This document discusses interpersonal relationships and their importance in nursing. It defines interpersonal relationships as reciprocal interactions between individuals that involve sharing common interests and goals. Nursing requires an association between nurses and patients to facilitate therapeutic care. The document then examines interpersonal relationships for individuals, nurses, and patients in terms of benefits like personal growth, trust, and improved socialization and health outcomes. It also categorizes different types of relationships and discusses models for understanding nurse-patient relationships. Barriers to interpersonal relationships are described along with methods for overcoming issues like lack of communication, compatibility and cultural diversity. Finally, the Johari Window model for self-awareness and improving mutual understanding between individuals is explained.

1. Prepared by,
Vipin Chandran

2. One of the most distinctive aspects of human
beings is that we are social beings.
Interpersonal relationships are & have been
the core of our social system since the dawn
of civilization
Nursing is a therapeutic process & demands
an association between the nurse & the
patient.
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3. Interpersonal relationships refer to
reciprocal social & emotional
interactions between two or more
individuals in an environment.
Interpersonal relationship is defined
as a close association between
individuals who share common
interests & goals.
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4. I. Interpersonal relationship for an
Individual
Personal growth & development
Source of enjoyment
Sense of security
Context of understanding
Interpersonal needs
Establishing personal identity
4

5. II. Interpersonal relationship for nurses
Building a positive functional
multidisciplinary team
Improving intra-and/or inter-team
communication, coordination & cooperation
Building mutual understanding &
cooperation
Understanding self
Improved decision making & problem
solving
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6. III. Interpersonal relationship for
patients
Developing a sense of security &
comfort
Fostering trust & cooperation
Facilitating communication
Improving socialization
Developing & maintaining positive
feelings
6

7. Interpersonal relationships are classified based on
relational contexts of interaction & the types of
mutual expectations between communicators.
Some common types of interpersonal relation are
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 Friendship
 Family & kinship
 Professional
relationship
 Love
 Marriage
 Platonic
relationship
 Casual relationships
 Brotherhood &
sisterhood
 Acquaintances

8.  Friendship
Theories of friendship emphasize the concept
as a freely chosen association where
individuals develop a common ground of
thinking & behaving when they enter into the
relationship by including mutual love, trust,
respect & unconditional acceptance for each
other.
Friendship is a relationship with no formalities
& the individuals enjoy each other’s presence.
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9.  Family and kinship
Family communication patterns establish
roles & identify & enable personal & social
growth of individuals.
Family relationships can get distorted if there
is an unresolved conflict between members.
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10. Professional Relationship
Individual working for the same
organization are said to share a
professional relationship & are called
colleagues.
Colleagues may or may not like
each other
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11. Love
A informalized intimate relationship
characterized by passion, intimacy,
trust & respect is called love.
Individuals in a romantic relationship
are deeply attached to each other &
share a special bond
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12. Marriage
Marriage is a formalize intimate
relationship or a long-term
relationship where two individuals
decide to enter into wedlock & stay
together life-long after knowing each
other well.
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13. Platonic Relationship
A relationship between two individuals
without feelings of sexual desire for each
other is called a platonic relationship.
In such a relationship, a man & a woman
are just friends & do not mix love with
friendship.
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14.  Casual Relationships
In these relationships, the individuals usually
develop a relationship that exclusively lacks
mutual love & consists of sexual behavior only
that does not extend beyond one night.
These individuals may be known as sexual
partners in a wider sense of friends with
benefits who consider sexual intercourse only
in their relationship.
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15. Brotherhood & Sisterhood
Individuals united for a common
cause or a common interest (may
involve formal membership in clubs,
organization, associations, societies,
etc.) may be termed as a brotherhood
or a sisterhood.
In this relationship, individuals are
committed to doing good deeds for
fellow members & people.
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16. Acquaintances
An acquaintance is a relationship where
someone is simply known to someone by
introduction or by a few interaction.
There is an absence of close relationship
& the individuals lack in-depth personal
information about other.
This could also be a beginning of a
future close relationship.
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17. Hildegard Peplau (1952) gave the interpersonal
relationship model.
Orientation
Identification
Exploitation
Resolution
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18. Hildegard Peplau (1952) gave the interpersonal
relationship model.
Nurse- patient
relationship
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Nurse
•Values
•Culture race
•Beliefs
•Past experience
•Expectations
•Preconceived ideas
Patient
•Values
•Culture race
•Beliefs
•Past
experience
•Expectations

