THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Population explosion,definition,causes of population explosion,high birth rate, low death rate, life expectancy,immigration,density of population,consequences of population explosion,overexploitation of natural resources,industrialisation and urbanisation, environmental pollution, poverty,malnutrition & famines,economic effect,social effect,population dyanamics of india,natality,mortality,emigration,immigration,age structure,sex ratio,dependency ratio,birth control methods. lastly question answer session and Thank You
disposal of waste in community health nursing
community medicine
Definition of waste disposal
Solid waste
Sources of refuse
Storage
Collection
Transportation of waste
Environment hygiene committee
Methods of disposal
Methods of composting
Public education
Excreta disposal
Biomedical waste management
Conclusion
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Population explosion,definition,causes of population explosion,high birth rate, low death rate, life expectancy,immigration,density of population,consequences of population explosion,overexploitation of natural resources,industrialisation and urbanisation, environmental pollution, poverty,malnutrition & famines,economic effect,social effect,population dyanamics of india,natality,mortality,emigration,immigration,age structure,sex ratio,dependency ratio,birth control methods. lastly question answer session and Thank You
disposal of waste in community health nursing
community medicine
Definition of waste disposal
Solid waste
Sources of refuse
Storage
Collection
Transportation of waste
Environment hygiene committee
Methods of disposal
Methods of composting
Public education
Excreta disposal
Biomedical waste management
Conclusion
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Population Control and Related Health Programmes Annu verma
Population Control and Related Health Programmes by M.Sc Nursing student of M.M.College of Nursing,Mullana (Ambala) in community health nursing speciality
The present generation and coming generation have to solve three grave problems namely population, poverty and pollution.
Pollution is the most dangerous problem and Noise pollution is the one of them.
The Noise Pollution is a type of energy pollution in which distracting, irritating, or damaging sounds are freely audible.
Nurses have critical roles and responsibilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. They will continue to be at the front line of patient care in hospitals and actively involved with evaluation and monitoring in the community. Nurses have to ensure that all patients acquire personalized, high-quality services irrespective of their infectious condition. They will also engage in planning for anticipated COVID-19–related outbreaks, which increase the demand for nursing and healthcare services that might overload systems.
Information is the knowledge derived from study, experience or instruction. It can also be defined as a collection of facts or data.
Education is both the acquisition of knowledge and experience and the development of skills, habits and attitudes that help a person lead a full and meaningful life.
Communication is the interaction between two or more persons that involves the exchange of information between the sender and the receiver.
Therefore, information, education and communication are closely related to health and play a vital role in creating awareness about health, mobilizing people and making them knowledgeable about health-related factors through efficient mass communication methods.
Demography as the statistical study of human population with regard to their size & structure, their composition by sex, age, marital status and ethnic origin, and the changes to these population, like changes in their birth rates, death rates and immigration.
Demography is the branch of social size, structure, which deals with the study of size, structure and distribution of populations, along with the spatial and temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, ageing and death.
In demography the following three elements of population are given special attention:
Change in the size of population (increase or decrease)
Structure of population (on the basis of sex or age groups)
Geographical distribution of population (on the basis of state or territory).
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Population Control and Related Health Programmes Annu verma
Population Control and Related Health Programmes by M.Sc Nursing student of M.M.College of Nursing,Mullana (Ambala) in community health nursing speciality
The present generation and coming generation have to solve three grave problems namely population, poverty and pollution.
Pollution is the most dangerous problem and Noise pollution is the one of them.
The Noise Pollution is a type of energy pollution in which distracting, irritating, or damaging sounds are freely audible.
Nurses have critical roles and responsibilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. They will continue to be at the front line of patient care in hospitals and actively involved with evaluation and monitoring in the community. Nurses have to ensure that all patients acquire personalized, high-quality services irrespective of their infectious condition. They will also engage in planning for anticipated COVID-19–related outbreaks, which increase the demand for nursing and healthcare services that might overload systems.
Information is the knowledge derived from study, experience or instruction. It can also be defined as a collection of facts or data.
Education is both the acquisition of knowledge and experience and the development of skills, habits and attitudes that help a person lead a full and meaningful life.
Communication is the interaction between two or more persons that involves the exchange of information between the sender and the receiver.
