Endoscopy is a non-surgical procedure that uses a flexible tube with a light and camera to examine the digestive tract. It allows doctors to view internal organs and perform procedures with minimal invasiveness, although accessing the small intestine remains challenging. Key risks include infection and perforation, while advancements in technology and methods continue to improve patient outcomes.

1. ENDOSCOPY
BY
SATHISHKUMAR G
(SATHISHSAK111@GMAIL.COM)

2. ENDOSCOPY
Endoscopy is a nonsurgical procedure used to examine a
person's digestive tract.
Using an endoscope, a flexible tube with a light and
camera attached to it, your doctor can view pictures
of your digestive tract on a color TV monitor.
Unlike many other medical imaging technique,
endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ.

3. PRINCIPLE
Fibre-optic endoscopes use bundles of thin glass fibres to
transmit light to and from the organ being viewed. These
fibres use the principle of total internal reflection to transmit
almost 100 % of the light entering one end to the other end.

4. CONSTRUCTION
An endoscope can consist of:
a rigid or flexible tube.
a light delivery system to illuminate the organ or object
under inspection. The light source is normally outside the
body and the light is typically directed via an optical fiber
system.
a lens system transmitting the image from the objective lens
to the viewer, typically a relay lens system in the case of
rigid endoscopes or a bundle of fiber optics in the case of a
fiberscope.
an eyepiece. Modern instruments may be video scopes, with
no eyepiece. A camera transmits image to a screen for image
capture.
an additional channel to allow entry of medical instruments
or manipulators.

6. ENDOSCOPIC PROCESS
• The endoscope also has a channel through which
surgeons can manipulate tiny instruments, such as
forceps, surgical scissors, and suction devices.
• A variety of instruments can be fitted to the endoscope
for different purposes.
• A surgeon introduces the endoscope into the body
either through a body opening, such as the mouth or
the anus, or through a small incision in the skin.

8. CROSS SECTION VIEW

9. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

10. FUNCTIONS
View internal body parts using lighting system, camera/video
and use of medical instruments to remove unwanted
cancers.
Enters through opening in body
Lasts 15 to 60 minutes.

11. LIMITATIONS
Compared with other parts of the digestive tract, the
small intestine is difficult for doctors to access. While a
camera-tipped tube slipped down the throat can get
images of the stomach and a tube inserted at the other
end of the tract reveals the large intestine, no such
device reaches into most of the small intestine. So,
doctors rely on externally generated images

12. RISKS
The main risks are infection, over-sedation, perforation,
or a tear of the stomach or esophagus lining and
bleeding. Although perforation generally requires
surgery, certain cases may be treated with antibiotics
and intravenous fluids.
Occasionally, the site of the sedative injection may
become inflamed and tender for a short time. This is
usually not serious and warm compresses for a few
days are usually helpful.

13. MEDICAL USES
Investigation of symptoms
-nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, difficulty
swallowing and gastrointestinal bleeding
Conformation of diagnosis
-anemia, bleeding, inflammation and cancer of
the digestive system
Giving treatment

14. RECENT TRENDS
Endoscopy VR simulators
Disposable endoscopy
Capsule endoscopy
Augmented reality

15. TYPES OF ENDOSCOPY
• GASTROSCOPY
• COLONOSCOPY
• LAPAROSCOPY
• PROCTOSCOPY
• CYSTOSCOPY
• BRONCHOSCOPY
• LARYNGOSCOPY
• NASOPHARYNGOSCOPY

16. FUTURE
Video capsule endoscopy
Suspected blood indicator and quick view
Virtual chromo endoscopy
3D reconstruction software
Remote manipulation

17. CONCLUSION
Endoscopy made the minimal blood loss surgery with
increased rate of healing and with less pain.
Endoscopy done because of patient expectations and the
gastroenterologist desire to provide the requested
service.
The thoracic surgery to remove a tumour located in the
thoracic cavity and able to thoroughly remove it by
using an endoscopy.

18. Thank you