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This slide try to relate the problem with real life scenario for easily understanding the concept and show the major inner mechanism.
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Gives an overview about Process, PCB, Process States, Process Operations, Scheduling, Schedulers, Interprocess communication, shared memory and message passing systems
It consists of CPU scheduling algorithms, examples, scheduling problems, realtime scheduling algorithms and issues. Multiprocessing and multicore scheduling.
Pipelining is an speed up technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution on a processor. It is an important topic in Computer Architecture.
This slide try to relate the problem with real life scenario for easily understanding the concept and show the major inner mechanism.
The ppt contains detail about issues and scheduling technique of real-time systems. It includes scheduling both online and offline for uniprocessor system. The applications of real-time system is also there
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It can also used at library systems.
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3. Real-Time Systems
• Definition
– Systems whose correctness depends on their temporal
aspects as well as their functional aspects
• Performance measure
– Timeliness on timing constraints (deadlines)
– Speed/average case performance are less significant.
• Key property
– Predictability on timing constraints
4. Real-Time System Example
• Digital control systems
– periodically performs the following job:
senses the system status and
actuates the system according to its current status
Control-Law
Computation
Sensor
Actuator
5. Real-Time System Example
Multimedia
• Multimedia applications
– periodically performs the following job:
reads, decompresses, and displays video and audio
streams
6. Fundamental Real-Time Issue
• To specify the timing constraints of real-time
systems
• To achieve predictability on satisfying their timing
constraints, possibly, with the existence of other
real-time systems
8. Real-Time Workload
• Job (unit of work)
– a computation, a file read, a message transmission, etc
• Attributes
– Resources required to make progress
– Timing parameters
Released
Absolute
deadline
Relative deadline
Execution time
9. Real-Time Task
• Task : a sequence of similar jobs
– Periodic task (p,e)
• Its jobs repeat regularly
• Period p = inter-release time (0 < p)
• Execution time e = maximum execution time (0 < e < p)
• Utilization U = e/p
5 10 150
10. Deadlines: Hard vs. Soft
• Hard deadline
– Disastrous or very serious consequences may occur if
the deadline is missed
– Validation is essential : can all the deadlines be met,
even under worst-case scenario?
– Deterministic guarantees
• Soft deadline
– Ideally, the deadline should be met for maximum
performance. The performance degrades in case of
deadline misses.
– Best effort approaches / statistical guarantees
12. Real-Time Scheduling
• Determines the order of real-time task executions
• Static-priority scheduling
• Dynamic-priority scheduling
(4,1)
(5,2)
(7,2)
5
5
10
10 15
15
13. RM (Rate Monotonic)
• Optimal static-priority scheduling
• It assigns priority according to period
• A task with a shorter period has a higher priority
• Executes a job with the shortest period
(4,1)
(5,2)
(7,2)
5
5
10
10 15
15
T1
T2
T3
14. RM (Rate Monotonic)
• Executes a job with the shortest period
(4,1)
(5,2)
(7,2)
5
5
10
10 15
15
T1
T2
T3
15. RM (Rate Monotonic)
• Executes a job with the shortest period
(4,1)
(5,2)
(7,2)
Deadline Miss !
5
5
10
10 15
15
T1
T2
T3
16. Response Time
• Response time
– Duration from released time to finish time
(4,1)
(5,2)
(10,2)
5
5
10
10 15
15
T1
T2
T3
17. Response Time
• Response time
– Duration from released time to finish time
(4,1)
(5,2)
(10,2)
Response Time
5
5
10
10 15
15
T1
T2
T3
18. Response Time
• Response Time (ri) [Audsley et al., 1993]
• HP(Ti) : a set of higher-priority tasks than Ti
(4,1)
(5,2)
(10,2)
k
THPT k
i
ii e
p
r
er
ik
⋅
+= ∑∈ )(
5
5
10
10
T1
T2
T3
19. RM - Schedulability Analysis
• Real-time system is schedulable under RM
if and only if ri ≤ pi for all task Ti(pi,ei)
Joseph & Pandya,
“Finding response times in a real-time system”,
The Computer Journal, 1986.
20. RM – Utilization Bound
• Real-time system is schedulable under RM if
∑Ui ≤ n (21/n
-1)
Liu & Layland,
“Scheduling algorithms for multi-programming in a
hard-real-time environment”, Journal of ACM, 1973.
21. RM – Utilization Bound
• Real-time system is schedulable under RM if
∑Ui ≤ n (21/n
-1)
• Example: T1(4,1), T2(5,1), T3(10,1),
∑Ui = 1/4 + 1/5 + 1/10
= 0.55
3 (21/3
-1) ≈ 0.78
Thus, {T1, T2, T3} is schedulable under RM.
23. EDF (Earliest Deadline First)
• Optimal dynamic priority scheduling
• A task with a shorter deadline has a higher priority
• Executes a job with the earliest deadline
(4,1)
(5,2)
(7,2)
5
5
10
10 15
15
T1
T2
T3
24. EDF (Earliest Deadline First)
• Executes a job with the earliest deadline
(4,1)
(5,2)
(7,2)
5
5
10
10 15
15
T1
T2
T3
25. EDF (Earliest Deadline First)
• Executes a job with the earliest deadline
(4,1)
(5,2)
(7,2)
5
5
10
10 15
15
T1
T2
T3
26. EDF (Earliest Deadline First)
• Executes a job with the earliest deadline
(4,1)
(5,2)
(7,2)
5
5
10
10 15
15
T1
T2
T3
27. EDF (Earliest Deadline First)
• Optimal scheduling algorithm
– if there is a schedule for a set of real-time tasks,
EDF can schedule it.
(4,1)
(5,2)
(7,2)
5
5
10
10 15
15
T1
T2
T3
28. Processor Demand Bound
• Demand Bound Function : dbf(t)
– the maximum processor demand by workload over any
interval of length t
(4,1)
(5,2)
(7,2)
t
5
5
10
10 15
15
T1
T2
T3
29. EDF - Schedulability Analysis
• Real-time system is schedulable under EDF
if and only if dbf(t) ≤ t for all interval t
Baruah et al.
“Algorithms and complexity concerning the preemptive
scheduling of periodic, real-time tasks on one
processor”, Journal of Real-Time Systems, 1990.
• Demand Bound Function : dbf(t)
– the maximum processor demand by workload over any
interval of length t
30. EDF – Utilization Bound
• Real-time system is schedulable under EDF if and only
if
∑Ui ≤ 1
Liu & Layland,
“Scheduling algorithms for multi-programming in a
hard-real-time environment”, Journal of ACM, 1973.
32. RM vs. EDF
• Rate Monotonic
– Simpler implementation, even in systems without explicit
support for timing constraints (periods, deadlines)
– Predictability for the highest priority tasks
• EDF
– Full processor utilization
– Misbehavior during overload conditions
• For more details: Buttazzo, “Rate monotonic vs. EDF:
Judgement Day”, EMSOFT 2003.