This document discusses optimizing cooling tower systems through engineered tower systems that use existing technology in a cost effective and environmentally friendly way. It promotes using a vertical tower system that can save water, energy, and maintenance costs while reducing sound levels and health impacts. The system uses technology from several companies to control drift, cycles of concentration, filtration and water treatment in a way that prevents scale and corrosion and controls microbial growth without using chemicals.
Ohio Awwa 2008 Ozone Drinking Water TreatmentARSacco
This document summarizes an presentation about ozone drinking water treatment applications and operational improvements. It discusses how ozone provides multiple benefits including oxidation, disinfection, and improved flocculation. It also reviews regulatory requirements, operational considerations like bromate formation control and taste and odor removal. Finally, it discusses advances in ozone system design including more efficient generators and monitoring improvements.
Spartan Environmental Technologies supplies ozone water treatment and advanced oxidation systems. They provide both skid-mounted integrated systems and individual equipment components. They offer a range of support services including laboratory testing, pilot testing, engineering support, and equipment servicing. Their ozone systems are used for applications like drinking water treatment, cooling water treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, and groundwater remediation. They also represent ESCO International in supplying advanced oxidation processes using technologies like UV/ozone, UV/peroxide, and ozone/peroxide systems.
1) The document discusses the history and evolution of wastewater treatment methodologies and standards for the textile industry, including prescribed steps and systems outlined by organizations like ZDHC.
2) It provides an overview of various wastewater treatment technologies and processes, highlighting their suitability and challenges for treating textile wastewater to achieve Zero Discharge standards.
3) Advanced technologies like electrochemical oxidation and flocculation, membrane bioreactors, and reverse osmosis are presented as necessary to remove hazardous chemicals and achieve ZDHC targets, but proper pre-treatment is also emphasized to reduce operating costs and membrane fouling.
Low-income groups have fewer non-communicable diseases as they cannot afford processed foods containing chemicals. Several organizations aim to remove cancer-causing chemicals from foods and consumer products by 2013. The recommended ways to detoxify include drinking spring water or natural juices. Spring water is the purest form of water containing healing properties when examined under a microscope. Modern drinking water treatment involves chlorination and fluoridation, which reduces the water's natural structure and minerals. The BioDisc product can be used at home to structure water similarly to spring water, providing health benefits. It is made of technologically bonded natural minerals and emits bioenergy and biophotons that restructure molecules.
The drain water sample had the highest BOD level of 0.963 mg/L, indicating it was the most polluted water. Distilled water had the lowest BOD level of 0.412 mg/L, showing it was the least polluted. BOD levels increased over time as microorganisms broke down organic matter, using up dissolved oxygen. Drain water likely had a high BOD due to large amounts of waste providing food for microorganisms. This experiment demonstrated how BOD can identify relative pollution levels between different water samples.
The biological oxygen demand (BOD) measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic organisms to break down organic matter in water. Water with a high BOD cannot replenish oxygen fast enough to support aquatic life, potentially causing suffocation. BOD is normally measured over 5 days, with polluted water having a BOD above 5 parts per million. Thermal pollution degrades water quality by changing the ambient temperature, such as from careless discharge of heated water by industries or removing shading vegetation.
Biological Oxygen Demand Lab Analysis and BackgroundJonathan Damora
The purpose of this experiment is to perform a Biochemical Oxygen Demand test on primary clarifier effluent from a wastewater treatment plant to determine a BOD versus time curve. This curve can then be used to determine the Ultimate BOD of the wastewater sample and the rate constant for its decay.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand and its Industrial SignificanceAdnan Murad Bhayo
BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organism in a body of water to breakdown organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period .
Most of Bacteria in the aquatic columns are aerobic. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholera.
Atmosphere contains 21% oxygen (210000 mg/dm3)
Higher the temperature of water higher will be the rate of respiration. So, concentration of oxygen decreases.
Many Animal species can grow and reproduce normally when dissolved oxygen level is ~ 5.0 mg/L.
HYPOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 3.0 mg/L. Many Species move elsewhere and immobile species may die
ANOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 0.5 mg/L. All aerobic species will die
Fertilizer contains Nitrate contributes to high BOD
Phosphate present in Soap and detergent that enhances the growth of algal blooms. As a result depletion of oxygen occur.
In a body of water with large amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 90 %, this would represent High BOD
In a body of water with small amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 10 %, this would represent Low BOD
ANALYSIS OF BOD OF WATER
Use glass bottles having 60 mL or greater capacity. Take samples of water.
Turn on the constant temperature chamber to allow the
controlled temperature to stabilize at 20°C ±1°C.
Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately.
Place water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20 C for 5 days. Exclude all light to prevent possibility of photosynthetic production of DO
If don't have an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black electrical tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (20o C or 68 °F).
DILUTION OF SAMPLE
Most relatively unpolluted streams have a BOD5 that ranges from 1 to 8 mg/L
Dilution is necessary when the amount of DO consumed by microorganisms is greater than the amount of DO available in the air-saturated.
If the BOD5 value of a sample is less than 7 mg/L, sample dilution is not needed.
The DO concentration after 5 days must be at least 1 mg/L and at least 2 mg/L lower in concentration than the initial DO
(American Public Health Association and others, 1995).
BOD of the dilution water is less than 0.2 mg/L.
Discard dilution water if there is any sign of biological growth.
pH of the dilution water needs to be maintained in a range suitable for bacterial growth
Bacterial growth is very good between 6.5 to 7.5
Sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide may need to be added to the dilution water to lower or raise the pH, respectively.
CALCULATION:
The general equation for the determination of a BOD5 value is:
BOD = D1-D2/P
Where
D1 = initial DO of the sample,
D2 = final DO of the sample after 5 days, and
P = decimal volumetric fraction of sample used.
If 100 mL of sample a
Ohio Awwa 2008 Ozone Drinking Water TreatmentARSacco
This document summarizes an presentation about ozone drinking water treatment applications and operational improvements. It discusses how ozone provides multiple benefits including oxidation, disinfection, and improved flocculation. It also reviews regulatory requirements, operational considerations like bromate formation control and taste and odor removal. Finally, it discusses advances in ozone system design including more efficient generators and monitoring improvements.
