The carbon cycle describes how carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Carbon is stored in sinks like organisms, fossil fuels, and limestone for long periods before being released by sources and release agents. Sources release carbon through processes like burning fossil fuels, weathering of rocks, and decomposition. Release agents trigger these sources and include volcanoes, fires, and human activities. Carbon then continues on its journey through these reservoirs and back into the atmosphere.
More advanced treatise of the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Could be useful for teachers who have limited science background or for students in upper middle or high school.
More advanced treatise of the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Could be useful for teachers who have limited science background or for students in upper middle or high school.
Carbon is an essential element for all life forms on Earth. Whether these life forms
take in carbon to help manufacture food or release carbon as part of respiration, the
intake and output of carbon is a component of all plant and animal life.
The carbon cycle is vital to life on Earth. Nature tends to keep carbon levels balanced,
meaning that the amount of carbon naturally released from reservoirs is equal to the
amount that is naturally absorbed by reservoirs. Maintaining this carbon balance
allows the planet to remain hospitable for life. Scientists believe that humans have
upset this balance by burning fossil fuels, which has added more carbon to
the atmosphere than usual and led to climate change and global warming.
Sulphur cycle(Ecology) by Muhammad Ramzan.pptxMuhammad Ramzan
Dive into the intricate world of the Sulphur Cycle with our captivating presentation, where we unravel the complexities that govern this vital ecological process. From its origin in Earth's crust to its dynamic journey through air, water, and living organisms, join us on a visual exploration that sheds light on the crucial role sulphur plays in sustaining life on our planet.
Discover how sulphur transitions seamlessly between various forms, impacting ecosystems, climate, and even human activities. Our presentation delves into the environmental significance of the Sulphur Cycle, emphasizing its influence on soil health, atmospheric composition, and the delicate balance of nature.
Through engaging visuals and insightful narratives, gain a profound understanding of how human activities, such as industrial processes and agriculture, intersect with the Sulphur Cycle, shaping the world we inhabit. As we navigate the twists and turns of this elemental journey, you'll emerge with a newfound appreciation for the interconnected web of life and the indispensable role sulphur plays in maintaining Earth's ecological equilibrium.
Join us on this educational journey through the Sulphur Cycle, and let's uncover the secrets of this fascinating natural process together.
Carbon is an essential element for all life forms on Earth. Whether these life forms
take in carbon to help manufacture food or release carbon as part of respiration, the
intake and output of carbon is a component of all plant and animal life.
The carbon cycle is vital to life on Earth. Nature tends to keep carbon levels balanced,
meaning that the amount of carbon naturally released from reservoirs is equal to the
amount that is naturally absorbed by reservoirs. Maintaining this carbon balance
allows the planet to remain hospitable for life. Scientists believe that humans have
upset this balance by burning fossil fuels, which has added more carbon to
the atmosphere than usual and led to climate change and global warming.
Sulphur cycle(Ecology) by Muhammad Ramzan.pptxMuhammad Ramzan
Dive into the intricate world of the Sulphur Cycle with our captivating presentation, where we unravel the complexities that govern this vital ecological process. From its origin in Earth's crust to its dynamic journey through air, water, and living organisms, join us on a visual exploration that sheds light on the crucial role sulphur plays in sustaining life on our planet.
Discover how sulphur transitions seamlessly between various forms, impacting ecosystems, climate, and even human activities. Our presentation delves into the environmental significance of the Sulphur Cycle, emphasizing its influence on soil health, atmospheric composition, and the delicate balance of nature.
Through engaging visuals and insightful narratives, gain a profound understanding of how human activities, such as industrial processes and agriculture, intersect with the Sulphur Cycle, shaping the world we inhabit. As we navigate the twists and turns of this elemental journey, you'll emerge with a newfound appreciation for the interconnected web of life and the indispensable role sulphur plays in maintaining Earth's ecological equilibrium.
Join us on this educational journey through the Sulphur Cycle, and let's uncover the secrets of this fascinating natural process together.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
3. The Carbon Atom
Carbon compounds can be solid, liquid, or gas
under conditions commonly found on the
earth's surface.
Because of this, carbon can help form solid
minerals (such as limestone), organisms (such as
plants and animals), and can be dissolved in
water or carried around the world through the
atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas.
4. Carbon . . . On the move!
Carbon atoms
continually move
through living organisms,
the oceans, the
atmosphere, and the
crust of the planet.
5. The Carbon Cycle
This movement is known as the carbon cycle.
The paths taken by carbon atoms through this
cycle are extremely complex, and may take
millions of years to come full circle.
6.
7. Consider, for example, the journey of a "typical"
carbon atom that existed in the atmosphere as part of a
carbon dioxide molecule some 360 million years ago,
during the Carboniferous Period. That molecule
drifted into the leaf of a large fern growing in the
extensive tropical swamp forests of that time.
8. Photosynthesis
Through photosynthesis,
and taking up H2Othe
oxygen from the water
molecule was released
back into the air and the
carbon atom was
removed from the
molecule and used to
build a molecule of
sugar.
9. Carbon . . . Plant Cells
The sugar could have
been broken down by
the plant at a later time
to release the energy
stored inside, but this
particular sugar molecule
was transformed instead
into a long-lived
structural part of one of
the plant cells.
10. Swamp
Soon after, the fern died
and the remains sank
into the muck at the
bottom of the swamp.
Over thousands of years,
more plants grew in the
swamp and their remains
also sank into the
swamp, forming a layer
of dead plant material
many metres thick.
11. Swamp … to … Rock
Gradually, the climate changed, becoming drier
and less tropical.
Sand, dust, and other materials slowly covered
the ancient swamp and sealed the decaying
vegetation under an ever-thickening layer of
sediment.
The sediment hardened, turning to sedimentary
rock.
12. Coal = Organic Sedimentary Rock
The carbon atom stayed
trapped in the remains
of the long-vanished
swamp while the
pressure of the layers
above slowly turned the
material into coals.
13. Some 360 million years later, in the 1900s, the coal bed
was mined by humans and burned to fuel industrial
civilization.
14. Release of Energy
The process of burning released
the energy stored in the carbon
compounds in the coal and
reunited the carbon atom with
oxygen to form again
Coal+ O2 → CO2 + H2O
15. The Journey Continues
The carbon was released to the atmosphere
through the smokestack and the journey
continues.
Many other paths are possible, some taking only
hours or days to trace, others, like the one we
just learned about, many millions of years
16. The Carbon Cycle
Carbon may be stored for extended periods (the
"sinks")
There are various way it is likely to be released to
the atmosphere (the "source")
There are things that trigger these sources to
release carbon (the "release agents")
Together they define the carbon cycle.
17. “The Sinks” = Where Carbon is Stored
Carbon sinks include long-lived trees
19. “The Sinks”
Limestone (formed from
the carbon-containing
shells of small sea
creatures that settle to
the ocean bottoms and
build up into thick
deposits)
24. “The Sources”
The breakdown of substances
into simpler molecules is called
decomposition.
Fungi and bacteria decompose
organic matter.
Carbon dioxide and water are
returned to the environment.
25. “The Sources”
And . . .
The respiration of living
organisms.
(Cellular Respiration)
glucose + O2 → CO2+H2O+ E
27. “Releasing Agents”
Combustion is the
process of burning a
substance, such as wood
or fossil fuels.
Because of combustion,
carbon dioxide is
released back into the
atmosphere.
oxygen and glucose, and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The chemical equation is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
