Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
Blood spillage may occur because a laboratory sample breaks in the phlebotomy area or during transportation, or because there is excessive bleeding during
Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources.
They are the basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients.
Standard safety precautions are the basic infection prevention and control measures necessary to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agent from both unrecognized and unrecognized sources of infection.
The elements of Standard Precautions include:
Hand hygiene.
Use of gloves and other barriers (e.g., mask, eye protection, face shield, gown).
Handling of patient care equipment and linen.
Environmental control.
Prevention of injury from sharps devices, and patient placement.
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
Blood spillage may occur because a laboratory sample breaks in the phlebotomy area or during transportation, or because there is excessive bleeding during
Dental occupational hazards & Safety Practices in Dental SettingsGhada Elmasuri
This ppt describes the biological, chemical, environmental, physical, and psychological workplace hazards that may apply to dentistry with specific standards to protect such exposure.
Revolutionizing Workplace Safety_ The Role of Body Protection Equipment.pdfcharlie65miller
In today’s rapidly evolving work environments, ensuring the safety and well-being of employees is very vital. Across industries, employers and workers alike recognize the critical need for effective safety measures to mitigate risks and protect against occupational hazards. Central to this effort is the utilization of safety body protection equipment, which encompasses a diverse array of gear designed to safeguard workers from a multitude of dangers encountered in their day-to-day tasks. Substantial technological improvements, modifications to safety laws, and a constant search for innovation, including everything from protective clothes to specialized safety gear have characterized the development of body protection equipment.
Needlesticks and other sharps-related exposures to bloodborne pathogens continue to pose a significant occupational risk
for healthcare workers. Here's a quick guide to where we stand with the latest research and prevention plans from American Nurse Today.
This document help to hand hygiene; use of gloves, gown, mask, eye protection or face shield, depending on the anticipated exposure; and safe injection practices
patient safety and staff Management system ppt.pptxanjalatchi
Patient Safety is a health care discipline that emerged with the evolving complexity in health care systems and the resulting rise of patient harm in health care facilities. It aims to prevent and reduce risks, errors and harm that occur to patients during provision of health care.
patient safety and staff Management system ppt.pptxanjalatchi
What is Patient Safety? Patient Safety is a health care discipline that emerged with the evolving complexity in health care systems and the resulting rise of patient harm in health care facilities. It aims to prevent and reduce risks, errors and harm that occur to patients during provision of health care.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Groupof protective devices that directly
protect a worker against hazards in the work
environment.
Shouldmeet selection criteria that consider
the hazards and work environment conditions
and at the same time conform to the basic
requirements of safety and ergonomics.
3. Protective clothing
Hand and foot protection
Head protection
Hearing protection
Eye and face protection
Respiratory protection
Protection against falling from height
6. Did not tie the gown at both the neck and waist.
Did not place mask straps properly.
Did not properly seal the mask to the face.
Did not conduct a seal check.
Did not don equipment in the CDC-recommended sequence.
Removed potentially contaminated eye protection from the
room.
Used poor technique for gown removal.
Did not use proper mask removal technique.
Did not use wall mounted hand sanitizer before exiting the room.
Removed other potentially contaminated items from the room.
Did not doff equipment in the CDC recommended sequence.
Did not remove gloves first.
7. Non-availability of PPE.
Conviction that the patient was not infected.
Utilising PPE interfered with providing good
patient care.
8.
9. Tojudge whether or not specific quality
improvement theories can be applied to the
problem of PPE non-compliance in
hospitals...
10.
11. Beam, E., Gibbs, S., Boulter, K., Beckerdite, M., & Smith, P. (2011). A method of
evaluating health care workers’ personal protective equipment technique. American
journal of infection control, 39(5), 415-420.
Department of Health. (2009). Hospital infection prevention and control guidelines:
Influenza-like illness. Retrieved from
http://www.health.wa.gov.au/circularsnew/attachments/412.pdf
Ganczak, M., & Szych, Z. (2007). Surgical nurses and compliance with personal protective
equipment. Journal of hospital infection, 66(4), 346-351.
Infection Control Today. (2007). Personal protective equipment. Retrieved from
http://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/articles/2007/05/personal-protective-
equipment.aspx
Koradecka, D. (Ed.). (2010). Handbook of occupational safety and health. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC Press.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (n.d.). National personal protective
technology laboratory request your assistance. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/pdfs/PotentialBarriersPPE.pdf
Wisconsin Department of Health Services. (2011). Infection control and prevention.
Retreived from
http://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/communicable/InfectionControl/StdPrecautions.htm
World Health Organisation. (2007). How to put on and take off personal protective
equipment. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/PPE_EN_A1sl.pdf
Editor's Notes
Personal protective equipment is a group of protective devices that directly protect a worker against hazards in the work environment (Koradecka, 2010). In the case of health care workers, PPE acts as a barrier between infectious materials (such as blood and respiratory secretions) and the skin, mouth, nose and eyes (Infection Control Today, 2007). It should meet selection criteria that consider the hazards and work environment conditions and at the same time conform to the basic requirements of safety and ergonomics (Koradecka, 2010).It is the duty of the employer to provide suitable PPE free of charge, ensure appropriate storage, cleaning, disinfection, maintenance and necessary servicing of PPE and provide training on its appropriate use (Koradecka, 2010).