Spartan Environmental Technologies supplies ozone water treatment and advanced oxidation systems. They provide both skid-mounted integrated systems and individual equipment components. They offer a range of support services including laboratory testing, pilot testing, engineering support, and equipment servicing. Their ozone systems are used for applications like drinking water treatment, cooling water treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, and groundwater remediation. They also represent ESCO International in supplying advanced oxidation processes using technologies like UV/ozone, UV/peroxide, and ozone/peroxide systems.
1) The document discusses the history and evolution of wastewater treatment methodologies and standards for the textile industry, including prescribed steps and systems outlined by organizations like ZDHC.
2) It provides an overview of various wastewater treatment technologies and processes, highlighting their suitability and challenges for treating textile wastewater to achieve Zero Discharge standards.
3) Advanced technologies like electrochemical oxidation and flocculation, membrane bioreactors, and reverse osmosis are presented as necessary to remove hazardous chemicals and achieve ZDHC targets, but proper pre-treatment is also emphasized to reduce operating costs and membrane fouling.
Low-income groups have fewer non-communicable diseases as they cannot afford processed foods containing chemicals. Several organizations aim to remove cancer-causing chemicals from foods and consumer products by 2013. The recommended ways to detoxify include drinking spring water or natural juices. Spring water is the purest form of water containing healing properties when examined under a microscope. Modern drinking water treatment involves chlorination and fluoridation, which reduces the water's natural structure and minerals. The BioDisc product can be used at home to structure water similarly to spring water, providing health benefits. It is made of technologically bonded natural minerals and emits bioenergy and biophotons that restructure molecules.
The drain water sample had the highest BOD level of 0.963 mg/L, indicating it was the most polluted water. Distilled water had the lowest BOD level of 0.412 mg/L, showing it was the least polluted. BOD levels increased over time as microorganisms broke down organic matter, using up dissolved oxygen. Drain water likely had a high BOD due to large amounts of waste providing food for microorganisms. This experiment demonstrated how BOD can identify relative pollution levels between different water samples.
The biological oxygen demand (BOD) measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic organisms to break down organic matter in water. Water with a high BOD cannot replenish oxygen fast enough to support aquatic life, potentially causing suffocation. BOD is normally measured over 5 days, with polluted water having a BOD above 5 parts per million. Thermal pollution degrades water quality by changing the ambient temperature, such as from careless discharge of heated water by industries or removing shading vegetation.
Biological Oxygen Demand Lab Analysis and BackgroundJonathan Damora
The purpose of this experiment is to perform a Biochemical Oxygen Demand test on primary clarifier effluent from a wastewater treatment plant to determine a BOD versus time curve. This curve can then be used to determine the Ultimate BOD of the wastewater sample and the rate constant for its decay.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand and its Industrial SignificanceAdnan Murad Bhayo
BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organism in a body of water to breakdown organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period .
Most of Bacteria in the aquatic columns are aerobic. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholera.
Atmosphere contains 21% oxygen (210000 mg/dm3)
Higher the temperature of water higher will be the rate of respiration. So, concentration of oxygen decreases.
Many Animal species can grow and reproduce normally when dissolved oxygen level is ~ 5.0 mg/L.
HYPOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 3.0 mg/L. Many Species move elsewhere and immobile species may die
ANOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 0.5 mg/L. All aerobic species will die
Fertilizer contains Nitrate contributes to high BOD
Phosphate present in Soap and detergent that enhances the growth of algal blooms. As a result depletion of oxygen occur.
In a body of water with large amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 90 %, this would represent High BOD
In a body of water with small amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 10 %, this would represent Low BOD
ANALYSIS OF BOD OF WATER
Use glass bottles having 60 mL or greater capacity. Take samples of water.
Turn on the constant temperature chamber to allow the
controlled temperature to stabilize at 20°C ±1°C.
Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately.
Place water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20 C for 5 days. Exclude all light to prevent possibility of photosynthetic production of DO
If don't have an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black electrical tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (20o C or 68 °F).
DILUTION OF SAMPLE
Most relatively unpolluted streams have a BOD5 that ranges from 1 to 8 mg/L
Dilution is necessary when the amount of DO consumed by microorganisms is greater than the amount of DO available in the air-saturated.
If the BOD5 value of a sample is less than 7 mg/L, sample dilution is not needed.
The DO concentration after 5 days must be at least 1 mg/L and at least 2 mg/L lower in concentration than the initial DO
(American Public Health Association and others, 1995).
BOD of the dilution water is less than 0.2 mg/L.
Discard dilution water if there is any sign of biological growth.
pH of the dilution water needs to be maintained in a range suitable for bacterial growth
Bacterial growth is very good between 6.5 to 7.5
Sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide may need to be added to the dilution water to lower or raise the pH, respectively.
CALCULATION:
The general equation for the determination of a BOD5 value is:
BOD = D1-D2/P
Where
D1 = initial DO of the sample,
D2 = final DO of the sample after 5 days, and
P = decimal volumetric fraction of sample used.
If 100 mL of sample a
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDAVPatel2
The document discusses various types of water pollution from industrial waste. It begins with an introduction to water pollution and categories of pollutants in industrial waste, which include inorganic and organic pollutants. It then discusses specific waste from the pharmaceutical industry, including waste from production processes and solid wastes. The document also covers different methods for treating industrial waste, including physical, chemical and biological methods. Finally, it discusses ways to measure oxygen demand and pollution levels in water, including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) testing methods.
BOD measures the amount of oxygen required by bacteria to decompose organic matter in sewage over 5 days. High BOD indicates more bacteria and organic matter, risking anaerobic conditions. BOD is usually lower than COD since not all organic matter is biodegradable. COD measures oxygen required to chemically oxidize all organic matter and is faster than BOD, making it better for industrial waste. Both tests determine organic pollutant levels, but COD captures a wider range and does not differentiate biodegradable and non-biodegradable matter.
Analysis BOD is an important parameter in identifying the extend of pollution in a water body. This presentation explains the various methods of BOD analysis as per the APHA manual
This document discusses chemical oxygen demand (COD) testing. COD testing measures the amount of organic matter in water by determining the oxygen required to chemically oxidize the matter. Potassium dichromate is commonly used as the strong oxidizing agent. The COD test procedure involves refluxing a water sample with dichromate and sulfuric acid, then titrating the remaining dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine the COD level in mg/L. COD testing provides faster results than biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) testing and oxidizes a wider range of compounds, though the results do not directly correlate to 5-day BOD levels.
