This document discusses the environmental impacts of transport. It outlines how transport causes negative impacts through emissions, resource use, noise pollution, and land consumption. Emissions from vehicles contribute to air pollution and global warming. Noise from traffic negatively impacts human health. Land is consumed for roads and parking areas. The document then discusses some potential solutions like promoting public transport, mixed land use, and internalizing external costs through taxes or fees. In conclusion, the document advocates for less concrete and more intelligent transport systems to reduce environmental impacts.
This research describes opportunities to incorporate environmental, economic, and
social sustainability into- transportation decision-making throughout the use of
performance measures. That allows to quickly observe all effects on operation of
arterials in CBD sector at Hilla city. CBD sector (Sector 2) at Hilla city has arterials
network with 26 links and 9 nodes.
For calculating CST (composite sustainability transport index), the data collected
consists of delay, noise, and observed accidents for both links and adjacent main nodes
within CBD and measuring all gases pollutants for main nodes only.
According to CST values within Hilla CBD arterial network, the overall evaluation
of sustainability operation level is moderate for links and low for main adjacent nodes.
That means needing for better organization of traffic operation for link and
reorganization or implementation of new infrastructure projects for main nodes with
support public transport
1.8 Joaquin decision support tool (C.Stroobants)Stevie Swenne
Presentation of Christophe Stroobants (Flanders Environment Agency) on 'Joaquin decision support tool' during the conference 'Environmental challenges & Climate change opportunities' organised by Flanders Environment Agency (VMM)
Keynote presentation given by Gyda Grendstad of the Norwegian Public Road Administration at the 2010 CABE Urban Design Summer School in Birmingham, UK.
This research describes opportunities to incorporate environmental, economic, and
social sustainability into- transportation decision-making throughout the use of
performance measures. That allows to quickly observe all effects on operation of
arterials in CBD sector at Hilla city. CBD sector (Sector 2) at Hilla city has arterials
network with 26 links and 9 nodes.
For calculating CST (composite sustainability transport index), the data collected
consists of delay, noise, and observed accidents for both links and adjacent main nodes
within CBD and measuring all gases pollutants for main nodes only.
According to CST values within Hilla CBD arterial network, the overall evaluation
of sustainability operation level is moderate for links and low for main adjacent nodes.
That means needing for better organization of traffic operation for link and
reorganization or implementation of new infrastructure projects for main nodes with
support public transport
1.8 Joaquin decision support tool (C.Stroobants)Stevie Swenne
Presentation of Christophe Stroobants (Flanders Environment Agency) on 'Joaquin decision support tool' during the conference 'Environmental challenges & Climate change opportunities' organised by Flanders Environment Agency (VMM)
Keynote presentation given by Gyda Grendstad of the Norwegian Public Road Administration at the 2010 CABE Urban Design Summer School in Birmingham, UK.
In today’s world with the ever increasing traffic it is inherent that we immediately find an optimum solution for it so that we can move on from being a developing nation to a super power.
There is a great need to resolve our transportation issues at the earliest as connectivity is of grave importance. Finding a systematic and organized way around the current situation is only going to benefit us in the long run. Better connectivity reduces transportation costs immensely and saves time in traveling.
Increasing the Road Capacity Not Always Improves the Travel Time: A Before an...IJERA Editor
The rapid growth of the car ownership last two decades in Albania has increased the need for higher transportation capacity. One of the most affected cities in Albania is Tirana where the capacity has not met the demand. Inevitably, the center of Tirana (Skanderbeg Square) plays a crucial part in Tirana Transportation System. After a closure of about 2 years, being under reconstruction planned to be car-free area, Skanderbeg Square opened to traffic in 2011 by motorizing it again. This study analyses performance parameters such as: Travel Time, Waiting Time, and Passenger Movements for bus and passenger cars passing through the Skanderbeg Square before and after it was opened to traffic. Kinostudio-Kombinat bus line has been selected as the only line passing through the center of Tirana. Changing the land use from car-free to motorized one has created a valuable possibility to compare the traditional approach; which focuses only on cost to the sustainable one; which includes the environment and social aspects, too in the evaluation. Wider roads, shorter travel times and higher speed travel at the center (CBD) have made vehicle usage more attractive. At the same time, bus travel times have been improved at the center of Tirana. However, the total travel times were not only enhanced, but at some locations (especially near the CBD) where deteriorated. This study showed that traffic congestion problems are not solved but are shifted to other parts of Tirana Transportation System. In addition, public transportation revealed to be overcrowded, forcing passengers to use other modes like passenger car. Last but not least, other modes like bike or motorcycle riding should be encouraged as alternative to the passenger car.
