Enterobacteria are Gram-negative bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae, including pathogenic E. coli. E. coli can cause urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, and intestinal diseases. There are five classes of pathogenic E. coli that cause diarrhea - enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, enterohemorrhagic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, and enteroaggregative E. coli - each with distinct pathogenic mechanisms. E. coli is diagnosed through culture, biochemical tests, and examining reactions on media like MacConkey agar and triple sugar iron agar. Treatment depends on the site and strain of infection.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Qalification
AHLAD T O
MSc MLT (Biochemistry)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Proteus microbiology
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Gram-negative
#Enterobactericea
#Weil Felix Test
#PROTEUS - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Qalification
AHLAD T O
MSc MLT (Biochemistry)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Proteus microbiology
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Gram-negative
#Enterobactericea
#Weil Felix Test
#PROTEUS - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
BEST AND MOST COMPLETE OF ALL FOODS.
IT’S THE FIRST FOOD WE TASTE.
GOOD SOURCE OF PROTEINS, FATS, SUGARS, VITAMINES AND MINERALS.
CONTAINS ALL NUTRIENTS NECESSARY FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.
prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
Most medically important family of non–spore-forming gram-negative rods.
Most species are normal flora of the GI tract. Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia are not normal GI flora.
Major cause of nosocomial infections
Diseases include UTIs, gastroenteritis, septicemia, food poisoning, wound infections, peritonitis, pneumonia, and meningitis
The family exhibits four serological characteristics:
O (somatic) antigen-A cell wall antigen-LPS (heat stable), Used for serological grouping of Salmonella & Shigella.
K (envelope) antigen-Capsular antigen (heat labile)
H (flagellar) antigen-Flagellar antigen-protein (heat labile), Used to serotype Salmonella.
Vi antigen-Capsular antigen of Salmonella Typhi-polysaccharide (heat labile), Role in preventing phagocytosis, may mask O Ag, removed by heating.
Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose. Positive nitrate and catalase, non-hemolytic. Except for Plesiomonas, they are oxidase negative.
Microbiology of E coli giving basic of Escherichia coli, its morphology, cultural and biochemical characteristics, Antigenic character, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control
I am Tariq Bin Aziz, From Southeast University, Bangladesh. I made this presentation on E.coli. I think you will be benefited by my presentation. Thanks All.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
6. Rapid presumptive identification of Gram
negative bacteria.
Lactose fermenters
Pink colonies on Mac Conkeys media
1. Escherichia coli Metallic sheen on EMB,
Motile No viscous colonies
2. Enterobacter species Raised colonies .Non
viscous colonies
3. Klebseilla species Very viscous mucoid Non
motile
7. Slow lactose fermenters on Mac Conkeys
media 48 hours .
•Citrobacter
•Serratia
•Providencia
• Arizona. etc.
``opportunist pathogens``
8.
9. Non Lactose fermenters
Colorless colonies on Mac Conkeys
• Shigella species: Non motile
• Salmonella species: Motile
• Proteus species: Swarming, urea hydrolyzed.
• Pseudomonas species: Green pigment sweetish
smell.
10. 1. Morphology and staining
Gram negative rods , motile or non motile,
peritrichous flagella, non sporing.
2. Culture:
a. Mac Conkeys medium
b. EMB (Eosin Methylene Blue agar)
c. Blood agar
d. CLED (Cystien Lactose Electrolyte Deficient
Medium)
11. 3. Biochemical characteristics:
• a. Lactose fermentation
• b. Reduce nitrates to nitrites
• c. Ferment glucose
• d. Oxidase negative
12. • 1. Indole test: E. coli produces indole
• 2. Methyl red: indicates pH of culture if
below 4.5 positive.
• 3. Voges –Proskere reaction:
Depends on production of
acetylmethylcarbinol from dextrose gives
pink color positive in Enterobacter.
• 4. Citrate test: Utilization of sodium citrate
as sole source of carbon Klebseilla positive.
13. MNEMONIC FORMULA:
• IMViC for E. coli is ++--,
• Enterobacter is --++.
Other tests:
1. Triple Sugar Iron or TSI medium
2. Urease production
14. • TRIPLE SUGAR IRON (TSI ) AGAR REACTION
One such medium is TSI.
• Medium contains 0.1 % glucose 1 % sucrose 1 %
lactose ,Ferrous sulphate ( for detection of H2S,
production ) and a pH indicator ( phenol red ).
• Pored into test tube to produce a slant and a deep
butt If only glucose is fermented , the slant and butt
initially turn yellow from the small amount of acid
produced ;
as the fermented products are subsequently oxidized
the slant turns Alkaline ( RED).
• If lactose or sucrose is fermented so much acid is
produced that slant and butt remain Acid
(YELLOW).
15.
16. TSI(Medium reactions) Escherichia coli - a facultative
anaerobe, ferments both glucose and lactose as a carbon
source, produce gas, but does not produce hydrogen
sulfide
17. Salmonella enteritidis (serotype typhimurium) can
ferment glucose but not lactose as carbon source
and produces both hydrogen sulfide and gas.
18. Coliforms and Public Health:
• Contamination of Public water by
sewerage is detected by presence of
E. coli Klebsiella and Enterobacter
• Mainly E. coli is used as an indicator
of unaccepted faecal contamination.
Colony count > 4 dL.
35. End of Introduction to
Enterobacteracaie.
SMS sent by someone
`` A perfect lecture should be like a
girls skirt. Which iz long enough to
cover the subject and short enough
2 create interest``
38. • Habitat: E. coli is the head of the
large bacterial family the
Enterbacteriacae.
Which consists of enteric bacteria,
which are facultative anaerobic
Gram-negative rods that live in the
intestinal tracts of animals in health
and disease.
39. Pathogenesis of E. coli
Over 700 antigenic types or serotypes of E. coli have
been recognized based on O, H, and K antigens.
E. coli is responsible for three types of infections in
humans:
• 1. Urinary tract infections (UTI).
• 2. Neonatal meningitis.
• 3. Intestinal diseases (gastroenteritis) and Sepsis.
These diseases depend on a specific array of
pathogenic (virulence) determinants
40. Urinary tract infections
• Uropathogenic E. coli causes 90% of the
urinary tract infections (UTI) in
anatomically-normal, unobstructed urinary
tracts.
• Bladder infections are 30-times more
common in females of child bearing age
than males by virtue of the shortened
urethra.
41.
42. • The typical patient with uncomplicated
cystitis is a sexually-active first colonized in
the intestine with an
Uropathogenic E.
coli strain.
• Organisms propelled into the bladder from
the peri urethral region during sexual
intercourse. With the aid
of specific adhesins they are able
to colonize the bladder.
43. • Neonatal meningitis affects1/2,000-4,000
infants. Eighty percent of E. coli strains
involved synthesize K-1 capsular antigens
(K-1 is only present 20-40% of the time in
intestinal isolates).
• E. coli strains invade the blood stream of
infants from the nasopharynx or GI tract
and are carried to the meninges.
44. E. coli strains invade the blood stream of
infants from the nasopharynx or GI tract
and are carried to the meninges.
45. • E. coli strains invade blood stream of infants from
the nasopharynx or GI tract and carried to the
meningitis.
• Epidemiologic studies show that pregnancy
associated with increased rates of colonization by
K-1 strains involved in the subsequent cases of
meningitis in the newborn. GI tract is the portal
of entry into the bloodstream.
• Colonization is fairly common, invasion and the
catastrophic sequelae are rare.
• Neonatal meningitis requires antibiotic therapy
that usually includes ampicillin and a third-
generation cephalosporin
47. Intestinal diseases caused by E. coli
As a pathogen, E. coli, of course, is best known for its
ability to cause intestinal diseases.
Five classes of E. coli that cause diarrhea are now
recognized:
• Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC),
• Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC),
• Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC),
• Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and
• (EAggEC).
Each class falls within a serological subgroup
and manifests distinct features in
pathogenesis.
48. • ETEC an imp. cause of diarrhea in infants and travelers in
underdeveloped countries.
• EIEC resemble Shigella in their pathogenic mechanisms and
illness they produce.
• EPEC induce watery diarrhea similar to ETEC.
• The distinguishing feature of EAggEC strains is their ability
to attach to tissue culture cells in an aggregative manner.
These strains are associated with persistent diarrhea in
young children.
• EHEC causes a diarrheal syndrome, there is copious
bloody discharge and no fever. Frequent life-threatening
situation is its toxic effects on the kidneys (hemolytic
uremia).
EHEC has recently been recognized as a cause of serious
disease (e.g. the Jack-in-the-Box outbreak in the
Northwest).Pediatric diarrhea caused by this strain can be
fatal due to acute kidney failure
(hemolytic uremic syndrome [HUS]).
49.
50. Treatment:
• Depends on site of disease and resistance pattern.
• Uncomplicated UTI 1-3 days with oral Trimethoprim-
Sulfamethaxazole or an oral Penicillin, Amoxil /Ampicillin.
• E. coli sepsis: Parental antibiotics e.g. Amino glycoside
gentamicin or a cephalosporin.
• Neonatal meningitis: Combination of ampicillin and
gentamicin or a third or fourth generation cephalosporin.
• E. coli diarrheal disease: Antibiotics usually not indicated.
Timethoprim – Sulfamethaxazole may shorten duration.
• Rehaydration more imp. Self limiting.
51. Lab Diagnosis:
• Specimens: Stool, Urine, Blood, Pus, C.S.F.
Food, and Water.
• Culture: Blood agar and a differential
medium like Mac Conkeys medium
• Biochemical Tests; IMViC,. T.S.I reactions
Citrate utilization, Sugar fermentations etc.
52. Prevention and Control.
1. No specific prevention No
active or Passive Vaccination.
2. General measures:
Removal of catheters, Prophylaxis with urinary
antiseptics like Nitrofurantoin.
3. Caution regarding food and water.