques: removing the contaminated soil, sediment, or water from
the polluted sites and then treating the pollution above ground.
inuc

Remediation methods
8
 in situ techniques: clean up the contamination while it is still in the ground
without the need of off-site treatment.
D.Griege K. et al(2015) “ Nano-remediation: Tiny particles cleaning up big environmental problems” Blog entry for inuc

Bioremediation
9
 Bioremediation is a pollution control technology that uses biological system to
catalyze the degradation or transformation of various toxic chemicals to less
toxic forms.
 Bioremediation provides a good clean-up strategy for some types of waste, but
as it is expected, it will not be useful for all.
Shirvastavana J.N.2012”Laboratory scale Bioremediation of ….” Bioremediation & Biodegradation
Rizwan Md. 2014 “ Ecofriendly application of nanomaterial: Nano bioremediation” Journal of Nanoparticles

Bioremediation tools
10
 Various substances such as the right temperature, nutrients, and amount
of oxygen are used to enhance the growth of whatever pollution-eating
microbes (indigenous microorganisms) might already be living at the
contaminated site.
 In the second, less common case, specialized microbes
 (exogenous microorganisms) are added to degrade the contaminants.
. Rizwan Md. 2014 “ Ecofriendly application of nanomaterial: Nano bioremediation” Journal of
Nanoparticles

Bioremediation tools
11
.Shirvastavana J.N.2012”Laboratory scale Bioremediation of ….” Bioremediation & Biodegradation
• Reduction of Water
impurities
• Chemical pollutants
EM Technology
• Reduction of Water
impurities
• Biological pollutants
Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology
13
 Nanoremediation is the term used to describe various techniques and methods
to clean up contaminated sites using Engineered Nanomaterials.
 Engineered Nanomaterials are generally defined as specially designed
materials with size range of approximately 1-100 nm.
inuc

Potential of Nanotechnology
14
Reduce the overall
costs of cleaning up
large-scale
contaminated sites
Reduce Sites clean-
up time
Eliminate the need
for treatment
Disposal of
contaminated soil
Reduce some
contaminant
concentration near to
zero
inuc

Industry Overview
15
1997
• $432
millions
2005
• $ 4.1
millions
2015
• $1 trillion
“Current Strategies for engineering controls in nanomaterials production….”2013

Nanotechnology Sales
16
Lux Research Report:” Sizing Nanotechnology Value chain”

Bioremediation in industry
17
The lack of re-usability
Difficulty in
downstream processing
Limited bioavailability
D.Griege K. et al(2015) “ Nano-remediation: Tiny particles cleaning up big environmental problems” Blog entry
for inuc

Why We Use Nanotechnology?
18
D.Griege K. et al(2015) “ Nano-remediation: Tiny particles cleaning up big environmental problems”
Blog entry for inuc
Increasing the bioavailability
• Surfactant Micelles
Increasing the solubility of the
contaminants
• Liposomes
Interact with the
microorganisms

Nanotechnology Tools
20
Bhalerao T.S. 2014 “A review: Applications of iron nanomaterial in bioremediation ….” Journal of Nanoparticles
Nanoremediation
Iron
Nanoparticles
Nano sorbents
Bimetallic
Nanoparticles
Bioremediation
Immobilized
Enzymes
Nanomaterials
Nano
bioremediation
Zero-Valent
Nanoparticles
Iron-Oxide
Nanoparticles

Nanotechnology Tools:
Iron Nanoparticles
21

Iron Nanoparticles Advantages
22
 Magnetic Properties
 Aggregation of these particles is responsible for reducing the surface area to
volume ratio.
 Nanoscale iron is abundant and far less toxic than other heavy metals.
 The ability of the nanoparticles to be coated with various ligands and control
of surface area to volume ratio by changing the shape of the nanoparticles
enables the design of sensors with high selectivity, sensitivity and specificity.
.

Iron Nanoparticles Advantages
23
 the co-precipitation of ferrous and ferric salts under inert conditions.
This technology imparts great industrial applicability :
 Easier separation
 Re-usability
 Cost-effectiveness.