Determination of congestion charge for car users in cbd area of thiruvanantha...eSAT Journals
Abstract Congestion is a situation in which demand for road space exceeds supply and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, higher transportation costs and increased vehicular queuing. Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala, is the second largest and most populous city in the state.The roads and neighbourhoods of the city experiences more chronic congestion and serious crashes than ever before due to higher share of personalized transport and para-transit modes in traffic stream. The present study conducted in Central Business District (CBD) area of Thiruvananthapuram city. The periods of peak congestion in Thiruvananthapuram now last for 4 hours from 8.00 to 10.00 in the morning and from 4.00 to 6.00 in the evening. In this paper, an attempt has been made to assess the congestion level experienced on major road corridors of the city and to determine congestion charge for car users in Mahatma Gandhi Road, which is the most congested road corridor of Thiruvanathapuram city. The method used for the determination of optimal pricing is related to the point of pricing where the external costs are met by the revenue generated by the pricing level. Keywords: Congestion pricing, External costs of congestion, Travel time, Demand elasticity.
This presentation talks about the basics of transportation planning. The transportation jargons that are used like ROW, Carriage way etc. It also talks about the Road hierarchy, Intersections, Road Capacity and Level of Service.
Transportation services are very necessary for various requirements. Transportation or shipping of vehicles, things and also for other commercial purposes and of course the public transportation is so vital these days. You’ll get here the possible shortcomings or challenges or troubles that can be the issue for transportation service of any kind. The issues are traffic congestion, Parking difficulties, Environmental causes etc.
Sustainable Transportation in MelbourneESD UNU-IAS
Sustainable Transportation in Melbourne
Presented by Mr. Joseph Strzempka, Mr. Esteban Velez Vega, and Ms. Hao Yin
2018 ProSPER.Net Leadership Programme
12-16 November, 2018
Review of Transport Models in Indian Context & their sustainiblity in Indiayoougal
Despite the high cost of model development, and their short shelf life, little review of their performance has been done in India.
The presentation includes the basic introduction of models with their application & pros & cons in Indian scenario.
In today’s world with the ever increasing traffic it is inherent that we immediately find an optimum solution for it so that we can move on from being a developing nation to a super power.
There is a great need to resolve our transportation issues at the earliest as connectivity is of grave importance. Finding a systematic and organized way around the current situation is only going to benefit us in the long run. Better connectivity reduces transportation costs immensely and saves time in traveling.
Increasing the Road Capacity Not Always Improves the Travel Time: A Before an...IJERA Editor
The rapid growth of the car ownership last two decades in Albania has increased the need for higher transportation capacity. One of the most affected cities in Albania is Tirana where the capacity has not met the demand. Inevitably, the center of Tirana (Skanderbeg Square) plays a crucial part in Tirana Transportation System. After a closure of about 2 years, being under reconstruction planned to be car-free area, Skanderbeg Square opened to traffic in 2011 by motorizing it again. This study analyses performance parameters such as: Travel Time, Waiting Time, and Passenger Movements for bus and passenger cars passing through the Skanderbeg Square before and after it was opened to traffic. Kinostudio-Kombinat bus line has been selected as the only line passing through the center of Tirana. Changing the land use from car-free to motorized one has created a valuable possibility to compare the traditional approach; which focuses only on cost to the sustainable one; which includes the environment and social aspects, too in the evaluation. Wider roads, shorter travel times and higher speed travel at the center (CBD) have made vehicle usage more attractive. At the same time, bus travel times have been improved at the center of Tirana. However, the total travel times were not only enhanced, but at some locations (especially near the CBD) where deteriorated. This study showed that traffic congestion problems are not solved but are shifted to other parts of Tirana Transportation System. In addition, public transportation revealed to be overcrowded, forcing passengers to use other modes like passenger car. Last but not least, other modes like bike or motorcycle riding should be encouraged as alternative to the passenger car.
