Expanding highway capacity is unlikely to provide long-term relief from traffic congestion. Numerous studies have shown that adding more lanes or roads increases vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in both the short-run and long-run due to induced demand. As capacity increases, the cost of driving goes down and people drive more. This induced travel offsets reductions in congestion and greenhouse gas emissions. While capacity expansion may shift some traffic to new roads, it leads to an overall net increase in VMT rather than just redistributing existing traffic.
Drivers influencing the transport costs Aniello EspositoAniello Esposito
Transport covers a strategic role for the development of trade and is a key element in people’s lives. Transport system has become indispensable for our survival, and important is the study of its costs to win the competition in the business world, to make efficient our movements and to reduce the waste of resources.
Below, the main drivers affecting the transport costs and their changes will be analysed with a focus on transport of goods.
Providing Transportation Choices: The Region of Durham ExperienceSmart Commute
Written by: Jeffrey Brooks, MCIP, RPP, Ramesh Jagannathan, P.Eng, PTOE, Colleen Goodchild, MCIP, RPP
Presented at: Canadian Institute of Transportation Engineers, Toronto, May 2007
Transportation services are very necessary for various requirements. Transportation or shipping of vehicles, things and also for other commercial purposes and of course the public transportation is so vital these days. You’ll get here the possible shortcomings or challenges or troubles that can be the issue for transportation service of any kind. The issues are traffic congestion, Parking difficulties, Environmental causes etc.
Many cities are attempting to reduce congestion through innovative transport policies and projects. This report explores the challenges city leaders face in choosing the right combination of solutions to address their short- and long-term urban mobility challenges. It aims to provide direction on how city leaders can navigate through these challenges and how they can work together with community groups and the private sector to transform their cities for the future.
Drivers influencing the transport costs Aniello EspositoAniello Esposito
Transport covers a strategic role for the development of trade and is a key element in people’s lives. Transport system has become indispensable for our survival, and important is the study of its costs to win the competition in the business world, to make efficient our movements and to reduce the waste of resources.
Below, the main drivers affecting the transport costs and their changes will be analysed with a focus on transport of goods.
Providing Transportation Choices: The Region of Durham ExperienceSmart Commute
Written by: Jeffrey Brooks, MCIP, RPP, Ramesh Jagannathan, P.Eng, PTOE, Colleen Goodchild, MCIP, RPP
Presented at: Canadian Institute of Transportation Engineers, Toronto, May 2007
Transportation services are very necessary for various requirements. Transportation or shipping of vehicles, things and also for other commercial purposes and of course the public transportation is so vital these days. You’ll get here the possible shortcomings or challenges or troubles that can be the issue for transportation service of any kind. The issues are traffic congestion, Parking difficulties, Environmental causes etc.
Many cities are attempting to reduce congestion through innovative transport policies and projects. This report explores the challenges city leaders face in choosing the right combination of solutions to address their short- and long-term urban mobility challenges. It aims to provide direction on how city leaders can navigate through these challenges and how they can work together with community groups and the private sector to transform their cities for the future.
This is the transportation planning module I developed for the Suncoast Section of the Florida APA's AICP prep course. I deliver it each March to help new professionals prepare for the exam.
A study published in the Feb 2014 issue of the Journal of Infrastructure Systems titled, "Estimating the Consumptive Use Costs of Shale Natural Gas Extraction on Pennsylvania Roadways". The study estimates it costs between $5,000-$10,000 of roadway damage for each Marcellus well drilled for more traveled roads, and $13,000-$23,000 for rural roads.
Abstract of master's thesis on traffic congestion in GhanaHayford Adjavor
This was a study aimed at bringing the merits of road pricing implementation, and drawing from lessons in other developing countries in order to solve the traffic congestion problem in the city of Accra.
In today’s world with the ever increasing traffic it is inherent that we immediately find an optimum solution for it so that we can move on from being a developing nation to a super power.
There is a great need to resolve our transportation issues at the earliest as connectivity is of grave importance. Finding a systematic and organized way around the current situation is only going to benefit us in the long run. Better connectivity reduces transportation costs immensely and saves time in traveling.
The Gap Between the Public Transport System and the Automobile Industry Rory Van Wyk
https://www.miway.co.za/blog/useful-info/a-commentary-on-south-africa-s-dependence-on-the-motor-car-industry | We discuss the fundamental gaps between the South African public transport system and automobile industry. Learn about the implications of a lacking public transport system and its effects on the automobile and motor vehicle insurance industries.