Therefore, information, education and communication are closely related to health and play a vital role in creating awareness about health, mobilizing people and making them knowledgeable about health-related factors through efficient mass communication methods.
Demography as the statistical study of human population with regard to their size & structure, their composition by sex, age, marital status and ethnic origin, and the changes to these population, like changes in their birth rates, death rates and immigration.
Demography is the branch of social size, structure, which deals with the study of size, structure and distribution of populations, along with the spatial and temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, ageing and death.
In demography the following three elements of population are given special attention:
Change in the size of population (increase or decrease)
Structure of population (on the basis of sex or age groups)
Geographical distribution of population (on the basis of state or territory).
Water :the universal need. As we all know water is most essential component to mankind yet its quality is in hazardous state and quantity is declining. This slide contains crucial information about water purification systems like what happens to water before we get it I'm our home?!
“Patient Education is an individualized, systematic, structured process to assess and impart knowledge or develop a skill in order to effect a change in behavior. The goal is to increase comprehension and participation in the self-management of health care needs.”
“A restraint is any manual method, physical or mechanical device, material or equipment that immobilizes or reduces the ability of a patient to move his/her arms, legs, body or head freely” (e.g. -Safe keeper bed, Posey bed, safety mitt, soft limb restraint), or a restraint is a drug or medication when it is used as a restriction to manage the patient's behavior or restrict the patient's freedom of movement and is not standard treatment or dosage for the patient's condition A restraint does not include devices, such as orthopedically prescribed devices, surgical dressings or bandages, protective helmets, or other methods that involve the physical holding of a patient for the purpose of conducting routine physical examinations or tests, or to protect the patient from falling out of bed, or to permit the patient to participate in activities without the risk of physical harm., side rails, airways, trapeze etc.
Unit 10 Promoting Safety in Health Care Enevronment (FON).pdfKULDEEP VYAS
Healthcare environments need to provide a balance between the need for practical and clinical activities or procedures to take place within them, while creating an environment that can contribute to a good experience.
International Nurses Day
IND is celebrated around the world every May 12, the anniversary of Florence Nightingale's birth. ICN commemorates this important day each year with the production and distribution of the International Nurses' Day (IND) resources and evidence.
Fluorosis is a cosmetic condition that affects the teeth. It's caused by overexposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life. This is the time when most permanent teeth are being formed. After the teeth come in, the teeth of those affected by fluorosis may appear mildly discolored.
Evaluation is a process used to determine what has happened during a given activity or in an institution.Evaluation requires many skills that are as important as other elements of the instructional process.
Human resource management in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
HRM is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment ,managing and providing direction for the people working in that organization.
*It is the organizational function dealing with issues related to people such as hiring, compensation, performance management ,safety, organization development, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration and training.
Moulding or training of the mind and character to bring about desired behaviour is known as discipline.it helps a person to have some control over another person.
Patient ASSIGNMENT does not only mean that dividing the patient among available staff nurses but it is assigning an individual patient or group of patients to nurses according to the required nursing care needs and nurses capability to provide the quality care
Directing leading in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
Directing is the fourth phase of the management process, it can also be called as coordinating or activating
*Here the leadership and the management skills are both required in order to accomplish the goal of the organization.
*It consists of 2 major components like guidance and supervision which is to be done during job process which help the nurses to utilize their total skills and knowledge in providing the quality care.
Commonly used Insecticides and Pesticides KULDEEP VYAS
Pesticides include insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. There are several thousand different types in use and almost all of them are possible causes of water pollution. For example, DDT, malathion, parathion, delthametrine and others have been sprayed in the environment for long periods of time for the control of disease vectors such as mosquitoes, and to control the growth of weeds and other pests.
Material management in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
Material management is a methodical technique that includes planning strategies, systemizing and regulating the flow of material from procurement till the point of disembarkation.
It is the process of coordination and controlling the activities in an organization. It includes the responsibility of purchasing the materials, their scheduling from supply or from other internal sources, their handling, storage and movement through the organization, and their delivery.
-It is a statement of anticipated results during a designated
time period expressed financial and nonfinancial terms.
-Three essential steps in the control process are establishing standards, comparing results with standards and taking corrective action.