This document provides an overview and summary of a book about understanding water quality management. The book covers topics such as surface water quality, pollutant categories and their effects, classification and measurement of pollutants, wastewater treatment technologies, and more. It is intended to serve as a primary textbook for courses on water pollution and provide a comprehensive yet accessible resource on managing water quality issues.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
37.8 MGD Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Field and Model Capacity...njcnews777
The activated sludge plant at a large municipal wastewater treatment plant underwent a model capacity evaluation stress test over 3 months to evaluate treatment process capacity and efficiencies. During the stress test, 3 of 5 aeration basins and 3 of 4 clarifiers were used to treat flows up to 37.8 mgd, demonstrating the plant's ability to effectively treat over 20% more than the permitted flow. Operational improvements made prior to the stress test optimized plant performance by increasing oxygen transfer efficiency, improving anoxic zone mixing, controlling sludge flows, and screening solids. Comparing data from the stress test to 2002 data showed a 38% reduction in biochemical oxygen demand entering the plant, validating the effectiveness of the operational improvements
This document describes an experiment to determine the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of a lake water sample. BOD measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water over 5 days. The results show increasing BOD readings over time. There are two types of BOD tests - seeded and unseeded. Seeded tests add microorganisms, while unseeded rely on microorganisms already present. High BOD effluent discharged into rivers can reduce oxygen levels and harm aquatic life. BOD testing helps evaluate sewage treatment plant performance and water quality.
The microprocessor based automatic, advance, electronic and latest designed COD Analyzers are used for detection of Chemical Oxygen Demand. The Laboratory COD analyzer acts as water analyzer for detection of Chemical Oxygen Demand in both polluted and normal water. Weiber water analyzer works as high quality analysis tool for determination of inorganic pollution, waste water, sewage and Plant Effluent Treatment. For More Information Please Logon http://goo.gl/gaktwZ
The document discusses biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and its importance as a measure of water quality. BOD is defined as the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material in a water sample over a 5 day incubation period at 20°C. A higher BOD indicates a higher level of organic pollution. BOD is used to assess the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants and provides an indication of overall water quality. The standard BOD test involves measuring the dissolved oxygen in a sample before and after 5 days, with the difference representing the oxygen consumed during decomposition of organic compounds.
Waste Water Treatment Process PresentationAshish Kakadia
Ozone is a powerful disinfectant that is more effective than chlorine and can be used for waste water treatment. It is generated on-site and is highly reactive, able to oxidize organic compounds and precipitate heavy metals. Ozone can be used to treat a variety of waste streams, including municipal, industrial, and mining waste water. It is effective at removing color, cyanide, pathogens, BOD, and emerging contaminants like pharmaceuticals.
ESTIMATION OF DO, BOD AND COD IN CANAL WATER SAMPLESadia Rahat
The document discusses the estimation of dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in a canal water sample. DO was found to be 3.20 ppm, BOD was 54.24 ppm, and COD was 220 ppm in the sample. BOD measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms to break down organic matter over 5 days. COD uses a strong chemical oxidant to measure total organic compounds and some inorganic compounds. While related, BOD and COD measure oxygen demand slightly differently. BOD is more relevant for organic-rich waters, while COD provides a faster test that is not affected by toxins.
The document discusses the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test procedure for determining the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by microorganisms while decomposing organic matter in water samples over a 5 day period. It provides background on BOD and dissolved oxygen, lists the necessary supplies and reagents, and describes the steps to conduct the BOD test and calculate results to evaluate water quality. A 5-day duration is used for the BOD test because most of the biodegradable organic matter will be degraded within 5 days if sufficient microorganisms and oxygen are present.
This document provides information about wastewater engineering as part of a civil engineering course. It discusses why wastewater engineering is important when pollution loads exceed the environment's carrying capacity. Nature has limits on its ability to self-purify, so wastewater treatment systems must be engineered to treat pollutants within smaller areas and timeframes. The document then covers characteristics of wastewater, parameters for analysis including biochemical oxygen demand, and methods for determining measures like total and volatile solids.
This document introduces Bewell, a home and farm use version of a REDOX reactor water softening system produced by IOCEAN. It provides information on Bewell's features such as sterilization, odor reduction, scale elimination, and rust prevention. The document also summarizes IOCEAN's history of developing water treatment systems including exporting systems internationally and providing systems to large companies. Industrial uses of REDOX reactors at larger scales are described for applications like cooling towers, metal processing, and waste water treatment.
This document provides information about ODAK, a company that designs and manufactures water purification and filtration systems. It discusses ODAK's commitment to providing customers with the purest water through innovative filtration systems tailored to each client's needs. The document also highlights some of ODAK's product lines, including the Niagara water cooler, Cosmetal faucet filters, and the ODAK K500 home filtration system. It compares different water filtration technologies and their effectiveness at reducing various contaminants.
Quick Reference Guide to Compendial Water Standards Jesse McLaughlin
What makes pharmaceutical water different? What are the major "contaminants" we are trying to remove? How do we do it? Aqua-Chem can help with the right solution to your Pharmaceutical compdendial water needs.
The methods by which we can reduce carbon footprint in our life, in environments as well.
some unknown methods to get frequented.
made by IIT Kharagpur students..
Legionnaire's disease is caused by Legionella bacteria found in stagnant water and soil. It spreads through dust or aerosols and can cause mild to severe pneumonia. In 2010, there were 178 cases in New Zealand, including 5 deaths. Older people, smokers, and those with weak immune systems are most at risk. Testing includes cultures, blood tests, and urine tests. Antibiotics like erythromycin and tetracycline are effective treatments. Proper water treatment and avoidance of contaminated dust can prevent infection.
This document discusses treatment options for Legionnaires' disease, including macrolides versus fluoroquinolones. It summarizes several studies comparing these drug classes and finds azithromycin and levofloxacin to be equally effective with shorter treatment duration for fluoroquinolones. Severe Legionnaires' disease is associated with higher mortality, especially if initial appropriate treatment is delayed or inadequate. Prognostic factors for death include an APACHE score over 15, shock, immunosuppression, and acute renal failure.