Diane Gray, President and CEO, CentrePort Canada, Inc., spoke during the CEC's Joint Public Advisory Committee's round table on sustainable transportation on July 10, 2013. More info. at http://cec.org/council2013
This is the transportation planning module I developed for the Suncoast Section of the Florida APA's AICP prep course. I deliver it each March to help new professionals prepare for the exam.
A study published in the Feb 2014 issue of the Journal of Infrastructure Systems titled, "Estimating the Consumptive Use Costs of Shale Natural Gas Extraction on Pennsylvania Roadways". The study estimates it costs between $5,000-$10,000 of roadway damage for each Marcellus well drilled for more traveled roads, and $13,000-$23,000 for rural roads.
Abstract of master's thesis on traffic congestion in GhanaHayford Adjavor
This was a study aimed at bringing the merits of road pricing implementation, and drawing from lessons in other developing countries in order to solve the traffic congestion problem in the city of Accra.
In today’s world with the ever increasing traffic it is inherent that we immediately find an optimum solution for it so that we can move on from being a developing nation to a super power.
There is a great need to resolve our transportation issues at the earliest as connectivity is of grave importance. Finding a systematic and organized way around the current situation is only going to benefit us in the long run. Better connectivity reduces transportation costs immensely and saves time in traveling.
The Gap Between the Public Transport System and the Automobile Industry Rory Van Wyk
https://www.miway.co.za/blog/useful-info/a-commentary-on-south-africa-s-dependence-on-the-motor-car-industry | We discuss the fundamental gaps between the South African public transport system and automobile industry. Learn about the implications of a lacking public transport system and its effects on the automobile and motor vehicle insurance industries.
Diane Gray, President and CEO, CentrePort Canada, Inc., spoke during the CEC's Joint Public Advisory Committee's round table on sustainable transportation on July 10, 2013. More info. at http://cec.org/council2013
La mappa internazionale del lavoro
Intrappolati nella nostra quotidianità, lastricata da innumerevoli ed estenuanti adempimenti, siamo spesso costretti a rubare preziosi momenti alle famiglie (e al più che meritato riposo domenicale), per immergerci obtorto collo nello studio delle numerose novità legislative, che oramai scandiscono la vita dei commercialisti con lo stesso ineluttabile alternarsi del giorno alla notte. Così facendo, però, dimentichiamo che abbiamo altresì il dovere di ritagliarci un minimo di tempo da dedicare a un aspetto fondamentale della nostra formazione professionale: ovverossia, l’analisi del mercato nazionale e internazionale in cui operiamo.
The Alliance for Toll-Free Interstates (ATFI) was formed to educate the public about the
negative impact that tolling existing interstates has on our communities and businesses. ATFI
exists to provide detailed information to the media, policymakers and individuals on why tolling
existing interstates will not solve our transportation needs.
This is the transportation planning module I developed for the Suncoast Section of Florida APA. I deliver it each March at their AICP prep course. Hopefully these new professionals learn a little something about transportation and pass the exam too.
Increasing the Road Capacity Not Always Improves the Travel Time: A Before an...IJERA Editor
The rapid growth of the car ownership last two decades in Albania has increased the need for higher transportation capacity. One of the most affected cities in Albania is Tirana where the capacity has not met the demand. Inevitably, the center of Tirana (Skanderbeg Square) plays a crucial part in Tirana Transportation System. After a closure of about 2 years, being under reconstruction planned to be car-free area, Skanderbeg Square opened to traffic in 2011 by motorizing it again. This study analyses performance parameters such as: Travel Time, Waiting Time, and Passenger Movements for bus and passenger cars passing through the Skanderbeg Square before and after it was opened to traffic. Kinostudio-Kombinat bus line has been selected as the only line passing through the center of Tirana. Changing the land use from car-free to motorized one has created a valuable possibility to compare the traditional approach; which focuses only on cost to the sustainable one; which includes the environment and social aspects, too in the evaluation. Wider roads, shorter travel times and higher speed travel at the center (CBD) have made vehicle usage more attractive. At the same time, bus travel times have been improved at the center of Tirana. However, the total travel times were not only enhanced, but at some locations (especially near the CBD) where deteriorated. This study showed that traffic congestion problems are not solved but are shifted to other parts of Tirana Transportation System. In addition, public transportation revealed to be overcrowded, forcing passengers to use other modes like passenger car. Last but not least, other modes like bike or motorcycle riding should be encouraged as alternative to the passenger car.
Environmental Policy for Road Transportation: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Ca...Shamsuddin Ahmed
This paper explores the efficacy of environmental protection in road transportation that produces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a result of vehicle travel frequencies in a region. Road transportation deduces the highest contributor of carbon emissions coupled with human interventions in the economic growth sectors that rather bear a perilous condition in property management exclusively in urban settlements or impervious lands. An association among the selected variables where population erraticism echoes a basic determinant of road transportation for energy use and vehicle travels increasingly succeeds carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions. Trends in regional gas emissions depict two pragmatic paradigms. First, at least four principal components are coherent and overriding in regional environmental protection to fulfil the common goal of measuring and monitoring climate smart land use. Second, a plausible land transportation policy pooled with environmental regulations is a complex one from economic development perspective as the higher the regional economic growth relates relatively higher GHG emissions in nature. It can be concluded that environmental protection from GHG is virtually regulated by three influences: population, energy usages, and vehicle travels which are deemed to be the spatial dimension of reducing global carbon emissions being caused from road transportation in a region.
Transportation Planning.1.What is the future direction of the Trav.pdfdiscountonly4u
Transportation Planning.
1.What is the future direction of the Travel Demand Analysis in the United States?Explain
breifly(Minimum 1.5 pages)
Solution
Since the beginning of civilization, the viability and economic success of communities have been
greatly determined by the efficiency of their transportation infrastructures. The need for efficient
transportation and land-use systems has never been more critical than it is today.
Vehicle Mile Traveled (VMT) per capita has started to decline in the United States since early
2000 years. Passenger travel demand seems to have decoupled from economic activity (i.e.
grows at lower rate). Starting in the mid 2000s, the average per-capita vehicle miles traveled
(VMT) have declined, after a long period of steady growth in the decades of the previous
century. An increased portion of Americans live without a car, and while the total amount of
person-trips in the country continues to rise, this has not translated into increased car use.
Instead, the use of alternative modes, including public transportation and active means of travel,
has increased.
Impact of the economic recession, changes in gas prices, demographic trends, changes in the
urban form of American cities, and emerging changes in personal preferences and lifestyles are
few parameters to account for the slow down of the Travel Demand. The VMT per capita, as
well as the rates of vehicle ownership, including the number of vehicles per person, vehicles per
licensed driver, and vehicles per household, reached their respective peaks between 2004 and
2006. However, the economic crisis from 2007-2009 has certainly contributed to reducing total
VMT in the country.
Changes in travel demand have become important with implications for the urban and
transportation planning owing to the large financial investments and considerable time required
to provide new transportation infrastructure and services.
To understand the situation and adopt corrective measures, Statewide travel forecasting models
to predict all travel in the state, potentially by all modes, for both goods and people are bein
undertaken. This includes Super-regional models statewide that cover all or parts of multiple
states and possibly the whole of the US. Researchers have been undertaking such research
initiatives and efforts, to upgrade the existing models and develop new models. These studies are
generally under the umbrella of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO).
The importance of statewide models stems directly from the amount of long-distance (as defined
within the NHTS as more than 50 miles), and intercity travel in the US. Statewide models go
beyond metropolitan models principally by including larger, if not all, portions of long distances
trips and by explicitly including passenger and freight modes for intercity travel. Almost two-
thirds of the states have active modeling efforts, with one or two states completing a new model
each year..
Creating Better Places with Transportation Demand Management (TDM)Mobility Lab
A “transit premium” can increase property values by anywhere between a few percentage points up to more than 150 percent.
TDM focuses on shifting travelers away from single occupancy-vehicle modes like biking, walking, bus, and rail. In many cases, however, TDM solutions and programs may address only a single alternative mode, or ignore the increasing diversity in how people – particularly younger generations – are traveling.
There is strong evidence of this narrow focus occurring frequently. Residential buildings may tout their WalkScore as a measure of pedestrian-friendliness. Or a commercial building may earn a Bicycle Friendly Business’ designation from the League of American Bicyclists. While these tools and designations are certainly valuable, sustainable buildings should have an an equitable distribution of transportation options and opportunities.
Most property owners and managers (and the business leaders who operate within them) can find ways to better promote and encourage a range of multi-modal options.
My contribution to helping them do so is the Multi-Modal Transportation Score (or what I like to call ModeScore for short). It measures the total accessibility of a given building, taking into account all possible sustainable transportation modes. My overarching goal is that building users will create and embrace programs to encourage and increase alternative travel.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Why Cities Choose Smart Parking Solutions from Streetline
This white paper examines the impact of parking on the transportation ecosystem as well as the quality of life in a city. Technological solutions are offered to address parking congestion, which is estimated at 30% of city traffic. Streetline's sensors and consumer & municipal applications provide the tools a city needs to implement smarter parking strategies.
Southeast San Francisco New Caltrain StationsAdina Levin
Slides from a presentation on November 8, 2021 for Friends of Caltrain, Streets for People, on accessibility improvements and new station locations in Southeast SF
San Francisco Board of Supervisors Caltrain Governance ResolutionAdina Levin
San Francisco Board of Supervisors passes a resolution calling for a review of Caltrain Governance in the context of the Business Plan and Funding Measure
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
Canadian Immigration Tracker March 2024 - Key SlidesAndrew Griffith
Highlights
Permanent Residents decrease along with percentage of TR2PR decline to 52 percent of all Permanent Residents.
March asylum claim data not issued as of May 27 (unusually late). Irregular arrivals remain very small.
Study permit applications experiencing sharp decrease as a result of announced caps over 50 percent compared to February.
Citizenship numbers remain stable.
Slide 3 has the overall numbers and change.
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
Kate White 101 solutions-10-12-2015-NCST Brief-Induced_Travel
1. POLICYBRIEF
October 2015
IncreasingHighwayCapacityUnlikely
toRelieveTrafficCongestion
Reducing traffic congestion is often
proposed as a solution for improving fuel
efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions. Traffic congestion has
traditionally been addressed by adding
additional roadway capacity via constructing
entirely new roadways, adding additional
lanes to existing roadways, or upgrading
existing highways to controlled-access
freeways. Numerous studies have examined
the effectiveness of this approach and
consistently show that adding capacity to
roadways fails to alleviate congestion for
long because it actually increases vehicle
miles traveled (VMT).
An increase in VMT attributable to increases
in roadway capacity where congestion
is present is called “induced travel”. The
basic economic principles of supply and
demand explain this phenomenon: adding
capacity decreases travel time, in effect
lowering the “price” of driving; and when
prices go down, the quantity of driving
goes up.1
Induced travel counteracts the
effectiveness of capacity expansion as a
strategy for alleviating traffic congestion and
offsets in part or in whole reductions in GHG
emissions that would result from reduced
congestion.
Susan Handy
Department of Environmental Science and Policy
University of California, Davis
National Center for Sustainable Transportation • 1
Issue
Contact Information:
slhandy@ucdavis.edu
Increased roadway capacity induces
additional VMT in the short-run and even
more VMT in the long-run. A capacity
expansion of 10% is likely to increase VMT
by 3% to 6% in the short-run and 6% to
10% in the long-run. Increased capacity
can lead to increased VMT in the short-run
in several ways: if people shift from other
modes to driving, if drivers make longer
trips (by choosing longer routes and/or
more distant destinations), or if drivers
make more frequent trips.3,4,5
Longer-term
effects may also occur if households and
businesses move to more distant locations
or if development patterns become more
dispersed in response to the capacity
increase. One study concludes that the
full impact of capacity expansion on VMT
materializes within five years6
and another
concludes that the full effect takes as long as
10 years.7
Capacity expansion leads to a net increase
in VMT, not simply a shifting of VMT from
one road to another. Some argue that
increased capacity does not generate new
VMT but rather that drivers simply shift from
slower and more congested roads to the new
or newly expanded roadway. Evidence does
not support this argument. One study found
“no conclusive evidence that increases in
state highway lane-miles have affected traffic
on other roads”8
while a more recent study
concluded that “increasing lane kilometers
for one type of road diverts little traffic from
other types of roads”.9
Increases in GHG emissions attributable
to capacity expansion are substantial. One
study predicted that the growth in VMT
attributable to increased lane miles would
produce an additional 43 million metric tons
of CO2
emissions in 2012 nationwide.10
Key Research Findings
The quality of the evidence linking highway
capacity expansion to increased VMT
is high. All studies reviewed used time-
series data and sophisticated econometric
techniques to estimate the effect of
increased capacity on congestion and
VMT. All studies also controlled for other
factors that might also affect VMT, including
population growth, increases in income,
other demographic factors, and changes in
transit service.2
2. 2 • National Center for Sustainable Transportation
Further Reading
This policy brief is drawn from the “Impact of
Highway Capacity and Induced Travel on Passenger
Vehicle Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions” policy
brief and technical background memo prepared for
the California Air Resources Board (CARB) by Susan
Handy (University of California, Davis) and Marlon
Boarnet (University of Southern California), which
can be found on CARB’s website along with briefs
and memos on 22 other land use and transportation
strategies that impact vehicle use and GHG emissions.
Website link: http://arb.ca.gov/cc/sb375/policies/
policies.htm
Capacity expansion does not increase employment
or other economic activity. Economic development
and job creation are often cited as compelling reasons
for expanding the capacity of roadways. However,
most studies of the impact of capacity expansion on
development in a metropolitan region find no net
increase in employment or other economic activity,
though investments do influence where within a
region development occurs.11, 12
Conversely, reductions in roadway capacity tend
to produce social and economic benefits without
worsening traffic congestion. The removal of
elevated freeway segments in San Francisco coupled
with improvements to the at-grade Embarcadero
and Octavia Boulevards has sparked an on-going
revitalization of the surrounding areas while
producing a significant drop in traffic.13
Many cities in
Europe have adopted the strategy of closing streets
The National Center for Sustainable Transportation is a consortium of leading universities committed to
advancing an environmentally sustainable transportation system through cutting-edge research, direct
policy engagement, and education of our future leaders.
Consortium members: University of California, Davis; University of California, Riverside; University of
Southern California; California State University, Long Beach; Georgia Institute of Technology; and The
University of Vermont
Visit us at ncst.ucdavis.edu Follow us on: in
1
Noland, R.B. and L.L. Lem. (2002). A review of the evidence for induced travel and changes in transportation and environmental
policy in the US and the UK. Transportation Research D, 7, 1-26. http://bit.ly/1jZbl1E
2
Noland, R.B. and L.L. Lem. (2002).
3
Noland, R.B. and L.L. Lem. (2002).
4
Gorham, R. (2009). Demystifying Induced Travel Demand. Sustainable Urban Transport Document #1. Transport Policy Advisory
Services on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development, Bonn, Germany. http://bit.ly/1MszHfq
5
Litman, T. (2010). Generated Traffic and Induced Travel: Implications for Transport Planning. Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
http://bit.ly/1WXC258
6
Hansen, M. and Y. Huang. (1997). Road Supply and Traffic in California Urban Areas. Transportation Research A, 31(3), 205-218.
http://bit.ly/1ZvLO0k
7
Duranton, G. and M.A. Turner. (2011). The Fundamental Law of Road Congestion: Evidence from US Cities. American Economic
Review, 101, 2616-2652. http://bit.ly/1MszTeD
8
Hansen and Huang. (1997).
9
Duranton and Turner. (2011).
10
Handy, S. (2005). Smart Growth and the Transportation-Land Use Connection: What Does the Research Tell us? International
Regional Science Review, 28(2): 1-22. http://bit.ly/1NCeeSP
11
Handy, S. (2005).
12
Funderberg, R., H. Nixon, M. Boarnet, and G. Ferguson. (2010). New Highways and Land Use Change: Results From a Quasi-
Experimental Research Design. Transportation Research A, 44(2): 76-98. http://bit.ly/1LqYhfD
13
Cervero, R., J. Kang, and K. Shively. (2009). From Elevated Freeways to Surface Boulevards: Neighborhood and Housing Price
Impacts in San Francisco. Journal of Urbanism, 2(1), 31-50. http://bit.ly/1LF8eSq
14
Hajdu, J.C. (1988). Pedestrian Malls in West Germany: Perceptions of their Role and Stages in their Development. Journal of the
American Planning Association, 54(3). 325-335. http://bit.ly/1LqYnUy
in the central business district to vehicle traffic as
an approach to economic revitalization,14
and this
strategy is increasingly being adopted in cities the
U.S., from New York City to San Francisco.