The document provides information on rocks and minerals. It begins by defining a mineral as a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape. Rocks are composed of two or more minerals and are classified based on their formation process as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through compaction and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical activity.
This lesson discusses what minerals and rocks are. It tackles various types of minerals and rocks. It discusses the rock cycle and how it produces the different kinds of rocks on our planet.
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
This lesson discusses what minerals and rocks are. It tackles various types of minerals and rocks. It discusses the rock cycle and how it produces the different kinds of rocks on our planet.
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
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This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the definition and the properties of minerals.
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Youtube:
http://tiny.cc/SimpleABbieC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieMahinay
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Blogger:
https://simpleabbiec.blogspot.com/?m=1
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the definition and the properties of minerals.
The six minerals amphibole, feldspar, mica, olivine, pyroxene, and quartz are the most common rock-forming minerals and are used as important tools in classifying rocks, particularly igneous rocks. This document provides an overview of the six commonest rock-forming minerals.
INTRODUCCIÓN A LOS ESTUDIOS DE MINERALES.pdfHenryBrown72
Introducción a los Minerales.
Manual para determinar los tipos de minerales, durante una exploración geológica.
Con este manual Usted determinara que tipo de mineral puede encontrar, de acuerdo a los indicios de tipo de roca y el análisis de mineralogía.
Es el mejor manual de cabecera para un geologo de exploraciones.
Igneous rock forms when hot liquid rock called magma cools. When the magma cools below the Earth's surface it cools slowly forming large crystals and is known as an intrusive igneous rock e.g. granite (pictured to the right). When magma reaches the Earth's surface, usually through a volcano, it is called lava and it cools quickly, rocks formed by this process are known as extrusive igneous rock e.g. basalt.
Igneous rocks may have been metamorphic or sedimentary rocks before melted and reforming magma.
We have many granite bodies exposed at the surface in Ireland including the Leinster and Galway Granites. They formed below the surface of the earth but where brought to the surface either through erosion of the overlying material or due to the movement of faults.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
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We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
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Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
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GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
6. What does that mean?!?!?!
--Not a gas or a liquid
--Has a definite
shape and volume
QUESTION?
Is oil a mineral??
Answer…
No, because it is a liquid.
So
lid
,E
ar
th
Ma
ter
ial
8. --Not formed from living
things or the remains of
living things
Inorgan
ic
What does that mean?!?!?!
--NON-LIVING!!
EXAMPLES
1. Coal is NOT a mineral because it comes from plants.
2. Amber is NOT a mineral because it comes from tree sap.
3. A pearl is NOT a mineral because it comes from oysters.
9. -Gold (Au)
-Pyrite (FeS²)
-Graphite (C)
-Diamond (C)
lF
Ch
em
ica
--Chemical formula can
be found on page 16 of
ESRT.
EXAMPLES
De
fin
ite
--The elements that make
up the minerals are combined
in definite proportions
orm
ula
What does that mean?!?!?!
10. What does that mean?!?!?!
--Atoms are arranged
in a repeating pattern
--Each mineral has a
different INTERNAL
ARRANGEMENT OF
ATOMS that gives it
distinct physical and
chemical properties
it e
fin
De
r
C
st
y
lS
a
uc
tr
re
tu
11. What does that
mean?!?!?!
QUESTION
How does the mineral graphite,
which is soft have the same
chemical formula as diamond,
which is the hardest mineral
in the world?
ANSWER
Because their internal
arrangement of atoms are different
ite
fin
e
D
ry
C
re
tu
uc
tr
lS
ta
s
14. How are Minerals Identified??
--Least useful for
identification
--One mineral can
come in many colors
EXAMPLE:
--Hematite: Comes in black, red and brown
Co
lo
r
15. How are Minerals Identified??
1. Some minerals are always the same color
Sulfur
2. Some minerals can have many colors
Smoky Quartz
Rose Quartz
Quartz
16. Colors can vary as a result of…
A. Chemical Impurities– Cobalt compounds tend
to be pink, purple, or blue
Manganese—tends to produce
pink colors
17. Colors can vary as a result of…
B. Oxidation—exposure to air and water
changing the color of the mineral.
Ex. Rust
--Iron is the dominant coloring agent in
rocks and soils
18. How are Minerals Identified??
--the color of a
mineral when it is
finely powdered
--determined by
rubbing the mineral
on a piece of tile
Hematite has a
reddish-brown streak.
St
rea
k
19. How are Minerals Identified??
--describes how a
mineral appears to
reflect light
Lus
t
There are 2
categories in
which a minerals
luster can fall…
Metallic
OR
er
Non-Metallic
20. How are Minerals Identified??
A. Metallic– reflects light like metal (shiny)
Graphite
Galena
Pyrite
21. How are Minerals Identified??
B. Non-Metallic—any mineral which DOES
NOT exhibit shiny metallic characteristics
Ex. Quartz
24. How are Minerals Identified??
--Resistance of a mineral
to being scratched
--Moh’s Hardness Scale
—compares the
hardness of the mineral
to 10 reference minerals.
Hardness
25. How is Hardness Determined??
Softest
Hardest
The scale consists of
number 1 through
10; 1 being the
softest and 10 being
the hardest. Each
number represents a
different mineraleach harder than the
previous. The 10
minerals are to the
left.
