A postmortem examination, is the examination of the body/carcass after death. Post mortem is performed to obtain an accurate cause of death and when done properly which involves looking at the animal as a whole, as well as looking at each individual organ within the body.The efficiency of postmortem diagnosis depends on facilities and techniques that are used during PM, thorough knowledge, health aspects/biosafety and other supporting diagnostic methods.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Farm hygiene and biosecurity practices are implemented at both breeder and broiler farms to reduce the risk of disease agents moving on to farms from outside sources (eg wild bird populations or from other farms), the movement of disease agents between sheds on the same farm, carry over of disease agents from one batch to the next in the shed environment, and carry over of disease agents from breeding flocks to their progeny via the egg. Farmers take a range of precautions to prevent entry of diseases onto broiler farms.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Farm hygiene and biosecurity practices are implemented at both breeder and broiler farms to reduce the risk of disease agents moving on to farms from outside sources (eg wild bird populations or from other farms), the movement of disease agents between sheds on the same farm, carry over of disease agents from one batch to the next in the shed environment, and carry over of disease agents from breeding flocks to their progeny via the egg. Farmers take a range of precautions to prevent entry of diseases onto broiler farms.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
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Query Distributed RDF Graphs: The Effects of Partitioning PaperDBOnto
Abstract: Web-scale RDF datasets are increasingly processed using distributed RDF data stores built on top of a cluster of shared-nothing servers. Such systems critically rely on their data partitioning scheme and query answering scheme, the goal of which is to facilitate correct and ecient query processing. Existing data partitioning schemes are
commonly based on hashing or graph partitioning techniques. The latter techniques split a dataset in a way that minimises the number of connections between the resulting subsets, thus reducing the need for communication between servers; however, to facilitate ecient query answering,
considerable duplication of data at the intersection between subsets is often needed. Building upon the known graph partitioning approaches, in this paper we present a novel data partitioning scheme that employs minimal duplication and keeps track of the connections between partition elements; moreover, we propose a query answering scheme that
uses this additional information to correctly answer all queries. We show experimentally that, on certain well-known RDF benchmarks, our data partitioning scheme often allows more answers to be retrieved without distributed computation than the known schemes, and we show that our query answering scheme can eciently answer many queries.
chemical injury to eye by alkali, acids and irritants.
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ITS A TRUE EMERGENCY IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
This lecture provides a short review of postmortem analysis. The core responsibility of software project manager. Postmortem analysis describes reasons of software project failure or success.
Viviparity is a unique characteristic of mammals. Gestational outcomes avoiding fetal defects or loss, maternal infection, or morbidity are contingent upon an intimate association between mother and developing fetus that nurtures the fetus without provoking maternal The immune responses.immune cells exist within the decidua to combat infection. The immunology of the maternal-fetal interface from the perspective of these diverse sets of demands, which, may not always be compatible with one another.
the ot nursing is an essential concept that every student nurse must have an adequate knowledge in order to counteract the issues related to OT nursing.