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDAVPatel2
The document discusses various types of water pollution from industrial waste. It begins with an introduction to water pollution and categories of pollutants in industrial waste, which include inorganic and organic pollutants. It then discusses specific waste from the pharmaceutical industry, including waste from production processes and solid wastes. The document also covers different methods for treating industrial waste, including physical, chemical and biological methods. Finally, it discusses ways to measure oxygen demand and pollution levels in water, including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) testing methods.
BOD measures the amount of oxygen required by bacteria to decompose organic matter in sewage over 5 days. High BOD indicates more bacteria and organic matter, risking anaerobic conditions. BOD is usually lower than COD since not all organic matter is biodegradable. COD measures oxygen required to chemically oxidize all organic matter and is faster than BOD, making it better for industrial waste. Both tests determine organic pollutant levels, but COD captures a wider range and does not differentiate biodegradable and non-biodegradable matter.
Analysis BOD is an important parameter in identifying the extend of pollution in a water body. This presentation explains the various methods of BOD analysis as per the APHA manual
This document discusses chemical oxygen demand (COD) testing. COD testing measures the amount of organic matter in water by determining the oxygen required to chemically oxidize the matter. Potassium dichromate is commonly used as the strong oxidizing agent. The COD test procedure involves refluxing a water sample with dichromate and sulfuric acid, then titrating the remaining dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine the COD level in mg/L. COD testing provides faster results than biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) testing and oxidizes a wider range of compounds, though the results do not directly correlate to 5-day BOD levels.
This document provides an overview and summary of a book about understanding water quality management. The book covers topics such as surface water quality, pollutant categories and their effects, classification and measurement of pollutants, wastewater treatment technologies, and more. It is intended to serve as a primary textbook for courses on water pollution and provide a comprehensive yet accessible resource on managing water quality issues.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
37.8 MGD Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Field and Model Capacity...njcnews777
The activated sludge plant at a large municipal wastewater treatment plant underwent a model capacity evaluation stress test over 3 months to evaluate treatment process capacity and efficiencies. During the stress test, 3 of 5 aeration basins and 3 of 4 clarifiers were used to treat flows up to 37.8 mgd, demonstrating the plant's ability to effectively treat over 20% more than the permitted flow. Operational improvements made prior to the stress test optimized plant performance by increasing oxygen transfer efficiency, improving anoxic zone mixing, controlling sludge flows, and screening solids. Comparing data from the stress test to 2002 data showed a 38% reduction in biochemical oxygen demand entering the plant, validating the effectiveness of the operational improvements
This document describes an experiment to determine the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of a lake water sample. BOD measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water over 5 days. The results show increasing BOD readings over time. There are two types of BOD tests - seeded and unseeded. Seeded tests add microorganisms, while unseeded rely on microorganisms already present. High BOD effluent discharged into rivers can reduce oxygen levels and harm aquatic life. BOD testing helps evaluate sewage treatment plant performance and water quality.
The microprocessor based automatic, advance, electronic and latest designed COD Analyzers are used for detection of Chemical Oxygen Demand. The Laboratory COD analyzer acts as water analyzer for detection of Chemical Oxygen Demand in both polluted and normal water. Weiber water analyzer works as high quality analysis tool for determination of inorganic pollution, waste water, sewage and Plant Effluent Treatment. For More Information Please Logon http://goo.gl/gaktwZ
The document discusses biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and its importance as a measure of water quality. BOD is defined as the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material in a water sample over a 5 day incubation period at 20°C. A higher BOD indicates a higher level of organic pollution. BOD is used to assess the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants and provides an indication of overall water quality. The standard BOD test involves measuring the dissolved oxygen in a sample before and after 5 days, with the difference representing the oxygen consumed during decomposition of organic compounds.
Waste Water Treatment Process PresentationAshish Kakadia
Ozone is a powerful disinfectant that is more effective than chlorine and can be used for waste water treatment. It is generated on-site and is highly reactive, able to oxidize organic compounds and precipitate heavy metals. Ozone can be used to treat a variety of waste streams, including municipal, industrial, and mining waste water. It is effective at removing color, cyanide, pathogens, BOD, and emerging contaminants like pharmaceuticals.
ESTIMATION OF DO, BOD AND COD IN CANAL WATER SAMPLESadia Rahat
The document discusses the estimation of dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in a canal water sample. DO was found to be 3.20 ppm, BOD was 54.24 ppm, and COD was 220 ppm in the sample. BOD measures the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms to break down organic matter over 5 days. COD uses a strong chemical oxidant to measure total organic compounds and some inorganic compounds. While related, BOD and COD measure oxygen demand slightly differently. BOD is more relevant for organic-rich waters, while COD provides a faster test that is not affected by toxins.
The document discusses the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test procedure for determining the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by microorganisms while decomposing organic matter in water samples over a 5 day period. It provides background on BOD and dissolved oxygen, lists the necessary supplies and reagents, and describes the steps to conduct the BOD test and calculate results to evaluate water quality. A 5-day duration is used for the BOD test because most of the biodegradable organic matter will be degraded within 5 days if sufficient microorganisms and oxygen are present.
This document provides information about wastewater engineering as part of a civil engineering course. It discusses why wastewater engineering is important when pollution loads exceed the environment's carrying capacity. Nature has limits on its ability to self-purify, so wastewater treatment systems must be engineered to treat pollutants within smaller areas and timeframes. The document then covers characteristics of wastewater, parameters for analysis including biochemical oxygen demand, and methods for determining measures like total and volatile solids.
This document introduces Bewell, a home and farm use version of a REDOX reactor water softening system produced by IOCEAN. It provides information on Bewell's features such as sterilization, odor reduction, scale elimination, and rust prevention. The document also summarizes IOCEAN's history of developing water treatment systems including exporting systems internationally and providing systems to large companies. Industrial uses of REDOX reactors at larger scales are described for applications like cooling towers, metal processing, and waste water treatment.
This document provides information about ODAK, a company that designs and manufactures water purification and filtration systems. It discusses ODAK's commitment to providing customers with the purest water through innovative filtration systems tailored to each client's needs. The document also highlights some of ODAK's product lines, including the Niagara water cooler, Cosmetal faucet filters, and the ODAK K500 home filtration system. It compares different water filtration technologies and their effectiveness at reducing various contaminants.