19. • Start with an initial encounter with nurse &
patient
• The pact formulation begins between the
nurse & the patient.
• The Nurse clarifies his or her roles &
responsibilities within the therapeutic
boundary to the patient.
• The Nurse identifies the patient’s problem
& settles on the type of nursing services
needed.
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20. • The nurse must approach the patient with
empathic understanding to perceive the
patient’s current feeling.
• The nurse must avoid vagueness & ambiguity
by using specific terminology rather than
abstractions in communication process.
• The nurse helps the patients identify their
problems in their own context & use the
available resources to solve the problem.
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21. • In this phase, the patient are made to
understand the problems by exploring all
available avenues to solve the problem.
• The nurse can help the patient by extending
minimal professional assistance to learn how to
solve the problem.
• The patient starts exploitation all the available
resources in spite of making requests to others to
extend help
• Finally the patient is able to deal adequately
with his or her problems.
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22. • This is the termination of the professional
relationship that begins with convalescence
& rehabilitation stage of hospitalization.
• The patient’s needs have already been met by
the collaborative efforts of the patient & the
nurse in previous phases.
• The relationship must be terminated by
maintaining a healthier emotional balance by
both the parties.
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Personal barrier:
1) Psychiatric problem
2) Gender
3) Lack of honesty and trust
4) Lack of compatibility
5) Feeling of insecurity
6) Ineffective communication
7) Distorted self- concept
8) Lack of flexibility
9) Lack of respect for rights of others
10)Fear of rejection

25. 25

26. Sociocultural
Barriers
Cultural
diversity
Ethnic
diversity
Social
diversity
Language
diversity
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27. Categories
of Barriers
Description of
Barriers of IPR
Methods to Overcomes
Barriers of IPR
Personal
Barriers
Gender variation In IPR, gender must to
given due consideration
Lack of honesty Honesty & trust must be
& trust maintained while
establishing & building
IPRs
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28. Categories
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of Barriers
Description of
Barriers of IPR
Methods of Overcomes
Barriers of IPR
Personal
Barriers
Lack of
compatibility
Feeling of
insecurity
Compatibility between the
individual involved in IPR
must be ensured.
A sense of security must be
ensured between the
people involved in an IPRT
Ineffective
communication
Distorted self-
concept
Effective communication is
a key aspect of efficient
IPRs, therefore, effective
communication must be
ensure.
Individuals involved in IPRs
must have a sound self-
concept & +ve self-esteem