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Health Care Associated Disease Transmission Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections Associated with Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Biopsies Georgia, 2005 Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsies are among the most common outpatient diagnostic procedures performed in urology clinics, with an estimated 624,000 performed annually in the United States (CDC, unpublished data, 2006). The procedures gencrally are: performed in follow-up to elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen os abncernal dicital rectal: examinations ( L ). Septicemia has been reported as a rare complication of the procedare (2)-ithis report summarizes an investigation of four cases of Pseadomonas acraginosa infection after TRUS-guided prostate biopsies in which contamination of the equipment was the likely source. The findings underscore the need to adhere to rocommendations for the cleaning and drsinfoction of TRUS-guided prostate biopsy equipment: On July 28, 2005za uroiogist notified the Georgia Department of Human Resources: Division of. Public Health (GDPH) regarding four patients who were hospitalizod with P . acneginosa infections within 6 days of outpatient IRUS-guided prostate hiopsies performed at a clinie: All procedures were halted at the clinic pending the investigation. The four patients were white, nonHispunie men aged 57 71 years who had undergone the biopsy procedure during Jaly 20 26 . 2005. They were the only patients who had TRUS-guided prostate biopsies at the clinic during : that period. Subsequently, all four experienced fever and chills and were admined to the hospital 1-6 days (mean: 2.5 days) after their procedures. Three patients were admitted with diagnos septicemia and the fourth with a diagnosis of infoction. P . aenginosar was rocovered from cultures of blood (one patient), urine (two patients), or blood and urine specimens (one patient). The patients were treated suceessfilly. with a combination of intravenous and oral antimisrobial agents during hospitalizations of 2 12 days (mean: 5.8 days). All procedures had been performed in the clinic by the same urologist and staff members using the following techinique. Immediately before each procedure, a new finger cot was fitted over the distal tip of the ultrasound probef filled with gel to climinate air bubbles, and socured with an O . ring. A standard condom was then fitted over the finger cot and ultrasound probe and filled with dubricant Next, a steel, nondisposable needle guide was fitted over the ultrasound papob, finger cot, and first condom. A second condom was fitted over these items and filled with lutricant: Once the ultrasound probe was inserted into the rectum and positioned correctly. the tirologist Once the ultrasound probe was inserted into the rectum and positioned cocrectly, the urologist prostate, piercing the second condom, to obtain a core of tissee for pathologic analysis. The same needle was withdrawn and reinserted through.
Role of Forensic Pathologists in Mass Aviation Disasters[1].pptxDr. Mohd Kaleem Khan
The forensic pathologist has always had a central role in the identification of the dead in every day practice, in accidents, and in disasters involving hundreds or thousands of victims.
Are Reprocessed Endoscope free from Contaminants iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Medical Deep Learning: Clinical, Technical, & Regulatory Challenges and How t...Devon Bernard
Deep Learning is proving to be a powerful tool that can improve healthcare for both patients and care-providers. In this talk I’ll cover an intro to some of the medical problems currently being solved by deep learning, market adoption, healthcare challenges (e.g regulation, data quality, data acquisition), deep learning challenges (e.g. model stability, training/convergence time, scalable training environment), and tips learned by tackling these problems head-on.
This talk was presented Oct 15, 2017 at http://ai.withthebest.com/.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.1
ABSTRACT- Introduction: Surgical Site Infections (SSI) still remains a significant problem following an operation
and the third most frequently reported nosocomial infections. SSI contributes significantly to increased health care costs in
terms of prolonged hospital stay and lost work days.
Objective: The current study was undertaken to identify incidence of SSI and the risk factors associated with it, and the
common organism isolated and its antibiotic sensitivity and resistance.
Material and Methods: A total number of 3211 patients admitted in general surgical wards for elective surgery in the
study period, out of which 1225 were clean and clean contaminated cases, fulfilling our study criteria. Totally 56 cases
had surgical site infections which had been taken up for this study. Wound discharges were sent for culture and sensitivity.
Results and Conclusions: The overall infection rate was 4.57%. The SSI rate was almost equal in clean surgeries and
clean contaminated ones. Superficial surgical site infections in the most commonest type and accounted for about 66.07%
of all the SSI’s and deep surgical site infection accounted for about 25% with 8.92% was organ space. The most
commonly isolated organism from surgical site infections was staphylococcus aureus followed by pseudomonas and then
E. coli. Drains, prosthesis usage and other risk factors of SSI have been identified. Most of the organisms which were
isolated were multidrug resistant. The high rate of resistance to many antibiotics underscored the need for a policy that
could promote a more rational use of antibiotics. Key-words- Surgical site infections, National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) risk index, Antibiotic
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY OF POST MORTEM DIAGNOSIS BY IMPROVING THE POST MORTEM FACILITY, TECHNIQUES ANDHEALTH ISSUES
1. ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY OF
POST MORTEM DIAGNOSIS
BY IMPROVING
THE POST MORTEM FACILITY,
TECHNIQUES AND
HEALTH ISSUES
Asha Ann Philip
MVSc Scholar
Division of Pathology (VPL)
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
2. OVERVIEW
Introduction
Review of Literature
Facilities To Be Available
Techniques
Risk Assessment
Biosafety And Health Issues
Supportive Diagnostic Tests
Waste Management
Cleaning/Disinfection
Conclusions
3. Post mortem is the systematic and scientific examination of the
dead body to ascertain the cause of death.