Quick Reference Guide to Compendial Water Standards Jesse McLaughlin
What makes pharmaceutical water different? What are the major "contaminants" we are trying to remove? How do we do it? Aqua-Chem can help with the right solution to your Pharmaceutical compdendial water needs.
The methods by which we can reduce carbon footprint in our life, in environments as well.
some unknown methods to get frequented.
made by IIT Kharagpur students..
Legionnaire's disease is caused by Legionella bacteria found in stagnant water and soil. It spreads through dust or aerosols and can cause mild to severe pneumonia. In 2010, there were 178 cases in New Zealand, including 5 deaths. Older people, smokers, and those with weak immune systems are most at risk. Testing includes cultures, blood tests, and urine tests. Antibiotics like erythromycin and tetracycline are effective treatments. Proper water treatment and avoidance of contaminated dust can prevent infection.
This document discusses treatment options for Legionnaires' disease, including macrolides versus fluoroquinolones. It summarizes several studies comparing these drug classes and finds azithromycin and levofloxacin to be equally effective with shorter treatment duration for fluoroquinolones. Severe Legionnaires' disease is associated with higher mortality, especially if initial appropriate treatment is delayed or inadequate. Prognostic factors for death include an APACHE score over 15, shock, immunosuppression, and acute renal failure.
Legionnaires' disease was first recognized in 1976 after an outbreak in Philadelphia. It is caused by Legionella bacteria found in water sources, with L. pneumophila being the most common cause. Symptoms include pneumonia and fever. Risk factors include older age, smoking, and weakened immunity. Diagnosis involves urine antigen testing or culture from respiratory samples. Treatment involves antibiotics like fluoroquinolones or azithromycin. Prevention focuses on disinfecting water systems in buildings where outbreaks occur.
Legionellosis, commonly known as Legionnaires' disease, is a severe form of pneumonia caused by the Legionella pneumophila bacteria. In 1976, there was a major outbreak of Legionnaires' disease at a Philadelphia hotel, infecting 182 people and killing 29. It took scientists months to identify the bacteria as the cause and trace it to the hotel's abandoned nuclear bomb shelter, where the air conditioning system had spread it throughout the building. Legionnaires' disease causes flu-like symptoms but can develop into pneumonia. It is contracted through inhalation of contaminated water sources and there is no person-to-person transmission. Risk groups include older adults, smokers, and those with weakened immune systems. Treatment involves antibiotics like
Huwa-San TR50 is a new disinfectant for controlling Legionella composed of stabilized hydrogen peroxide and silver. It is more effective than hydrogen peroxide alone, breaking down only into water and oxygen. Tests have shown it is fast-acting against Legionella bacteria and amoeba, and effective at removing biofilm. Compared to other disinfectants like chlorine, it does not require neutralization or draining from systems after use and can be left at disinfectant levels, making it simpler and cheaper to use. While new, studies demonstrate its efficacy against Legionella and approval is pending from regulatory bodies.
This document provides information on the genus Legionella, including Legionella pneumophila which causes Legionnaires' disease. It describes the characteristics of Legionella as gram-negative rods that require iron and cysteine for growth. The optimal growth temperature is 35-36°C with growth improved in 2.5-5% CO2. There are 39 Legionella species with L. pneumophila being the most common cause of disease. Clinical syndromes caused are Legionnaires' disease (pneumonia) and Pontiac fever (brief influenza-like illness). Laboratory diagnosis involves culture, antigen detection in urine, and microscopy of clinical specimens. Treatment includes erythromycin or rifampicin. The bacteria is found in aerosols
This document discusses Legionella, the bacteria that causes Legionnaires' disease. It covers the historical background of the disease, characteristics of the bacteria, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, immunity, normal habitats and epidemiology, transmission and control, treatment, and references. Key points include that Legionella was discovered following an outbreak among American Legion attendees, it is a facultative intracellular pathogen of macrophages, symptoms range from mild flu-like Pontiac fever to severe pneumonia, and transmission occurs through inhalation of contaminated aerosols most often from cooling towers and water systems.
Legionella is a bacteria that can cause Legionnaires' disease or Pontiac fever in humans. It grows best in warm water between 25-45°C and uses things like sediment, rust and scale as food sources. The diseases it causes have flu-like symptoms and Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, especially in older or immunosuppressed individuals. Controlling Legionella involves maintaining hot water above 60°C and cold water below 20°C, flushing stagnant pipes, and using chemicals like chlorine or physical methods like UV light treatment. Employers must assess risks, have a written control scheme, and keep records to prevent Legionella growth in water systems. Case studies showed failures to maintain control schemes resulted in
Este documento proporciona información sobre Legionella, un género de bacterias Gram negativas que pueden causar la enfermedad de los legionarios. Legionella son bacilos aerobios que viven dentro de células y pueden causar infecciones potencialmente mortales cuando son inhaladas desde sistemas de agua o aire acondicionado contaminados. Existen varios serotipos de Legionella, y el serotipo 1 causa la mayoría de las infecciones. La enfermedad de los legionarios se caracteriza por síntomas como neumon
Este documento describe la bacteria Legionella pneumophila, la cual causa la enfermedad de la legionelosis. Se originó en 1976 cuando causó un brote entre veteranos de guerra en Filadelfia, dejando 34 muertos. Es una bacteria ambiental que se encuentra en aguas dulces y sistemas de agua, y se transmite a los humanos a través de la inhalación de aerosoles contaminados. Puede causar desde una fiebre leve hasta una neumonía grave. Su diagnóstico incluye cultivo, detección de antígenos
Este documento resume información sobre Legionella pneumophila. Describe que es una bacteria ambiental que infecta a humanos a través de la inhalación de aerosoles contaminados con agua. Puede causar una neumonía grave llamada legionelosis. Su diagnóstico incluye cultivo, detección de antígenos o anticuerpos en muestras respiratorias u orina. El tratamiento principal es con eritromicina u otras alternativas como azitromicina o quinolonas.