Iron Nanoparticles Disadvantages
24
 Iron rusts when combines with oxygen to form iron oxide, But polymer
coating or other entrapping materials protects the iron surface from rusting in
the presence of water.
 Iron nanoparticles may migrate only a few inches to a few feet from the point
of injection.
 The mobility of nanoparticles in the subsurface environment depends on the
particle size, solution pH, ionic strength, soil composition, ground water flow
velocity and so on.
D.Griege K. et al(2015) “ Nano-remediation: Tiny particles cleaning up big environmental problems” Blog entry for inuc

Iron Nanoparticles Applications
25
Mehndirata P. 2013”Environmental pollution and Nanotechnology” Environmental and Pollution
• Petrochemicals
Removal of surface pollution
• Pesticides
• Organic Solutes
• Fertilizers
• Heavy Metals
Removal of sub-surface pollution

Iron Nanoparticles Applications
26
Muller N. 2010 “Nanoparticles for Remediation…” Mineralogical society of America

27
Pollutants remediated by Nano iron Technology

28
Nano sorbents

Nano sorbents
29
Savage N.2005 “Nanomaterials and water purification: Opportunities and challenges: Journal of nanoparticle
research.
Zeolite
• Ion-Exchanger
• Media for Metal Ions
Fullerenes
• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAH)
• Naphthalene
Amphiphilic Nanoparticles
• PAH
• Hard-to-reach compounds in aqueous solution

Single-Enzyme Nanoparticles
30

Enzyme Disadvantages
31
Lack of Stability
Short Catalytic lifetime
Lose of the activity due to Oxidation

32
 An effective way to increase the stability, longevity, and reusability of the
enzymes is to attach them to magnetic iron NPs. If enzymes are attached to
the magnetic iron NPs then we can easily separate the enzymes from
reactants or products by applying a magnetic field.
 The first SENs were assembled by Kim and Grate (2005), using
chymotrypsin as a model enzyme. The synthesis of SENs involves enzyme
surface modification, vinyl polymer growth from the enzyme surface.
Duran N. 2008”Use of Nanoparticles in soil-water bioremediation processes” symposium ISMOM

33

Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles
34

Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles
35
 nZVI can be injected into a site to degrade the contaminant:
 Creating a Wall of Particles Cleans Water as it passes through it
 Using small mobile particles Travel through the pores in the soil
inuc

nzVI Iron Nanoparticles advantages
36
 nZVI may provide faster clean-up compared to conventional techniques due
to increased contaminant degradation rates
 nZVI can be used on a wide range of environmental contaminants (such as
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, heavy metals, and
various other chemical pollutants.
 These nanoparticles may potentially able to reach hard-to-access areas for in
situ use.
 It has often been cited to be potentially more cost-effectiveness compared to
alternative techniques.
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nzVI Iron Nanoparticles risks
37
 nZVI particles tend to cluster together and quickly aggregate in the
environment (due to their colloidal chemistry), thereby limiting their flow and
ability to maintain contact with the contaminants.
 One potential solution to this problem is to coat the nanoparticles with
different organic or polymer substances to improve their mobility in the
environment.
inuc

nzVI Iron Nanoparticles risks
38
 Another serious challenge related to the use of nZVI for in situ remediation is
its potential to cause adverse impacts to ecological organisms in the
environment, especially microbes.
 The behavior of these nanomaterials in different types of environments varies,
for example, temperature, hydrogeology, and sub-surface conditions like pH
and soil porosity.
inuc

Challenges about nzVI migration
39
There are some questions about the migration of nanoparticles:
 How mobile are the particles?
 Do they have the capacity to carry pollution into a new,
unintended, environmental compartment?
 What exposure level is considered safe?
.
inuc

Why nZVI?
40
Karn B. et al 2009 “Nanotechnology and in situ remediation…”environmental health perspective

Nanomaterials
41

Nanomaterials
42
 when the material is brought to nanoscale, surface area per unit mass of a
material increases; So a larger amount of the material can come into contact
With surrounding materials and this affects the reactivity.

43
Figure 1: Application of NMs in bioremediation.

44
Table 1: Type of NMs, their synthesis methods, and examples

Dendrimers
46
 Dendritic polymers, which include random hyperbranched polymers,
dendrigraft polymers, dendrons and dendrimers, are relatively monodispersed
and highly branched macromolecules with controlled composition and
architecture consisting of three components: a core, interior branch cells and
terminal branch cell.

Dendrimers
48
Dendritic Polymers

Dendrimer Applications
49
 Utilizing titanium dioxide (TiO2) porous ceramic filters of which the
pores were impregnated with an alkylated poly(propylene imine)
dendrimer, poly(ethylene imine) hyperbranched polymer or β-
cyclodextrin, thus resulting in hybrid organic/inorganic filter modules
of high mechanical strength and high surface area.