PPE for health care workers includes items such as gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, and eyewear used to create barriers that protect skin, clothing, mucous membranes, and the respiratory tract from infectious agents. The items selected for use depend on the type of interaction a public health worker will have with a client and the likely modes of disease transmission.Wear gloves when touching blood, body fluids, non-intact skin, mucous membranes, and contaminated items. Gloves must always be worn during activities involving vascular access, such as performing phlebotomies.Wear a surgical mask and goggles or face shield if there is a reasonable chance that a splash or spray of blood or body fluids may occur to the eyes, mouth, or nose (Wisconsin Department of Health Services, 2011).Wear a gown if skin or clothing is likely to be exposed to blood or body fluids.Remove PPE immediately after use and wash hands. It is important to remove PPE in the proper order to prevent contamination of skin or clothing.
This sign illustrates the correct method for donning and removing PPE as recommended by the World Health Organisation.To don, the PPE should be applied as follows: first gown tied at neck and waste, second face shield or mask, third eye goggles if required. Last of all, gloves should be applied over the cuff of the gown.To remove, the user should be mindful that the PPE is now contaminated. Gloves should be removed first, followed by the gown. The contaminated surfaces should be inverted and disposed off immediately. Wash hands. Goggles should be removed via the ear pieces and masks/face shields from behind. Dispose. Wash hands (WHO, 2007).
In the hospital setting, patients are placed under airborne, droplet, or contact isolation precautions, depending on the mode of transmission of the presumed agent. The image shown on screen is an example of signage placed at the entry to isolation rooms. The signs outline the reason for isolation and the PPE required to attend to the patient. PPE supplies are stored outside the patient room or in the ante room (Department of Health, 2009).Image taken from http://www.google.se/imgres?q=isolation+precaution+signage&um=1&hl=sv&sa=N&biw=1366&bih=667&tbm=isch&tbnid=q5z8-xzPyq-ABM:&imgrefurl=http://www.lhsigns.com/PatientCare.php&docid=5pW3Ne0jePjFeM&imgurl=http://www.lhsigns.com/p7lsm_img_10/fullsize/pic-l.jpg&w=453&h=400&ei=9RcET6KJDc2P4gTJ86SSCA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=1094&vpy=152&dur=367&hovh=163&hovw=185&tx=120&ty=126&sig=106690102852487833910&page=3&tbnh=133&tbnw=151&start=41&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:41
Various studies have shown that PPE non-compliance is a common occurrence amongst health care workers. One particular study found numerous examples of non-compliance, with the most common being that the gown was not tied at both neck and waist, there was no seal check performed on goggles or mask, the PPE was not donned in the recommended sequence and improper mask removal technique (Beam, Gibbs, Boulter, Beckerdite, & Smith, 2011). A fire fighter would not attend to a fire without appropriate PPE, so why is this such a common problem in the health care sector?
Ability to access and acquire the proper PPE, discomfort and burden of PPE, ability to perform work tasks while wearing PPE, multi-tasking and the need for changing or removing PPE between activities and/or patients are barriers to using PPE effectively (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, n.d.).A Polish study carried out on the same issue found the most commonly stated reasons for non-compliance were non-availability of PPE, the conviction that the source patient was not infected and staff concern that following locally recommended practices actually interfered with providing good patient care (Ganczak & Szych, 2007).
Quality improvement must be carried out for non-compliance with PPE in hospitals and healthcare settings as it is a contributing factor to the contraction of hospital-acquired infection. The correct use of PPE is especially important given the rise of immunocompromised patients, the increasing resistance of bacteria to current antibiotic strains and the threat of pandemics such as H1N1 and SARS.Image taken from http://www.google.se/imgres?q=quality+improvement&hl=sv&biw=1366&bih=631&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=KjmW-lMb-TcX7M:&imgrefurl=http://www.medicaltourismmag.com/article/Quality-Improvement-Health-Care.html&docid=0VgCF7JuHod-pM&imgurl=http://www.medicaltourismmag.com/upload/articles/Quality-Improvement-Health-Care-main.jpg&w=488&h=336&ei=3EAET_ipN4Xf4QTXocmNCA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=1062&vpy=378&dur=433&hovh=148&hovw=216&tx=88&ty=153&sig=106690102852487833910&page=1&tbnh=128&tbnw=186&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:18,s:0
Image taken from http://www.google.se/imgres?q=lean+toyota+model&um=1&hl=sv&sa=N&biw=1366&bih=667&tbm=isch&tbnid=rLwHPzc1IxS-oM:&imgrefurl=http://thereliabilityroadmap.com/html/articles.html&docid=MAsWRjIY-ZrszM&imgurl=http://thereliabilityroadmap.com/assets/images/toyota1__Medium_.jpg&w=800&h=483&ei=rUwET_rNO4yB4ASLtcWNCA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=1044&vpy=210&dur=750&hovh=128&hovw=212&tx=165&ty=87&sig=106690102852487833910&page=1&tbnh=113&tbnw=187&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0
Problem-solving: Education and training, peer review, random audit.People and partners: Staff in contact with infectious patients.Process: Practice adequate and effective PPE.Philosophy: to improve health care by reducing the incidence of hospital-acquired infection.