La Legionella es un bacilo gramnegativo que causa dos enfermedades: la fiebre de Pontiac, una enfermedad similar a la gripe sin neumonía, y la enfermedad del legionario, una neumonía potencialmente mortal. La Legionella se transmite a través de aerosoles de agua contaminada y afecta principalmente a personas mayores de 40 años o con sistemas inmunológicos debilitados. El diagnóstico y tratamiento incluyen pruebas de antígeno urinario, cultivos y macrólidos como la clar
This document discusses Legionella, the bacteria that causes Legionnaire's disease. It was first identified following an outbreak of pneumonia among attendees of an American Legion convention in 1976. Legionella pneumophila is the primary causative agent. The bacteria lives in water and spreads through inhalation of contaminated water droplets. It is a gram-negative bacillus that stains poorly and grows slowly in culture. Diagnosis involves detecting the bacteria or antibodies in sputum, BAL fluid, or biopsy samples through microscopy, culture, antigen detection or serology. Erythromycin is the treatment of choice with rifampin or ciprofloxacin as alternatives. Prevention focuses on heating water systems above 60°C or chlorinating to
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Water Treatment Chemicals for Cooling towers, reverse osmosis plants and cooling equipments,
And also supplier of Water Treatment Plants and Cooling Towers and Spares.
We also undertake job work such as Descaling and AMC's for Boilers,water cooling system.
We have earned vast repute in this industry for our water treatment chemicals. Our water treatment chemicals are of highest quality and are available affordable prices. Our products are testified with latest techniques used by our experienced staff.
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This document provides an overview of reverse osmosis (RO) basics presented by Nitin Chauhan of Culligan. It outlines the fundamentals of RO including membrane selection and system design criteria. It discusses how RO can provide energy savings, water savings, and chemical savings. A case study from the Department of Energy shows potential cost savings from using RO for boiler feedwater. The document also provides background on Culligan International, Hall's Water Group, and Culligan of Greater Cleveland.
Technical calculations for the biological treatment plantAlex Tagbo
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The Fundamentals of Water Treatment Technology.pdf
VTS
1. Engineered Tower Systems
Optimization
Presented by Christine Lazo
Vertical Systems LLC
7113 Telegraph Rd. Montebello, CA 90640
310 451 0630
christine@vertisys.net
1
2. Optimizing Current Design
Using Existing Technology
Cost Effective
Water Saving
Energy Saving
Green Technology
Low Sound Levels
Higher Quality
Engineering Expertise & Data
2
3. Need For Constant Improvement
“The hot and wild
weather is a sign
of things to come.
But fresh ideas
and new
technology can
cool us down and
make this a
GREEN
CENTURY.”
3
4. Cooling Towers – Complex
Balance
Water Use
Human
Health Energy
& Safety
Cooling
Tower
Balance
Weight
Biological
And
Control
Size
Fouling
Corrosion
Cleanliness
Access/Maint. Sound Seismic
4
5. What is the Ideal Tower
System?
Reduce Water Consumption (LEED/EPA)
Reduce Energy Consumption (LEED/EPA)
Reduce Maintenance – (Owner / Engineer)
Reduce Life Cycle Cost (Owner)
Reduce Size / Weight – (Architect / Structural)
Reduce Health Impact / Liability (BOMA)
Reduce Toxic Emissions (CARB/BOMA)
Reduce Corrosion (Owner)
Reduce Sound Levels (Neighbors)
5
6. How Does An Engineered
Tower System Work?
Tower Performance Improvement - AT
Variable Frequency Drive - Yaskawa
Solids Control – Lakos
Water Treatment – Pulse~Pure
Monitoring and Logging – By Others
= Vertical Tower System
6
10. Principles of Tower Water
Usage
Evaporation = 1% of flow at 10 F Range
Drift = Flow x Drift Rate %
Bleed ≅ Evaporation / (Cycles of Conc–1)
Filter Flush = Depends on filtration method
With proper Design, 3 of the 4 factors can be
reduced
10
11. Principles of Tower Water
Usage
Evaporation = 1% of flow at 10 F Range
Drift = Flow x Drift Rate %
Bleed ≅ Evaporation / (Cycles of Conc–1)
Filter Flush = Depends on filtration method
With proper Design, 3 of the 4 factors can be
reduced
11
12. Saving Water:
Control Drift Loss
Use a better Drift Eliminator
Improve from .005% to .001% Drift
.001% Drift on All Evapco Products
8,640 Gallons
Water Saved
Per Year
500 Ton System
12
13. Principles of Tower Water
Usage
Evaporation = 1% of flow at 10 F Range
Drift = Flow x Drift Rate %
Bleed ≅ Evaporation / (Cycles of Conc–1)
Filter Flush = Depends on filtration method
With proper Design, 3 of the 4 factors can be
reduced
13
14. Water Savings: Bleed Rate
Cycles of Concentration
Minerals are concentrated through
evaporation.
Mineral Units in Blowdown Water = Cycles of
Mineral Units in Make-up Water Concentration
14
15. Saving Water:
Reduce Bleed Rate
Run Cycles of Concentration Higher
Typical Treatment for Towers: COC = 2 to 3
At 2.5 Cycles a 500 Ton Open Tower uses
1,440,000 Gallons of Bleed Water
Pulse~Pure Reduces Bleed by 60%
740,000+ Gallons
6
Water Saved
COC
Per Year
500 Ton System
15
16. The PULSE~PURE System
State of the Art R&D Lab
Chemical Free Water Treatment
Promoted By LEED and US EPA
A Green Building Technology
Water analysis
1 Yr Monitoring Contract Included
Money Back Guarantee
16
17. Application
Where can PULSE~PURE be
applied?
Not everywhere:
• Open loop only:
• Open cooling tower
• Spray loop of closed circuit cooler
• Water sample must pass lab analysis
17
19. Cooling Tower Water Treatment
The PULSE~PURE System
Challenges:
• Scaling
• Corrosion
• Biological
19
20. Cooling Tower Water Treatment
No
Problem
Treatment
Minerals Scale
Disease,
Biological Odor & Slime
Corrosion Not Too Bad
20
21. Cooling Tower Water Treatment
No
Problem Chemicals
Treatment
Keep in
Minerals Scale
Solution
Disease, Kill with
Biological Odor & Slime Poisons
Huge Problems
Created, But Try
Corrosion Not Too Bad To Fix By Adding
Inhibitor
21
22. Cooling Tower Water Treatment
No
Problem Chemicals Pulse~Pure
Treatment
Keep in
Minerals Scale
Solution
Powder
Disease, Kill with
Biological Odor & Slime Poisons
Encapsulate
Huge
Corrosion Not Too Bad Problems Very Good
Created,
22
23. Pulse~Pure Performance
Prevents scale from forming
Controls microbial life
Removes old scale, encrustation and bio-film
Facilitates good corrosion properties
Allows significant savings of water and energy
23
24. No Chemicals Necessary
What Risks Do Chemicals Carry?