Determination of congestion charge for car users in cbd area of thiruvanantha...eSAT Journals
Abstract Congestion is a situation in which demand for road space exceeds supply and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, higher transportation costs and increased vehicular queuing. Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala, is the second largest and most populous city in the state.The roads and neighbourhoods of the city experiences more chronic congestion and serious crashes than ever before due to higher share of personalized transport and para-transit modes in traffic stream. The present study conducted in Central Business District (CBD) area of Thiruvananthapuram city. The periods of peak congestion in Thiruvananthapuram now last for 4 hours from 8.00 to 10.00 in the morning and from 4.00 to 6.00 in the evening. In this paper, an attempt has been made to assess the congestion level experienced on major road corridors of the city and to determine congestion charge for car users in Mahatma Gandhi Road, which is the most congested road corridor of Thiruvanathapuram city. The method used for the determination of optimal pricing is related to the point of pricing where the external costs are met by the revenue generated by the pricing level. Keywords: Congestion pricing, External costs of congestion, Travel time, Demand elasticity.
This presentation talks about the basics of transportation planning. The transportation jargons that are used like ROW, Carriage way etc. It also talks about the Road hierarchy, Intersections, Road Capacity and Level of Service.
Transportation services are very necessary for various requirements. Transportation or shipping of vehicles, things and also for other commercial purposes and of course the public transportation is so vital these days. You’ll get here the possible shortcomings or challenges or troubles that can be the issue for transportation service of any kind. The issues are traffic congestion, Parking difficulties, Environmental causes etc.
Sustainable Transportation in MelbourneESD UNU-IAS
Sustainable Transportation in Melbourne
Presented by Mr. Joseph Strzempka, Mr. Esteban Velez Vega, and Ms. Hao Yin
2018 ProSPER.Net Leadership Programme
12-16 November, 2018
Review of Transport Models in Indian Context & their sustainiblity in Indiayoougal
Despite the high cost of model development, and their short shelf life, little review of their performance has been done in India.
The presentation includes the basic introduction of models with their application & pros & cons in Indian scenario.
Savanna encroachment in SW Ethiopia: spatial analyses at decadal time scalesGraciela GR
Savannas host the livelihoods of many thousands of people in Africa, while environmental policies addressing savanna preservation have been highly controversial (Homewood, 2004), especially in connection with bush encroachment, an important factor reducing available grazing areas for both domestic and wild animals. Contention is partly due to a very lively debate on tree-grass coexistence in savannas and on long-term ecosystem response to disturbance. The less studied rangelands of East Africa, where National Parks management is often in conflict with local communities and enclosures are difficult to apply, present a good opportunity to test some hypotheses about savanna dynamics, and thus to aid development of new guidelines for the preservation of this environment.
We previously studied the role of bush encroachment at centennial to millennial time-scales in the Dara range of the Mago National Park (MNP), south-western Ethiopia, an area inhabited by Mursi agro-pastoralists. We showed that bush encroachment is a transient state in savannas, fitting the control hypothesis for alternative stable states (Gil-Romera et al., 2010). Our aim in this paper is to explore the driving factors of bush encroachment at decennial time-scales; specifically the role of pastoralism -including fire and hervibory - and other auto-ecological processes such as fast species-specific seedling recruitment and self-thinning.
We surveyed 22 different areas in the Mursi region, within MNP, where fire and grazing had been applied at different times, >25 years (7 sites), over the last 10 years (7 sites) and over the last 5 years (8 sites). We recorded coordinates and biometric variables (height, canopy and dbh) for every woody taxon in 50x50m plots, and then analysed the spatial pattern of the different plots using point-pattern analyses.
Presentation by Dr Giulio Mattioli www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/g.mattioli for ITS Research Seminar Series, March 2015
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/about/events/seminar-series/