Nano structures
50
TiO2
Nanotubes
• PCP
Single
Metal NPs
• Dechlorination
SWCNTs
MWCNTs
HWCNTs
• Ethylbenzene

Nanostructure
51
 The iron oxides, oxyhydroxides, and sulphides have used in remediation to
sorb or immobilis contaminants from groundwater and in wastes.
 Carbon nanotube based sensors are used for sensing various gases like
NH3,NO2 or O3.

Nanotechnology in Industry
53
 Treatment/ Remediation
 Sensing/Detection
 Pollution/Prevention
Bhalerao T.S. 2014 “A review: Applications of iron nanomaterial in bioremediation ….” Journal of
Nanoparticles

Prevention
54
 Pollution prevention is defined as the reduction of pollutants at the source
 Metal oxide Nano catalysts, chiefly gold Nano catalyst, show promising results
for preventing or reducing the pollution at the source.
Mehndiratta P. 2013”Environmental pollution and Nanotechnology” Environmental and pollution

Remediation
55
 Nanoparticles can easily remediate or degrade contaminants of underground water
because they can quickly move by the flow.
 They stay active for a long period of time
 They have high enzymatic activity because of high surface to volume ratio
 Nanoparticles can attach to the solid surfaces when they use in an free state, so they
widely use for wastewater treatment of as a filter for gases.

Sensing
56
 Nanotechnology has great potential for making a sensor for monitoring pollutions:
 the ability of the nanoparticles to be coated with wide range of chemical and biological
ligands helps in imparting the specificity to the sensor.
 the surface to volume ratio of the nanoparticles can be easily controlled by varying the
size and shape of the nanoparticles thus imparting control over the interaction quality
with the analyte molecule.

Sensing
57
 The ability to construct nanoparticles of varying metals helps in improving the
conductivity and thus, the sensitivity.
 Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are widely use nanomaterials which also applicable in
biosensor fields.
Myres M. 2011“current and impeding development in silica nanoparticles…” paint & Coating Industry

Application of sensors
58

Detection of organic pollutants
Detection of inorganic pollutants
Detection of biologic pollutants

Using of nanoparticle sensors for detection of organic pollutions
59
 Porous silicon exhibits the phenomena of photoluminescence and this
luminescence is quenched in the presence of organic molecule.
 By using this technology pesticide concentration as low as 1 ppm could be
detected.

Using of sensors for detection of inorganic pollutions
60
 The detection of various heavy metals, like Pb, Hg, Cd, using
nanoparticles is either fluorescence based or calorimetric based.
 Binding of heavy metal ions to these metal chelators results in
aggregation of the nanoparticles yielding a shift in wavelength
absorption and ultimately resulting in colour change from red to blue.

Using of sensors for detection of biological pollutions
61
 Biological contaminants include living organisms (generally bacteria) or their
by-products that can be toxic to human health.
 The major bacterial pollutant belongs to enterobacteriaceae family.
 Coated gold nanoparticles with IgG proved successful for sensing S. aureus
and S. saprophyticus.
 Quantum dots (QD) are also used as a fluorescent labeling system for detection
of microorganisms like Giardia.

Nano biosensors
62
Malik P. et al 2013”Nanobiosensors: Concepts and Variations” Hindawi Publishing Corporations

Nanotechnology-based Biosensors
63
Disadvantages Advantages
Kumar S. et al 2012 “Nanotechnology-based biosensors and diagnostics…”Bionanoscience

Using of Nanotechnology for air remediation
64
 Carbon nanotubes, for example, have been recognized for their ability to adsorb
dioxin much more strongly than traditional activated carbon.

Conclusion
65
 Advances in Nano scale science and engineering suggest that many of the
current problems involving water quality could be resolved or greatly
ameliorated using Nano sorbents , Nano catalysts , bioactive nanoparticles ,
nanostructured catalytic membranes and nanoparticle enhanced filtration
among other products and processes resulting from the development of
nanotechnology.

Conclusion
66
 The use of engineered nanomaterials for environmental remediation
necessitates the careful balancing of the potential benefits as well as
risks and uncertainties together with site characteristics in order to
decide upon the best treatment option for a given site.
inuc

Nanotechnology

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