(Rajan and Valsala, 2002)
Types of Post mortem Examination
1.Complete Post mortem examination
2.Incomplete Post mortem examination (Eg:Rabies)
3.Cosmatic Post mortem examination( VVIP/ pet animals)
(Sinha, 2011)
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS POST MORTEM DIAGNOSIS?
4. WHY ONE SHOULD PERFORM A NECROPSY?
i. • Identification of disease.
ii. • Indicate appropriate .
treatment of disease in a herd.
iii. • Limit future losses.
iv. • Improve understanding of disease effects on animals.
v. • Enhance discussion of health maintenance programmes
with animal health specialists.
( Severidt, 2001)
Contd….
5. IMPORTANCE OF POST MORTEM REPORT ?
1. Outbreak of diseases - Vaccination of healthy animals
2.Insured animals - Death certificate
3.Government animals
4.Experimental animal
5.Medico-legal or vetero-legal
(Sinha, 2011)
Contd….
6. RULES FOR POST MORTEM EXAMINATION
(Sharma, 2009)
Conducted as early as possible within 20 minutes
Site of necropsy
Done in sufficient light (preferably in daylight)
Anamnesis and Clinical history of the disease- not be guided
by it.
Person should wear protective coverings.
Post mortem kit.
Record the observed changes.
( Severidt, 2001)
Contd….
7. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
“Autopsy can represent a key instrument in auditing clinical diagnosis
performance, on which in turn the accuracy of diagnoses, as used in a
variety of epidemiological investigations depend.”
(Saracci,1993)
“Once a cornerstone of medical education and medical practice, the
autopsy has fallen into disuse and disregard in many circles in the
USA”. (Hill,1993)
“Since most autopsies are for the coroner, there is a need to emphasize
the importance of taking tissue for histology, of pathologists having
access to the information they require, and of clinicians and relatives
being properly informed of the results.”
(Carr, 2002)
8. Contd…..
“The autopsy continues to be a vital part of medical education and
quality assurance if a problem-oriented autopsy can be performed
based on questions raised by the clinician and the pathologist as a
result of the gross dissection and microscopic evaluation.”
(Garner, 2002)
“The one major category clearly falling below the recommended
standard was Conclusions/Commentary. Other major categories such
as History, External description and Histology report were also in
need of improvement.”
(Bjuqn and Berland , 2002)
“The overall quality of sudden unexpected infant death necropsies in
Ireland is less than adequate. A minimum accepted standard of necropsy
is required before a diagnosis can be made.”
( Sheehan et al, 2003)
9. Contd….
“ Necropsy organ weights are largely useless.
We should stop this ritualistic, pseudoscientific practice and
concentrate on providing a relevant, meaningful service to our
colleagues.” (Barker, 2005)
“National autopsy rates have declined for several decades, and the
reasons for such decline remain contentious”.
(Nemetz. et al, 2006)
“The autopsy rate has declined world wide in the last decades due to
several reasons; progress in diagnosis of diseases, fear of legal
consequences if wrong diagnosis is made, infectious risk to the
pathologists and time consumption.” (Ioan et al, 2012)
10. WHAT IS THE EFFICIENCY OF OUR
POST MORTEM EXAMINATION ?
What are the Facilities available?
What Techniques that we are following?
How much knowledge and experience we have?
How far our diagnosis is efficient?
11. COMPONENTS OF AN EFFICIENT POST
MORTEM DIAGNOSIS
POST MORTEM FACILITIES
POST MORTEM TECHNIQUE
THOROUGH KNOWLEDGE
HEALTH ASPECTS/ BIOSAFETY
SUPPORTING DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
12. FACILITIES TO BE AVAILABLE
All work should be conducted in a manner that will minimize
accidents and also comply with environmental, health and
safety laws and regulations.