Environmental noise pollution from road transport and other sources in varna,...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present research has been conducted in Varna – the third biggest city in Bulgaria in order to assess the environmental noise pollution from road transport and other sources. Noise monitoring has been done during the period 2007-2014 at 45 monitoring posts situated at: areas with intensive road traffic; areas with railroad traffic; areas with aviation noise; areas with marine traffic; industrial areas; built-up areas; recreation areas; hospitals and sanatoria; scientific research sites; quiet areas in open country. The noise pollution has been assessed through the daily equivalent sound levels LeqD in the environment that determine the degree of discomfort during daytime (07.00 – 19.00). Research results have been statistically interpreted by variation analysis and the differences have been estimated by Student-Fischer t-criteria. The dominant source of environmental noise pollution in Varna is road traffic. Sound levels at monitoring posts with intensive road traffic are considerably higher than the established limit value – LeqD vary between 69.28 and 71.72 dB(A) and exceed the limit value with 10-12 dB(A). At recreation areas the average LeqD exceed the limit value during the entire monitoring period. More intensive noise pollution has been observed from 2010 onwards as the increase is statistically reliable and the differences are of strong statistical significance (0.001 ≤ Р ≤ 0.05). At built-up areas the average LeqD are close to the limit value and a statistically reliable increase has been registered from 2010 onwards (P < 0.001). Different types of measures are discussed to reduce noise pollution mostly from road transport. Key Words: daily equivalent sound level, environmental noise pollution, noise sources, road traffic
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
6. Negative influences of traffic
Emissions
Producing traffic means
Construction and operation of roads
Colours and paint coat of traffic signs
Chemical de-icing materials
Abrasion of tyres and surface of road
Fragmentation of landscape
Storage and transport of fuels
Transport of dangerous substances
Land use
7. Negative influences of traffic on
different levels
Global (contribution to greenhouse
effect)
Regional (damage of vegetation, acid
and nitrogen deposition)
Local (direct pollution, noise, pollution
of soil and water, barrier effect)
8. Traffic emission
Exhaust gasses contain many chemical
substances in different concentrations
with effect on human health
Toxic, genotoxic and muttagenic effects
Mass unit of air pollutants from road
traffic is 10 times higher in cities and big
agglomerations in comparison with air
pollutants from the other sources
(industry)
9. Contamination of the air by
emissions
Pollutants
With limits: NOx, CO, SO2, PM
Without limits: CO2, N2O, CH4
Others: PAHs, PCDDs, PCDFs, PGE(Pt, Pd,
Rh), phenols, ketone, tar, benzene,
toluene, xylene, 1,3- butadiene
11. Impacts on human health
caused by transport
• NOx: Damage to respiratory tracts (bronchitis,
asthma, whooping cough, lung diseases) 1
• CH: Irritation of mucous membranes,
carcinogenic1
• SO2: Irritation of skin and mucous membranes,
respiratory trouble1
• CO: reduces oxygen uptake in blood (dizziness,
headaches, nausea)1
• Noise pollution: irritability, nervousness,
damage to hearing, disturbed sleep, circulatory
disorders, high blood pressure, risk of heart
attacks2
• Soot and VOCs: carcinogenic
12. Trends and prognosis of
emissions
Limited emissions decrease excepting
particular matters, which have variable
trend
The main problem - greenhouse gasses
and POPs: In these cases, measures
(catalytic converters, promotion of public
transport, emission limits EURO, etc.) do
not manage the rapid increase of transport
performance especially in road traffic
13. Traffic influences on human
health
Direct
• Noise, air pollution, accidents, annoyance
Non-direct
• Restriction of active transport means
• Restriction of spontaneous motional activities
• Epidemiological risk of international mobility
• Restriction of social contacts
14. Influences of noise on human
health
Acute effects: stress-defence
Increase of blood pressure
Accelerated pulse
Contraction of blood-vessels
Increase of the adrenalin level
Loss of magnesium
Effect on psychics – tiredness, depression, annoyance,
agressivity, unwillingness
Decrease of performance, memory, attention
15. Influences of noise on human health
Chronic effects: civilization desease
Fixing acute effects
Origin of hypertension
Damage of blood-vessels
Decrease of immune ability
Feeling tiredness
Existence of civilization disease is direct rule of noise
16. Physical inactivity
Significant health problem
Estimation:
• - Takes part in 1.9 million of deads and 19 millions
DALYs (disability adjusted life years)
• - Takes part in 10-16 % of events of breast and bowel
carcinoma, diabetes and in 22% of ischaemic heart
disease
• - Share of deaths, where physical inactivity takes part
is about 5-10 % with important subregional differences;
that is around 600.000 a year, what is approximately 5
times more than due to traffic accidents
17. Travel trend in Europe
More than 50% of car journeys is shorter than 5
km that´s 15 minutes by bicycle
More than 30% of car journeys is shorter than 3
km that´s 20 minutes of walk
During one day, an average European living in a city:
- Rides a bicycle for 0,5 km
- Walks 1 km
- Travels by car a distance of 27,5 km
20. Area needed for urban transport
( in m2 per person transported,
without parking)
3
10
100
20
4 3
Walking Bicycle Car Bus Tram suburb.
rail
21. Parking time
Parking time during daytime hours for
cars parked on roadsides in the inner city
(example of Munich)
up to 2 hours 22%
2 – 4 hours 11%
more than 4 hours 67%
22. Noise pollution
• 50% of Germany‘s inhabitants are
exposed to noise pollution from road
traffic at a level which can impact on
their physical and psychological well-
being (>= 55 db(A))1.