Environmental
Local People ingest Water Treatment Chemicals at some concentration breathe or
drink
Customer must store chemicals onsite – this represents need for accountability,
MSDS sheets, environmental Cal - OSHA inspections, real estate to store, abatement
of spills, container disposal, special delivery of toxic materials, Personal Protective
materials/clothing, employee training of safe handling practices, emergency eye-
wash stations, etc
Employees must haul heavy containers
Containment – What happens to the chemicals if a fire occurs? Are they Flammable?
Do they produce toxic fumes?
Please have a look at some MSDS sheets
Elimination of Chemical Treatment Reduces Toxic Emissions From Cooling Tower
24
25. Pulse~Pure Removes Surface Charge on
Suspended Particles to Prevent Scale
No Treatment
Calcium Carbonate
(CaCO3) Scale
Scale Formation
on Surfaces
25
26. Pulse~Pure Removes Surface Charge on
Suspended Particles to Prevent Scale
No Treatment Pulse~Pure Treatment
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Carbonate
(CaCO3) Particles
(CaCO3) Scale
Scale Formation Particle Formation
on Surfaces in Bulk Solution
26
27. Microbial Treatment –
Two Methods of Control
Encapsulation: Minerals Electroporation: Damages
Remove Bacteria Bacteria Membranes
Both methods are “Non-Species
Specific”, thus preventing
bacteria from surviving through
Mutation
29
28. Effectiveness:
• EVAPCO guarantees bacteria counts of
10,000 CFU/mL or less
• 10 times more effective than chemical
based treatment
• Most systems test at <2,000 CFU/mL
(better than EPA drinking water
standards)
30
29. What about LEED?
Pulse~Pure Can Contribute Up to 7
LEED Points:
•WE Credit 1.1: Water Efficient Landscaping:
Reduce by 50% (2 points)
•WE Credit 1.2: Water Efficient Landscaping: No
Potable Water Use (2 points)
•WE Credit 2: Innovative Wastewater Technologies
(1 point)
•EQ Credit 5: Indoor Environmental Quality: Indoor
Chemical & Pollutant Source Control (1 point)
•ID Credit 1: Innovation & Design Process (1 point)
31
30. Legionella Disease Control
Legionnaire’s Disease must have:
Legionella (almost always present)
Amplification (biofilm with protozoa)
An Aerosol Produced (poor drift elim)
Transmission (1 to 5 micron mist)
Susceptible Person
32
31. VTS System Address Legionella?
Eliminates Amplification
(Pulse~Pure)
Reduces Drift by 80% (Evapco)
Maintains Cleanliness (Lakos)
33
32. Legionella Amplification
Amoeba grazing on biofilm The prey becomes the predator
If water temperature is about 90oF, the Legionella eat the Amoeba from
the inside. Millions of Legionella (Red) in a virulent state are spewed
into the water when the host explodes.
34
33. Legionnaire’s Disease Control
No Biofilm = No Amplification
No Amplification Means
Best Protection From
Legionnaire’s Disease
35
34. Corrosion Reduction
Localized Corrosion
No Microbial Influenced Corrosion (MIC)
No pitting
White rust easily avoided
Chemical Corrosion Eliminated
Biocide corrosion is avoided
Water Chemistry
Operates in an alkaline environment
Water is saturated with calcium carbonate – a
natural corrosion inhibitor
36
35. Pulse~Pure Does It All
Scaling Corrosion
Control Control
Microbial Control
In Cooling Towers
37
36. Water Savings
Cycles of Concentration
Minerals are concentrated through
evaporation.
Mineral Units in Blowdown Water = Cycles of
Mineral Units in Make-up Water Concentration
Typical Chemical Treatment = 2 to 4 “C of C”
Typical Pulse~Pure Treatment = 6 to 8 “C of C”
38
37. Saving Water:
Reduce Bleed Rate
Run Cycles of Concentration Higher
Typical Treatment for Towers: COC = 2 to 3
At 2.5 Cycles a 500 Ton Open Tower uses
1,440,000 Gallons of Bleed Water
Pulse~Pure Reduces Bleed by 60%
740,000+ Gallons
6
Water Saved
COC
Per Year
500 Ton System
39
38. Principles of Tower Water
Usage
Evaporation = 1% of flow at 10 F Range
Drift = Flow x Drift Rate %
Bleed ≅ Evaporation / (Cycles of Conc–1)
Filter Flush = Depends on filtration method
With proper Design, 3 of the 4 factors can be
reduced
40
39. Saving Water:
Reduce Filter Flush Rate
Switch from Sand Filters to Centrifugal
Separators
Backwash time drops from 10 Minutes to 0
minutes per day
625,000
Gallons
Water Saved
Per Year
500 Ton System
41
40. Water Treatment & Solids Control
Contaminant Source: Make-Up Water
Loss of water via
Evaporation
Make-Up Water
42
41. Water Treatment & Solids Control
Contaminant Source: Airborne Particles
43
54. Filtration – Sand Filters
Ideal for floating
& light debris
Not ideal for grit,
rust & heavy
solids
56
55. Filtration – Sand Filters
Backwash: Light
debris only.