13. A)TRANSPORT OF ANIMALS AND SAMPLES
(Necropsy Room Policy and procedures, 2009)
Animals to be necropsied will be double-bagged and
transported.
Large animals wrapped and covered as much as practical.
The transport cart should be left outside the entrance of Room.
Any blood on sample bottles must be disinfected before
removed from the necropsy room.
14. B)NECROPSY ROOM (Sadalla, 2004)
A large room that is self contained
(separate air system, light and
drainage)
The room can accommodate an
animal as large as a rhinoceros.
A special I-beam with a hoist.
A large walk-in cooler can be
attached to this room for storage of
deceased animals until they can be
properly disposed of.
20. TECHNIQUES
1.Euthanasia
" The intentional causing of a painless and easy death to a
patient suffering from an incurable or painful disease"
(Webster II University Dictionary, 1996)
Beneficial to euthanize an affected animal for examination,
especially if there is an outbreak of disease within the herd.
21. Types of euthanasia:
(AVMA Guidelines for euthanesia of Animals,2013)
1. Captive bolt
2. Gunshot
3. Chemical (OIE Guidelines, 2012)
4. Exsanguination (Bleeding out)
22. 2.Diagnostic Sampling
(Severidt, 2001)
Anything that does not
look normal.
Samples should reflect
the clinical signs of
animal.
Don't worry about
taking too many
samples, too much is
better than too little.
23. 3.The "digital" necropsy
Feedlot Health
Management Systems (FHMS)
trains its own non-veterinarian
personnel to perform standard
necropsies, digitally photograph
them and load them onto a web-based
application for evaluation
and diagnosis by trained FHMS
veterinarians on the same day.
(Wren, 2012)
24. 4.Needle Necropsy:
(Underwood et al 1983)
Limited necropsy by histological examination of needle tissue
cores obtained percutaneously.
Indicated when a full necropsy is not justified due to risk of
infection or when tissue for special investigations is needed
soon after death, and owner’s sentimence.
25. 5.Postmortem Radiology and Imaging (Minimally invasive
autopsy) (Virtopsy)
(Levy, 2012)
Conventional radiography complement the forensic autopsy
document.
Forensic pathologist can view postmortem anatomy in 2 and 3
dimensions without dissection
Radiography, C-arm fluoroscopy, MDCT scanning ,
Angiography and MDCT angiography and MRI
MIA is a feasible procedure with high diagnostic performance
for detection of common causes of death such as pneumonia and
sepsis . (Weustink et al, 2009)
MDCT was a more accurate imaging
technique than MRI for providing a
cause of death (Roberts et al,2012)
Haematoma Haemorrhage
Fracture
26. RISK ASSESSMENT - GENERAL
(Latham Hall Necropsy Room 120A-Policy and procedures, 2009)
Inhalation exposure: Aerosols
Epidermal invasion: cut/ wound/scratches
Ingestion: Food/ water/contaminated hand
Ocular or mucous membrane exposure: Splashing. ( Rabies)
Contact contamination: Outside necropsy room
Animals known to contain a pathogen of zoonotic
potential are not to be necropsied at this facility.
27. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
(University of Nebraska, Lincoln)
1.Unauthorised persons are not
allowed within the necropsy hall.
2.Personal belongings must be stored
and secured outside the necropsy
room.
3.Individuals should not work alone
in the necropsy room.
4.Food and drink of any type is not
allowed in the necropsy room.
5.Motorized tools will not be used
during any necropsy, with the
exception of fish and turtle.
KEEP THESE RULES
Unauthorised persons are not
allowed within the necropsy hall.
Personal belongings must be
secured outside the necropsy
room.
Individuals should not work alone
Food and drink of any type is not
allowed in the necropsy room.
Motorized tools will not be used
28. 6.Personal protective equipment (PPE)
must be worn at all times during a
necropsy.
7. An N100 respirator must be worn for
avian and rodent necropsies
8. Protective eye wear should be used
where ocular exposure to animal fluid
might occur.
Contd.....
29. Contd.....
9.Special precautions must be taken with sharp items.
10.Perforated or split gloves should be changed and new
gloves put on after washing hands.
11.PPE must be removed and either disposed or
disinfected.
12.Hand-washing with soap and warm water is required
before exiting the necropsy room.
30. SEQUENCE FOR PUTTING ON PPE
(Australian Veterinary Association Guidelines for Veterinary Personal Biosecurity , 2011)
GOWN
• Fully cover from neck to knees, arms to end of wrist and wrap around the
back.
• Fasten the back of neck and waist
MASK
• Secure ties or elastic bands at middle of head and neck
PROTECTIVE EYE WEAR OR FACE SHIELD
• Place over face and eyes and adjust to fit.
GLOVES
• Extend to cover writ of isolation gown
31. SEQUENCE FOR REMOVING PPE
GLOVES
• Grasp outside of the glove with opposite gloved hand;
peel off
• Slide finger of ungloved under remaining glove at wrist.
PROTECTIVE EYE WEAR OR FACE SHIELD
• Outside the eye protection or face mask is contaminated
• To remove handle by head band or eye pieces.
GOWN
• Unfasten the ties
• Pull away from neck and shoulder touching only the inside.
MASK
• Do not touch front of the mask since contaminated
• Grasp bottom ,then top ties and then remove.
32. INCIDENT RESPONSE PROCEDURES
(Necropsy Room Policy and procedures, 2009)
In the case of an eye exposure
Immediately flush eyes at the eye-wash station
for 5-10 minutes, using continuous irrigation
In the case of a needle stick:
Clean and wash affected area thoroughly (use antimicrobial hand
soap or mild disinfectant) for a minimum of 5 minutes. Gently
massage the affected area to encourage bleeding while washing.
In the case of a mucous membrane exposure
Immediately flush the affected membrane area as much as
physically possible. Then, proceed to an appropriate healthcare
provider .
33. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH ISSUES
“Tuberculosis acquired in staff of laboratories and necropsy rooms by
inhalation of aerosols and skin lesions through cut and abrasions”.
(Collins and Grange ,1999) and (Posthaus et al, 2011)
“Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from two adult cows and a veterinary
pathologist who performed necropsy examination of one of the cow”.
(Bemis et al, 2007)
ZOONOTIC DISEASES
Tuberculosis
Rabies
Avian influenza
Nipah and Hendra virus
Brucellosis
Anthrax
Botulism
Monkey pox
Rift valley fever
34. 1.Respiratory Protection Program and completion of fit-testing will be
required for avian and rodent species.
2.Rabies and tetanus vaccination will be offered (Latham Hall Necropsy Room
120A-Policy and procedures, 2009)
3.The workers handling specimens from animals with monkeypox
virus, should use Smallpox Vaccine (CDC Guidelines And
Resources,2003)
Excluded Necropsies
1. Animals suspected for Anthrax
2.Old World monkeys or apes where there is no knowledge of
the origin and current health status
3. Badgers from known TB-affected areas
(Post Mortem Room Code Of Practice, 2013)
35. BSL – 3 NECROPSY BUILDING
( University of Minnesota, 2006) and (HSADL, Bhopal)
The BSL-3 Laboratory diagnose diseases of animals and birds
with highly pathogenic organisms in a safe and secure facility.
(The project cost $2,146,200)
Biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) facilities established responding to
outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (‘bird flu’) and
other zoonotic (transmissible to humans) diseases including
West Nile virus, rabies, anthrax, mad cow disease, and more
recently, bovine tuberculosis.
36. showers
The animal wing
Three small
animal rooms
PM AREA LAB WING
Isolator
room
ALKALI
WASH
ROOM
Three rooms for
lab animals.
Four large
animals rooms
Pass through
cabinet
CLEAN CORRIDOR
DIRTY CORRIDOR
sshhoowweersrs
Showers
HSADL, Bhopal
37. Clean Corridor-Animal wing
Entry
to small
animal
room
Dirty Corridor
Exit from
large
animal
room
Leading to post-mortem area
38.
39. SUPPORTIVE DIAGNOSTIC
Histopathology:
Microbiology, Toxicology and Other Services:
Tru-cut biopsy post mortems.