In urban areas this percentage is well
over 70%. 2
• The figure is 20% for noise pollution
from rail transport1
-> In Germany c. 2,000 people die every
year from noise pollution-related heart
attacks.3
23. Noise
• Road transportation noise
– Accounts for about 70% or all noise emitted by transportation.
– Road transportation modes have different scales of noise emissions.
– Main sources of noise come from the engine and the friction of the wheels
over the road surface.
• One truck moving at 90 km/hr makes as much noise as 28 cars moving at
the same speed.
• Ambient noise
– Frequent result of road transportation in urban areas.
– Addition of all the noise generated by cars, trucks and buses.
– Permanent ambient noise (ranging from 45 to 65 db).
– Impairs the quality of life in urban areas and thus the property values of
residences.
– Nearby road arterials, ambient noise is replaced by direct noise and vibrations.
24. Noise
– The acoustics created by the surrounding
environment (hills, buildings, trees, open space,
etc.) alleviate or worsen local conditions.
• Noise level
– Travel speed and the intensity of traffic are
directly linked with its intensity of noise.
– Grows arithmetically with speed.
– Around 45% of the population in developed
countries live in high levels of noise intensity (over
55 db) generated by road transportation.
25. Noise Generated by a
Passenger Car
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Speed (km/ hr)
Noise(dB)
27. Noise
• Rail transportation noise
– Accounts for about 10% of all noise emitted by
transportation.
– Noise comes from the engine (mostly diesel), the friction
of wheels over the rails, and whistle blowing.
– Trains moving at high speed, areoacoustic noise
becomes more important than other sources.
• Depending of the train aerodynamics, noise emissions are from
50 to 80 times the logarithm of train speed.
• Become significant at speeds higher than 200 km/hr.
– Convergence of trucks towards railyards provides an
additional source of noise.
28. Noise
– Level of exposure related to the importance and
location of rail transportation infrastructure.
– Important impacts are in urban areas where the
majority transshipment functions are performed.
– Rail terminals are often located in the central and
high density areas of cities.
~ 70 db(A)
~ 55 db(A)
~ 85 db(A)
500 m
29. Factors influencing travel choice
Real and perceive danger of a traffic accident
(where is safety, where could I let go children)
Environment of roads affect negatively and
dangerously, cyclists and pedestrians are at a
bump in the higher danger of healthy effects
over against users of cars
Danger bump of pedestrian and cyclist with car
is indirect rule of proportion in quantity of
pedestrians and the cyclists, which are on a
road
30. Influencing needs of transport by
the land planning
Responsibility of the municipality for the
behaviour of the citizen in transport
- The way of the organization of activities
in the area - transport distances
- Suburbanization
- Commercial zones in the vicinity of cities
31. Moving past the State of traditional
concrete…
• Why?
• Cost of keeping traditions
• A new world of materials in development
• Ability to have choices / provisional options
• What?
• plastic – metal – composite – wood - transparent – translucent –
absorptive – canted – recycled – easily replaced – lower cost –
light weight - and more…
• Where?
• Vertical and horizontal
• How?
• Use the process & criteria that fit your organization…
32. The possibilities decreassing of
negative effect
Restriction of increase of total volume of transportation
Changing of modal split to rail transport
Including external cost to total cost of traffic
Adoption of stricter norms for exhaust and noise
emissions
Using of alternative fuels
Restriction of traffic operation in resident agglomerations
33. social impacts of transport
• Displacement of pedestrians from street space
• Barrier effect of major roads
• Impact on leisure time and recreation
• Chronic illnesses
34. Potential solutions I
• Traffic reduction through
mixed/overlapping land use and
decentralisation
most cost-effective approach
• Strengthening of non-motorised
transport
Extension of traffic-restrained
zones
Urban green spaces,
legal protection for pedestrians
• Intermodality
• Awareness-raising
35. Potential solutions II
• Internalising the external costs
Tax on oil
Tax / levy on CO2
emissions,
air pollutants,
noise
Road user fee
Parking fee
Subsidising environmentally
friendly transport modes
• Legal provisions
36. Potential solutions III
public transport
• Customer orientation
• Regionally coordinated services
• Frequent and regular service
• Fast and reliable service
• Product differentiation
• Attractive price
• Comfortable vehicles and stops
37. Potential solutions IV
motorised individual transport
• Speed limit
• Technological approaches:
lower fuel use by entire fleet
alternative propulsion methods
(e.g. hydrogen fuel cells)
• “down-sizing”
• Increased capacity utilization rate of
vehicles
Car sharing
Car pools
38. Conclusion:
“Now it is time for less
concrete and more
intelligence in the transport
system.”