-Budgeting process starts when top-level management establishes the strategies and goals for the organization.
The client classification system or patient classification system is the cluster of clients that has been categorized on the specific characteristics, needs ,requirements and their severity of the disease conditions based on which patient assignment is made to provide nursing care.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. Introduction
• There are a number of factor which are
responsible for causing Environment Pollution,
such as Industrialization deforestation, Open
Defecation, Fire, Smoke, Disposal of Waste etc.
• Within the Environment or atmosphere mixture
of gases, Water and Dust are present the
percentage of gases in the air like N2 78.1%, O2
21.73%, CO2 0.03% and other like Neon, Cr, etc
are 0.5%
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3. Causes of Air Pollution
PHYSICAL CHANGES
Due to increase of Temp., se
of Water contain, Unpleasant
odour, Microorganism etc.
CHEMICAL CHANGES
Due to increase of Air CO2 contain
release by person etc.
Air Pollution:
Air. P. is excessive concentration of foreign matter in the air
which adversely affect wellbeing of an individual or cause
damage to property.
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4. Causes of air Pollution
1. Natural:
- Volcanic Irruption
- Forest fire
- Electric Storms.
- Dust Storms.
- Breakdown of Methane.
- Pollens.
- Fungal Spot.
- Bacteria. Etc.
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5. Causes of air Pollution
2. Man Made:
- Industrialization
- Automobile
- deforestation
- Over Population
- Nuclear Energy etc.
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6. Classification of Air Pollution
1. According to Origin:
- Primary
- Secondary
2. According to State of Matter:
- Gaseous Air Pollution
- Particle Air Pollution.
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7. 1. According to Origin
• Primary P. : The Pollutions which are directly
imitate from the source and second are atmosphere
are primary polymers Eg: Smoke, Dust, Ash, N2,
Oxide Sprays.
• Secondary: These are those which are formed by
the chemical interaction between primary pollutants
and considered in the atmosphere a result from
Photochemical reaction, Hydrolysis or Oxidation.
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8. 2. According to State of Matter
• Gaseous air Pollution: These Pollutants are
present in Gaseous state and normal temperature
and pressure such as Sulfur Dioxide, CO2 etc.
• Particulate Air Pollution: These Pollutants are
suspended droplets, solid particles or mixture of
tools. The particulate matter differ in term of density
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9. Health effect of air Pollution
• Short term: Irritation of eyes, Nose, Throat,
Upper and Lower RTI Such as Bronchitis,
Pneumonia etc. Headache, Nausea, Allergic
Reaction, Asthma etc.
• Long Term: Chronic Respiratory disease, Lung
Cancer, Heart Disease, Problem related to
Kidney or Brain etc.
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11. WATER
SOURCES OF WATER:
The Sources of Water Classified in 3 categories:
1. Rain Water
2. Surface Water (High Level Surface - Lake, Low level Surface – Pond)
3. Ground Water (Spring wells, Tube well etc.)
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12. Safe & Wholesome water
• Water is the basic necessity of life it is
impossible to live without water but portable
water should be Pure, Clean and Healthful.
• Quality of safe water:
- Free from Pathogenic agents.
- Free from harmful chemical
- Pleasant to test.
- It should be useful for domestic purpose.
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13. Cont…
• Importance of water:
- Industrial & Physiological Importance
- Domestic Importance.
- Public Importance.
- Occupational Importance.
- Agricultural Importance.
- Cultural Importance.
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14. Hardness of Water
• Hardness of Water related to its capacity to
produce foam with soap
• “Water that does not produce foam easily or
more soap is required to produce foam is
termed as Hard Water”.
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15. Type of Hardness
1. Temporary Hardness:
• Presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ Bicarbonate is the
reason behind the temporary type of
hardness. This hardness is known as
Carbonate Hardness.
• This Hardness can be removed either by
mixing lime in water or boiling it. Therefore it
is also called Temporary Hardness.
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16. Type of Hardness
2. Permanent Hardness:
• This type of hardness is of Calcium Sulphate
and Magnesium and their chloride and
Nitrates. This is also known as non-carbonate
hardness.
• Since boiling are any other simple method
cannot remove this kind of hardness therefore
it is also called Permanent hardness.
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17. Hardness
• Hardness of water is estimated in Milliliter
Equivalent/ litter (Meq/Litter).
• 1 Meq/lt. = 50 Mg/Lt. If this quantity is more
than 300 Mg./Lt. the water is regarded as
hard.
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18. Disadvantages of Hard water
• Wastage of soap.
• Salt precipitation caused by boiling of water
leads to scaling of boil.
• Clothes are not washed well the life is also
reduced.
• Wastage of energy.
• Useless for cooking purpose.
• Bathing is not satisfied.
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20. Water Purification
1. Natural purification : Nature play an
important role is purification of water.
Natural Process like:
Evaporation.
Sun light.
Sedimentation.
Aeration.
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21. Cont…
2. Purification at Small Scale: Purification of
water at small scale is classified as:
Purification of Domestic Water.
Disinfection of Wells.
Domestic Water: Filtration is used like- domestic
filter, Boiling, Chemicals Eg: Bleaching Powder,
Alum, Iodine etc.
Disinfection: Simple Chlorination or Double pot
Method.
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22. Methods of Small scale
1. Domestic filter.
2. Boiling
3. Purification of water using Chemical.
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23. 1. Domestic Filter
1. Domestic Use:
• Physical impurity of water can be removed to
a certain limit by keeping a fine cloth or a
plastic sieve on the pitcher to filter the water
through it.
• It is necessary to change or clean the cloth
from time to time.
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24. Cont…
2. Ceramic Filter: this is a domestic filter is also
type of filter at small scale. In this filter a
long pipe like structure is fixed in it…..
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25. Cont…
Which has a innumerable holes this pipe is called
filter candle. Holes of filter candle not only filter
out the impurity but Bacteria as well.
A possibility of clogging of the candle is always there,
therefore it should be cleaned every week by
keeping it under running water and by scrubbing.
Through this filter, can remove bacteria and impurity
but it can not stop viral infection.
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27. Cont…
• Ultra Violet Filter: This filter Purifies water at 4
stages:
a) Purifying: it removes dust, dart and turbidity of
water.
b) Activated Carbon: it removes color, odor, and
biological impurity
c) U.V. Candle: here water is made free from
pathogen, bacteria and virus.
d) Electronic Monitoring System: This control the
Process of water purification.
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28. Cont…
• This filter (UV) purifies 1 litter of water in a
minute. Presently this is the best available
technique of purification of water at home.
• But due to its high price it is not very popular
in community people.
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29. 2. Boiling Method
• For domestic purpose boiling can purify water
• Boiling 5-10 minute can destroy all pathogenic
Bacteria.
• Water also losses its hardness.
• Water should be stored in a clean pot, it may
contaminated once again.
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30. Chemical disinfection:
A. Bleaching powder: Ca(OCl)Cl, if freshly
made=33% available Cl, unstable(on
exposure to air/light/moister losses Cl
content. Stored in dark, cool, dry place in
closed container)
3. Purification of water using Chemicals
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31. B.Chlorine solution : prepared from bleaching
powder. 4 kg of bleaching powder with 25 %
available chlorine mixed with 20 lit of water
gives 5% solution of chlorine.
C.High test hypochlorite: perchloron. More
stable.
D.Chlorine Tablets: (Halazone Tablet).
Good but costly. Single tablet of 0.5 g
is suficient to disinfect 20 lit of water.
Cont…
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32. E. Iodine:- emergency disinfection of water.
- 2 drops of 2% ethanol solution is suffice
for 1 lit of water.
- contact time needed 20-30 min.
- High cost
- Physiologically active (thyroid activity)
F.Potassium permanganate: No longer used.
Changes color/smell/taste of water.
Cont…
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35. Purification on a large scale
1. Storage
2. Filtration
3. Disinfection
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36. Storage
• Natural/artificial reservoirs
• Purification in terms of-
1.Physical: 90% suspended impurities settle
down by gravity in 24 hrs
2.Chemical: aerobic bacteria oxidize organic
matter. From free ammonia to nitrates.
3.Biological : drop in bacterial count
90% bacteria die out in 5-6 days.
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38. 1. Slow sand /Biological filter
• Elements are: 1. Supernatant water
2. Bed of graded sand
3. Under drainage system
4. System of filter control valves
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39. Supernatant water
• Above the sand bed
• 1-1.5 meter deep
• Constant head of water to overcome
resistance
• 3-12 hrs waiting period for partial purification
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40. Sand bed
• Most important part
• Thickness 1 mt
• Sand grain rounded with effective diameter B/T
0.2-0.3 mm
• Clean, free from clay/organic matter
• Supported by gravel layer ( 30-40 cm)
• Water percolates very slowly ( 0.1-0.4 m3/hr/sq
mt)
• Purification process: mechanical straining
sedimentation, adsorption, oxidation,
bacterial action
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41. Vital layer
• Surface of sand bed get covered
• Slimy growth/ gelatinous: consist of algae, plankton,
diatoms, bacteria
• Known as SCHMUTZDECKE /vital/zoogleal/biological
layer
• Formation of vital layer: Ripening of filter
• 2-3 cm
• Heart of the filter
• Removes organic matter, hold back
bacteria, oxidize ammoniacal nitrogen into
nitrates
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42. Under drainage system
• Bottom of filter bed
• Consists of perforated pipes
•Outlet for filtered water & supports medium
FILTER BOX: open box, 2.5-4 mt deep, walls made
up of bricks/cement
Supernatant water:1-1.5 mt
Sand bed: 1.2 mt
Gravel: 0.30 mt
Filter bottom: 0.16 mt
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43. Filter control
• Valves/ devices in outlet system
• Maintain constant rate of filtration
• Venturi meter: measures resistance or Loss of
head
• Resistance built up= opening of valves
• Loss of head > 1.3 mts = uneconomical to run
filter
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45. Cleaning
• Normally run weeks/ months without cleaning
• Bed resistance increases= fully opening of valve=
time to clean
• Supernatant water is drained off
• Sand layer cleaned by SCRAPING off top layer (1-2
cm)
• Done by unskilled laborers
• After 20-30 scraping sand bed reduced
0.5-0.8 mts= time to close the plant
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46. Advantages
• Simple to construct
• Cheaper
• Quality of water is very high ( Total Bacterial
count reduced by 99.9 to 99.99% with E.coli)
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48. Flow diagram of rapid sand filter plant
River
Alum
Consumption
Chlorine
Mixing
Chamb
er
Floccul
ation
Chamb
er
Sedime
ntation
Tank
Filters
Clear
water
storage
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49. • Coagulation: raw water treated with alum. Dose 5-40
mg/lit.( depending upon turbidity/colour/ pH/ temp)
• Rapid mixing: subjected to violent agitation in
mixing chamber
• Flocculation: slow stirring in a flocculation chamber
for 30 mins. Formation of thick Aluminium hydroxide
• Sedimentation: detained in sedimentation
chamber for 2-6 hrs. flocculent precipitate with
impurities.
• Filtration: partly clarified water is now
subjected to rapid sand filtration
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50. Filter beds
• Sand is filter medium
• Effective size 0.4-0.7 mm
• Depth is 1 mt
• Below sand bed layer of graded gravel
• Depth of water is 1-1.5 mt
• Rate of filtration: 5-15 m3/m2/hr
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51. Filtration
• Alum floc, not removed by sedimentation :
held back on sand bed. form slimy layer
comparable to zoogleal layer.
• Adsorb bacteria, oxidation of ammonia
• Loss of head up to 7-8 feet: filter subjected to
wash named BACKWASHING need
daily/weekly washing, by reversing
the flow of water ( dislodges the
impurities). Takes 15 mins
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53. Advantage
• Can deal with raw water directly
• Occupies less space
• Filtration is rapid
• Washing is easy
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54. Disinfection
Chemical having the criteria:
• Capable of destroying pathogenic organism within the
contact time
• Not unduly influenced by range of physical /chemical
properties of water
• Not leave products of reaction which make water toxic
• Available and reasonable cost
• Leaving residual concentration to deal with
possible contamination
• Amenable to detection by rapid/simple tests
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55. Comparison of Rapid and Slow sand filter
Features Rapid sand filter Slow sand filter
Space Occupies less space Occupies large space
Rate of filtration 200 m.g.a.d 2-3 m.g.a.d
Effective size of sand 0.4-0.7 mm 0.2-0.3 mm
Preliminary treatment Chemical coagulation and
sedimentation
Plain sedimentation
Washing Back washing Scraping the sand bed
Operation Highly skilled Less skilled
Loss of head allowed 6-8 feet (2-2.5 m) 4 feet (1.5 m)
Removal of turbidity Good Good
Removal of colour Good Fair
Removal of bacteria 98-99 % 99.9-99.99 %
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56. Chlorination
• Supplement and not substitute of sand filtration
• Kills pathogenic bacteria but no effect on spores and
viruses (except high dose)
• Oxidizes iron/manganese /hydrogen sulphide
• Controls algae
• H2O + Cl2 HCl + HOCl
• HOCl H + OCl
• HCl is neutralized by alkalinity of water
• Disinfection action due to HOCl and OCl
• Most effective formHOCl
• Acts best at pH 7 as more HOCl
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57. Principles of Chlorination
1. water should be clear/ free of turbidity
2.Chlorine demand should be estimated.
• Amount of Cl added- residual Cl at end of
contact period (60 Min) at a given temp/pH
• At which point the Cl demand of water is met
called Break point
• If further Cl added after this it will
appear as free Cl
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58. 3. Presence of free residual Cl for a contact
period of 1 hr is essential to kill bact/viruses.
4. Min recommended free Cl is 0.5 mg/L for 1 hr.
Gives margin of safety for subsequent
contamination.
5. correct dose of Cl = Cl demand+ 0.5 mg/L
residual Cl
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59. Calculation of Chlorine demand
• By Horrock’s apparatus
• Tofind out dose of Bleaching powder required for
disinfection
• Contents: 1. 6 white cups (200 ml each)
2. one black cup with a circular mark inside
3. 2 metal spoons (2 g when level filled)
4. 7 glass stirring rods
5. One special pipette
6. Two droppers
7. starch-iodide indicator solution
8. Instruction folder
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61. Procedure
1. one level spoonful (2g) bleaching powder in black cup
make a thin paste with little water add water up to
circular mark & stirring allow to settle Stock solution
2. Fill 6 white cups with water to be tested
3. With special pipette add stock solution 1 drop to 1st cup, 2
drops to 2nd, 3 to 3rd…
4. Stir the water with different rods
5. Wait 30 mins for action of Cl
6. Add 3 drops of starch iodide indication to each cups.
Development of Blue colour free Cl
7. Note the 1st cup which show distinct blue colour.
Suppose 3rd cup show blue colour 1st 3 level
spoonfuls/6 g of bleaching powder would be
required to disinfect 455 lit of water.
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62. Method of Chlorination
• Cl added as :
1. Chlorine gas (Cheap/easy/Chlorinating
equipment: Paterson’s chloronome)
2. Chloramine (less chlorinous taste/slower action)
3. Perchloron ( Ca compound with 70 %
available Cl.)
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63. Break point Chlorination
• Point at which free residual Cl appears after
entire combined Cl residual has been
completely destroyed Break point
• The point when Cl demand of water is met
Break point Chlorination
• If Cl is added further it will only increases the
free Cl
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64. Super Chlorination
• Super-chlorination followed by de-chlorination
• Addition of large dose of chlorine and removal
of excess of it after disinfection
• Applicable for heavily polluted water
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65. Orthotolidine (OT) Test
• Both free n combined Cl can be determined
• reagent= Orthotolidine (desolved in 10% sol. Of
HCl)
• Water containing Cl+ reagent= yellow
colour(intensity varies with conc. )
• Reaction with free Cl is fast
• 0.1 ml reagent+ 1 ml water=yellow color matched
with color disc.
• Reading: within 10 sec=free Cl
after 15-20 min=both free and
combined Cl
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66. Orthotolodine-arsenite (OTA) Test
• Modification of OT test to identify free and
combined Cl separately
• Error caused by iron/nitrites/ manganese by
producing yellow color can be overcome
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67. Ozonation
• Powerful oxidizing agent
• Removes undesirable colour/ odour/ taste/
organic matter
• Can destroy viruses
• Dosage 0.2-1.5 mg/L
• No residual effect. So used in combination of
Chlorination ( minimal dose)
• High cost
• Onsite generation due to instability
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