Clearly needle post mortem is inferior (11%) to the conventional
autopsy in determining cause of death.
Dr. Radasch performs a tru cut biopsy
Tru-cut biopsy needle
Nylon biopsy bag
TESTS
(Foroudi and Cheung, 1995)
40. PATHOLOGY LABORATORY FACILITIES IN
NECROPSY ROOM
FOR STAINING PROCEDURES
Rapid seller’s staining for Rabies
Peripheral blood smear for Anthrax
Leishman’s staining for Pasturella
Acid fast staining for Mycobacterium
Giemsa staining for Haemoprotozoans
Cytology for tumours
41. WASTE MANAGEMENT
(University of Nebraska, Lincoln)
A waste container with lid and autoclave bag for
disposable PPE other non-animal solid wastes.
The waste must be decontaminated by autoclaving.
Liquid biological waste may be flushed down the drain.
Animal parts and all solid biological remains transported
double bagged to a dedicated rendering.
42. METHODS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
1.Sanitary Land Fills
Daily covering of soils
(Strafuss,1988)
44. 2. Incineration/ Burning-
• Limited to baby pigs, young chicks, and poults.
• It is too time-consuming and costly to burn large
animals.
Carcass Incinerator
45. 4.Deep burial/ Disposal pit-
Disposal of dead animals on the owner’s land.
Deep burial of carcass (Schultz, 2012)
46. CLEANING/DISINFECTION
(University of Nebraska, Lincoln)
The necropsy room (floors and walls) and equipment must
be cleaned thoroughly with disinfectant.
Drains must be flushed with warm water and disinfectant
as well.
Reusable PPE (e.g: rubber boots, eye protection) must be
disinfected, air-dried, and left in the room.
47. TYPES OF DISINFECTANTS
(University of Nebraska, Lincoln)
Best to choose one that kills wide spectrum of microbes.
1. Phenolics -General disinfectant
Active against most bacteria (except for spore forming bacteria,
such as Anthrax and Clostridium)
2. Alkalies -Lye, Lime, and Sodium Carbonate
These act against most bacteria including spore forming bacteria
(i.e. Anthrax,Clostridium) as well as some viruses.
3. Chlorine compounds
Hypochlorites - Eg:Sodium hypochlorite ,Chlorinated lime
Quaternary Ammonium
Chloramine
Chlorhexidine
Hydrogen peroxide
Virkon
49. CONCLUSIONS
Evolution of veterinary science was heavily influenced by
examination of dead cadavers.
Post mortem examination is “a message from dead to the living”.
Necropsy is pushed back due to advancement in other diagnostic
techniques, the health issues and time consumption for the procedure
The lack of adequate facilities and poor technical knowledge is always
challenging the efficiency of necropsy diagnosis.
PM examination can be done accurately and efficiently with
improvement in PM facilities, techniques, biosafety and also with
support of other laboratory tests.
SOP and Biosecurity programs are designed to minimize the risks
associated with infectious and zoonotic diseases.
Always go for a complete necropsy, but in case of emergency we can
think of needle necropsy, digital necropsy or virtopsy
50. REFERENCES
A.C. Strafuss ,Procedures and Basic Diagnostic Methods for
Practicing Veterinarians .1988. pages-195-203
A predesign study for the construction of the Veterinary diagnostic
laboratory building BSL – 3 necropsy laboratory University of
Minnesota, 2006
B.K.Sinha, Post mortem techniques and diagnostic procedures, 3rd
edition, 2011.Page 1-9
J. L .Burton, Health and safety at necropsy. J Clin Pathol. 2003;
56(4): 254–260.
J.C.Underwood et al, The needle necropsy. Br Med J.1983.
26(6378):1632-4
J. A. Severidt et al .2002. Integrated Livestock Management.
Colorado State University.
Latham Hall Necropsy Room 120A-Policy and procedures, 2009
NADC-:TSE–SOP–005 Necropsy Procedure(21 AUG 2006)
United States Department of Agriculture Guidelines for Necropsy