29. Categorie
s of
Barriers
Description of
Barriers of IPR
Methods of Overcomes
Barriers of IPR
Personal
Barriers
Lack of flexibility There must be flexibility in
ideology & philosophy of
the individuals in a
relationship for an effective
adaptation & success of the
IPR
Lack of respect
for others rights
A mutual senses of respect
must be ensured by the
people involved in personal
& professional relationships
Fear of rejection Fear of rejection must be
eliminated between the
individual involved in a
relationship
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30. Categories of
Barriers
Description of
Barriers of IPR
Methods of Overcomes
Barriers of IPR
Personal
Barriers
Pre-existing
psychiatric
problem
Skilled therapeutic
communication is
required to interact with
individuals suffers from
psychiatric or personality
problems.
Situational
barriers
Complex
interaction
setting
The individuals must try
to make the interaction
setting simple & familiar
& must make the other
person feel important.
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31. Categories of
Barriers
Description of
Barriers of IPR
Methods of Overcomes
Barriers of IPR
Situational • Adverse Special care must be
barriers environmental
situations
taken while developing a
relationship between
•Lack of individuals of diversified
territoriality territories & high density
•High density or interaction in adverse
of individuals environmental situations.
•Lack of Even in an organization,
distance individuals must spend
•Lack of time quality time with their co-
workers to strengthen the
bond between them
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32. Categories of
Barriers
Description of
Barriers of IPR
Methods of Overcomes
Barriers of IPR
Sociocultural • Cultural Individual can try to
barriers diversity
•Ethnic
overcome cultural diversity
to trying to enhance the
diversity four primary factors that
•Social decide interaction patterns
diversity (such as openness, trust,
owing & risk to experiment)
•Language Individuals must try to
diversity enhance interpersonal
communication skills (such
as maintaining good eye
contact, appropriate body
language, listening with
patience, etc.)
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33. The johari window model is a simple &
useful tool for illustrating & improving
self-awareness & mutual understanding
between individuals within a group.
The johari window terminology refers
to self & others.
Self refers to the person subject to the
Johari window analysis & others refers to
other people in the person’s group or
team.
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34. The johari window model was devised by
American psychologist, Joseph Luft & Harry
Ingham, in 1955.
The model was first published in Proceedingsof
the Western Training Laboratory in Group
Development by UCLA extension Office in 1955.
The Johari window model represents self-
awareness of an individual towards himself or
herself, & later on become a widely used model
for self-development by helping the person
understand & learn about improvement of
communication skills & IPRs
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36. Known to self Unknown to self
Known to
others
Unknown to
others
open or public
self
unknowing self
Private self unknown self

37. The upper left quadrant of the
window represents the part of the self
that is public; that is, aspect of the self
about which both the individual & others
are aware.

38. Examples:
Susan, a nurse who is the adult
child of an alcoholic, has strong feelings
about helping alcoholics to achieve
sobriety. She volunteers her time to be a
support person on call to help recovering
alcoholics. She is aware of her feelings &
her desire to help others. Members of the
alcoholics Anonymous group in which the
volunteers her time are also aware of
Susan’s feelings & they feel comfortable
calling her when they need help refraining
from drinking.

39. The upper right (blind)
quadrant of the window represents
the part of the self that is known to
others but remains hidden from the
awareness of the individual.

40. Examples:
When susan takes care of patients
in detox, she does so without emotion,
tending to the technical aspects of the
task in a way that the clients perceive
as cold & judgmental. She is unaware
that she comes across to the clients in
this way.

41. The lower left quadrant of the
window represents the part of the
self that is known to the individual,
but which the individual deliberately
& consciously conceals from others.

42. Example:
Susan would prefer not to take
care of the client in detox because
doing so provokes painful memories
from her childhood. Because she does
not want the other staff members to
known about these feelings, however,
she volunteers to take care of the
detox client whenever they are
assigned to her unit.

43. The lower right quadrant of the
window represent the part of the self
that is unknown to both the individual
& to others.

44. Example:
Susan felt very powerless as a child
growing up with an alcoholic father. She
seldom knew in what condition she would find
her father or what his behavior would be. She
learned over her life situation, & left home as
soon as she graduated from high school. The
need to stay in control has always been very
important to susan , & she is unaware that
working with recovering alcoholics helps to
fulfill this need in her. The people she is
helping are also unaware that susan is
satisfying an unfulfilled personal need as she
provides them with assistance.

45. • It has become a widely used model for
understanding & training self-awareness &
personal development & improving
communication, IPRs, group dynamics, team
development & inter-group relationships.
• It puts emphasis on soft skills, behavior,
empathy, cooperation, inter-group development
& interpersonal development.
• It can also be used to improve an individual’s
relationship with others or a group’s
relationship with other groups.
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46. • The johari window actually represents information –
feelings, experiences, views attitudes, skills,
intentions, motivation, etc. - within or about a
person in relation to their group from four
perspectives.
• The johari window provides a useful way to
graphically visualize the process of self-disclosure.
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