26. How is Hardness Determined??
Several common household items have a
fixed hardness, and can be used to test for
hardness.
-Fingernail = 2.5
-Copper penny = 3-3.5
-Nail = 4.5
-Knife blade = 5.5
-Glass = 5.5
-Steel file = 6.5
-Streak plate = 7
27. What Determines Hardness?
--Hardness is determined by a minerals
internal arrangement of atoms.
Ex. Diamond vs. Graphite
-Diamond has hardness of 10 and graphite is ranked
between 1 and 2. Diamond is about 40 times harder
than graphite due to the way the atoms are arranged.
--Hardness is the best property to use to identify a
mineral.
28. How are Minerals Identified??
e or
vag
Clea re
ractu
F
Cleavage—when a
mineral breaks
along a flat, smooth
surface
29. Examples of Minerals that show Cleavage
Mica exhibits basal
cleavage.
Galena exhibits cubic
cleavage.
32. How are Minerals Identified??
Fracture—When a mineral
breaks along irregular rough
surfaces.
e or
vag
Clea ure
act
Fr
EX. Quartz
33. How are Minerals Identified??
--The amount of matter in a
given space
(mass/volume)
r Heft
nsity o
De
Depends on…
-kind of atoms which
make up the mineral
-how the atoms are
arranged in the crystal
lattice
34. How are Minerals Identified??
Crystal Shape
--Minerals have a
characteristic crystal
shape resulting from
the atomic packing of
the atoms when the
mineral is forming
35. How are Minerals Identified??
-Magnetism (Magnetite)
-Glowing under
ultraviolet light (Fluorite)
-Salty taste (Halite)
-Smell (Sulfur)
Spe
cial
Pr
ope
rtie
s
-Reaction to HCl
(Calcite)
39. The Rock Cycle
Igneous
Rocks
• The Rock
Cycle
describes the
continually
changing
structure of
rocks.
Magma
Metamorphic
Rocks
Sediments
Sedimentary
Rocks
40. Texture and Grain Size
• Texture is described based on grain
size, grain shape, and grain pattern.
• Most rocks are made up of tiny
particles of minerals or other rocks,
which are called grains.
• A rock’s grains give it its texture
42. Rocks
Made of two or more different minerals
that have been:
• cemented together (Sedimentary)
• squeezed and heated together
(Metamorphic)
• melted and cooled together (Igneous)
43. ROCKS
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Igneous
sediments and
minerals are compacted
and cemented
With dissolved minerals
Clastic – pieces
of other rocks
Cemented into
rock
Chemical –
Evaporites
From seawater
Organic/Bioclastic
Remains of plants
Or animals which
Are transformed
Into rock
44. Igneous Rock
• Igneous rock forms
when magma or lava
COOLS
Solidifies
Crystallizes
hardens
46. TEXTURE
Intrusive
or Plutonic
Extrusive
or Volcanic
Coarse Grained
large crystals
Non-Vesicular
(no gas bubbles)
Fine Grained (small crystals)
Glassy
Gas Pockets (vesicular)
Magma
LAVA
Underground
Above ground
Slow cooling
FAST cooling
48. Igneous Rock
Mineral Composition
Light Colored
Dark Colored
Rocks Called
Rocks Called
FELSIC
MAFIC
Low density
High Density
Rich in Aluminum
Rich in IRON &
Magnesium
50. Origins of Sedimentary Rock –
Draw an arrow from “CLASTIC”
•Through the process of
weathering
, rock is loosened and
carried away with wind and
water by
As the layers stack up,
they become heavier until
the weight squeezes the
layers together during
compaction
.
erosion
. The sediment then settles
out of the wind and water
during deposition. The
deposition
sediment begins to settle out
and form
layers
.
Dissolved minerals act as
glue in a process known
as
.
Cementation
51. • This is a sample of sandstone, a sedimentary
rock that formed from sand grains.
52. Chemical
• Formed when minerals dissolved in
water, precipitate out and form crystals
on the sea floor – Includes evaporites.
53.
54. Organic (bioclastic) – rocks formed from
the remains of plants and/or animals
that undergoes a transformation into
rock.
55. • This is a sample of limestone, a sedimentary
rock made of calcium carbonate that formed
under water indirectly from the remains of tiny
marine organisms.
57. Metamorphic Rocks
Conditions that cause rocks to
:
undergo metamorphism include
• Deep burial and pressure or
hot contact zones
• Metamorphic rocks are
often found in mountainous
regions
You’ll have to add this to your
notes on page 8
58. Metamorphic Rocks – formed when a rock
is changed by
Heat
Pressure
Chemical due
to Contact
Metamorphic rocks are
characterized by:
•
Increased DENSITY
•
NEW Minerals
•
BANDING
60. Into two types of metamorphic
rocks called:
Foliated
Where the minerals grains are
Squeezed and
curved or
folded
and
Non Foliated
Where the minerals grains are
Not aligned
and appear
MASSIVE
64. • Increasing metamorphic change occurs with increasing
temperatures and pressures.
• If the melting point is reached, the change is no longer
metamorphic, and igneous rocks are formed AGAIN.