Backwash:
Requires Large
Amount of Water
57
56. Filtration – Lakos Centrifugal
Separator with SRV
• Zero Water Usage
• Removes Light and Heavy
Particles (98% of particles down
to 74 microns)
• Stores Solids in Vessel for
Removal
• The Green Filter Technology
58
57. Saving Water:
Reduce Filter Flush Rate
Switch from Sand Filters to Centrifugal
Separators
Backwash time drops from 10 Minutes to 0
minutes per day
625,000
Gallons
Water Saved
Per Year
500 Ton System
59
58. Saving Water –
500 ton VTS system
Evapco Induced Draft Tower, with Lakos Solids
Separator & Pulse~Pure System:
Drift Reduction = 8,640 Gallons
Blowdown Reduction = 745,000 Gallons
Filter Flush = 625,000 Gallons
Total VTS Water Savings = 1,378,640 Gallons
25-35% Reduction in Water Usage
60
60. Saving Energy – The VTS
Solution
Decrease Airflow by 33%
Add VFD(s) – Improve Part Load
Reduce Fouling Due to Scale
Reduce Fouling Due to Biofilm
62
61. Saving Energy With Evapco Towers/Coolers
Design Advantage – Counterflow Heat Transfer
95 °F Entering Water Temperature
Counterflow Fill:
93 °F Even Temperature Gradients
Water Temp through Fill Cross-section
Isotherms 91 °F
More Effective Heat Transfer
88 °F Requires Less Air
86 °F Reduced Size & Weight
85 °F Net
Entering Air at 74 °F Wet-Bulb Temperature
Outlet Water
Temperature
63
62. Crossflow Inefficiency
Crossflow Fill Temperature Gradient
95° F Entering Water Temperature
94°
Crossflow Fill: F
92° Water
- Temperature Gradients F Temp
Not Uniform Across Fill
et-Bulb Temperature
90
Entering Air at 74° F
°F
- Some Water Not Cooled to
Design Temperature 88
°F
- Less Efficient – Requires MORE
air
85
°F
85° F Net
82 0° F
Outlet Water
°F
W
8
Temperature
64
63. Counterflow - Design Advantages
Plan Area & Layout
Compact Counterflow Design
35% LESS PLAN AREA Compared to Equivalent Size Crossflow Tower
64. Design Advantages – Air Requirements
Saving Energy – Reducing Airflow
EVAPCO Counterflow:
20,000 CFM per 100 Tons
Crossflow by Others:
30,000 CFM per 100 Tons
EVAPCO Induced Draft Products . . . Less Air
Less Air = Less Fan HP
66
65. Lower Airflow = Less Fan
Horsepower
Evapco ‘AT’ Typically 10% to 30% reduction
in Motor size vs Crossflow
Example: 500 ton tower (9’ x 20’)
AT - 15 HP vs. Brand X - 20HP
First Cost Savings and Energy Savings
67
66. Improving Tower Part Load with
VFD
Variable Frequency Drives: Have Become
• Less expensive
• More Reliable
VFD Savings Depends on System Design
Typically Reduces Tower Fan energy by 35%
per year
Equates to $3,000 per Year at 500 Tons
68
67. Yaskawa VFDs
Worlds Largest in Volume VFD Manufacturer
69
68. Save Energy Lost in Fouling
Eliminate Biofilm, Reduce Scale
Install a Lakos Separator on tower basin
Install Pulse~Pure Water Treatment System
Reduce fouling by over 70%
71
74. Fiberglass vs. Steel Construction
Fiberglass Steel
Strength greatly reduces at high temps Retains full strength regardless of
and moisture temp or moisture exposure
Surface degradation due to UV, water, Does not lose strength or resistance to
heat, high winds environmental extremes
Reliant on pigment for UV protection Galvanized steel is opaque: no sunlight
and opacity - Algae = no algae
Roughness over time promotes bio- Steel remains flat and smooth for
growth cleanliness
Prone to distortion and water leaks 11 times elastic modulus than FRP
Flammable Non-combustible
Contaminative & Unrecyclable Direct recyclable material
77
78. Seismic Compliance
IBC 2006 – International Building Code
Evaporative cooling equipment must meet the
same seismic or wind load forces as the
building to which they are attached.
81
79. Seismic Compliance
Evapco offers:
Standard Structural Design
≤ 1.0g seismic or 60 psf wind loads
Upgraded Structural Design
> 1.0g seismic or 60 psf wind loads
Designed for 5.12g and 145psf, making it
applicable to ALL building locations in North
America.
82
80. Seismic Compliance
Evapco is OSHPD pre-approved for AT
Towers, ATWB Closed Circuit Coolers,
and ATC Evaporative Condensers
83
81. Seismic Compliance
OSP certification is limited by Sds and is very site specific. The
tower must be selected to meet this value.
The following parameters are the limits of OSP certification:
Sds = 2/3 * Fa * Ss
Where:
Ss = the mapped spectral accelerations for short periods
Fa = site coefficient defined by table 1613.5.3(I) in the code, which depends on the Site Class
Site Class = based on soil properties defined by table 1613.5.2; Site class D is the default.
Usually, the structural engineer will provide all this information for
you in the structural S-1 drawings.
84
84. Saving Money – 500 Ton VTS
(Open System)
Water = 1,378,640 x 2.22/748 = $ 4,092
Sewer = 1,378,640 x 2.80/748 = $ 5,161
Power Fan HP Reduction = $ 447
Power Saved - VFD on Fan = $ 2,618
Power Saved - Chiller Fouling = $ 15,144
Chemical Elimination = $ 3,000
Maintenance Reduction = $ 3,000
Yearly Estimated Savings = $ 33,462
87
85. Payback: VTS vs Traditional
Design – Open System
Traditional VTS 500 Ton
System Cost: Premium:
$ 36,000 $ 28,000
Payback :
VTS System:
10 Months
Life Cycle Cost Savings $500,000
88
88. Is VTS Today’s Tower System?
Reduced Size / Weight / Airflow (Evapco AT/USS
Product)
Reduced Maintenance (Pulse~Pure, Lakos, Evapco)
Reduced Health Impact / Liability (Eliminated Chemicals)
Reduced Energy Consumption (Biofilm, Scale, Fouling
Reduction)
Reduced Water Consumption (Drift, Bleed & Flush)
Reduced Toxic Emissions (No Chemicals)
Reduced Corrosion / Increased Life (No Chemicals)
Reduced Life Cycle Cost (VTS System)
91
89. Cooling Towers – Complex
Balance
Water Use
Human
Health Energy
& Safety
Cooling
Tower
Balance
Weight
Biological
And
Control
Size
Fouling
Corrosion
Cleanliness
Access/Maint. Sound Seismic
92
Editor's Notes
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
BOMA = Building Owner’s & Manager’s Assoc. CARB = California Air Resource Board Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc