Endoscopy refers to medical procedures that use an endoscope to examine the inside of a body cavity or organ. Some common types of endoscopy include gastroscopy, colonoscopy, laparoscopy, and bronchoscopy. Endoscopy allows physicians to visually examine the interior of organs and tissues, and to perform procedures such as biopsy, polyp removal, and treatment of abnormal growths. Potential risks include infection, bleeding, perforation of organs, and reactions to sedatives used during procedures. Preparation may involve fasting beforehand, and post-procedure recovery typically involves monitoring for complications. Endoscopy is used to diagnose conditions like ulcers, inflammation, tumors, and to investigate unexplained symptoms.
This presention is about gastroscopy and colonoscopy. Detailed explanations are give along with two videos that shows the procedure. The slide also explains about how the procedure is done and for who it is done.
Radiance Hospital takes pride in being associated with Bariatric & Robotic Surgeon Dr. Apurva Vyas who is an expert with more than 23 years of experience in GI Surgery besides 12 years of experience in bariatric surgery. Along with Gastroenterology expert Dr Chirag N. Shah and several other experts the solid team of doctors at Radiance Hospital lends it a trustworthy reputation.
For more information visit - https://www.radiancehospitals.org/medical-treatment/endoscopic-sleeve-gastroplasty
This presention is about gastroscopy and colonoscopy. Detailed explanations are give along with two videos that shows the procedure. The slide also explains about how the procedure is done and for who it is done.
Radiance Hospital takes pride in being associated with Bariatric & Robotic Surgeon Dr. Apurva Vyas who is an expert with more than 23 years of experience in GI Surgery besides 12 years of experience in bariatric surgery. Along with Gastroenterology expert Dr Chirag N. Shah and several other experts the solid team of doctors at Radiance Hospital lends it a trustworthy reputation.
For more information visit - https://www.radiancehospitals.org/medical-treatment/endoscopic-sleeve-gastroplasty
Looking for General Surgeon in Sangamner? Dr. Saurabh Kate is one of the best Laparoscopic, Endoscopic, Gastro-Intestinal & General Surgeon in Sangamner and has experience of 4 years in these fields.
Successful Urology surgery in India by team of expert and international surgeons with advance micro surgical instruments for complex surgery in your budget.
While endoscopy is a relatively safe procedure, there are certain risks involved like mild cramping or internal bleeding. To make sure that the procedure is completed without any hassle, the person needs to contact an experienced doctor like Dr Vikas Singla, if they have to undergo this diagnostic process.
A colonoscopy can be used to detect cancer of the colon or colon polyps. In addition, a colonoscopy may be recommended to diagnose and treat colon and rectum diseases such as : Please visit : http://www.drpsurgery.com/colonoscopy
Treatment for Gallstones-Symptoms, Causes, Risks, and Options.pdfMeghaSingh194
Treatment for gallstones usually depends on the severity of the symptoms and the overall health of the patient. Let's explore more: https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/treatment-for-gallstones-symptoms-causes-risks-and-options/
Looking for General Surgeon in Sangamner? Dr. Saurabh Kate is one of the best Laparoscopic, Endoscopic, Gastro-Intestinal & General Surgeon in Sangamner and has experience of 4 years in these fields.
Successful Urology surgery in India by team of expert and international surgeons with advance micro surgical instruments for complex surgery in your budget.
While endoscopy is a relatively safe procedure, there are certain risks involved like mild cramping or internal bleeding. To make sure that the procedure is completed without any hassle, the person needs to contact an experienced doctor like Dr Vikas Singla, if they have to undergo this diagnostic process.
A colonoscopy can be used to detect cancer of the colon or colon polyps. In addition, a colonoscopy may be recommended to diagnose and treat colon and rectum diseases such as : Please visit : http://www.drpsurgery.com/colonoscopy
Treatment for Gallstones-Symptoms, Causes, Risks, and Options.pdfMeghaSingh194
Treatment for gallstones usually depends on the severity of the symptoms and the overall health of the patient. Let's explore more: https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/treatment-for-gallstones-symptoms-causes-risks-and-options/
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. ENDOSCOPY
A procedure that uses an endoscope to examine the inside of the body. An
endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may
also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of
disease.
5. USES
. Endoscopy can help identify
ulcers,
bleeding,
celiac disease,
blockages,
inflammation, and
tumors.
6. USES
It can help find the cause of unexplained symptoms,
such as heartburn,
abdonimal pain,
bleeding,
nausea,
vomiting,
and pain.
7. ENDOSCOPIC PROCESS
ENDOSCOPIC PROCESS
The endoscope also has a channel through which surgeons can manipulate tiny
instruments, such as forceps, surgical scissors, and suction devices.
A variety of instruments can be fitted to the endoscope for different purposes.
A surgeon introduces the endoscope into the body either through a body opening,
such as the mouth or the anus, or through a small incision in the skin.
8. PROCEDURE
Fast before the endoscopy.
Typically need to stop eating solid food for eight hours and stop drinking liquids
for four hours before your endoscopy.
This is to ensure your stomach is empty for the procedure.
Stop taking certain medications. You'll need to stop taking certain blood-thinning
medications in the days before your endoscopy, if possible. Blood thinners may
increase your risk of bleeding if certain procedures are performed during the
endoscopy. If you have ongoing conditions, such as diabetes, heart disease or
high blood pressure, your provider will give you specific instructions regarding
your
9. PROCEDURE
Stop taking certain medications.
You'll need to stop taking certain blood-thinning medications in the days before
your endoscopy, if possible.
Blood thinners may increase your risk of bleeding if certain procedures are
performed during the endoscopy.
If you have ongoing conditions, such as diabetes, heart disease or high blood
pressure, your provider will give you specific instructions regarding your
Medications
10. RISK FACTORS
Infection,
over-sedation,
perforation,
or a tear of the stomach
or esophagus lining and bleeding.
11. GASTROSCOPY
A gastroscopy is a test to check inside your throat, food pipe (oesophagus) and
stomach, known as the upper part of your digestive system.
This test can help find what's causing your A gastroscope is a thin, tube-like
instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove
tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. symptoms.
14. CAUSES
widen your food pipe (oesophagus) if it’s too narrow and causing pain or
difficulties when you swallow
stop bleeding inside your stomach or oesophagus
remove growths
with feeding if you’re unable to eat normally (a gastroscopy can help doctors
place a feeding tube into your stomach)
Checking for cancer
15. PREPARATION
You should avoid eating or drinking for 4-6 hours before the test. The stomach
needs to be empty. (Small sips of water may be allowed up to two hours before
the test.)
If you have a sedative you will need somebody to accompany you home.
Advice about medication which may need to be stopped before the test.
16. RISK FACTORS
Accidental tearing of a blood vessel in the oesophagus or stomach leading to
bleeding
Internal bleeding that can further result in the elimination of black stools with a
rough, tar-like texture
Pain in the neck, chest and stomach
Discomfort and aching while swallowing food
Breathing problems
Fever
Nausea and vomiting
17. ERCP
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP, is a procedure to
diagnose and treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. It
combines X-ray and the use of an endoscope—a long, flexible, lighted tube.
19. ERCP USES
pancreatic ducts may be narrowed or blocked due to:
• tumors
• gallstones that form in the gallbladder
and become stuck in the ducts
• inflammation due to trauma or illness, such as pancreatitis
• infection
• Dysfunction of valves in the ducts, called sphincters,
• scarring of the ducts (sclerosis),
• Pseudo-cysts—accumulations of fluid and tissue debris
20. USES
cardiopulmonary,
neurologic,
or cardiovascular status;
and existing bowel perforation.
• Structural abnormalities of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine may be
relative contraindications for ERCP.
• An altered surgical anatomy.
• ERCP with sphincterotomy or ampullectomy is relatively contraindicated in
coagulopathic patients.
21. PREPARATION OF PATIENT BEFORE ERCP
• The upper GI tract must be empty.
Generally, no eating or drinking is allowed 8 hours before ERCP.
• Smoking and chewing gum are also prohibited during this time.
• Current medications may need to be adjusted or avoided.
Most medications can be continued as usual.
• Removal of any dentures, jewelry, or contact lenses before having an ERCP.
22. PROCEDURE
• A plastic catheter or cannula is inserted through the ampulla, and radiocontrast
is injected into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Fluoroscopy is used to look
for blockages, or other lesions such as stones.
• When needed, the opening of the ampulla can be enlarged (sphincterotomy)
with an electrified wire (sphincterotome) and access into the bile duct obtained so
that gallstones may be removed or other therapy performed.
23. PROCEDURE
A Plastic catheter or cannula is inserted through the ampulla, and radiocontrast is
injected into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Fluoroscopy is used to look for
blockages, or other lesions such as stones. • When needed, the opening of the
ampulla can be enlarged (sphincterotomy) with an electrified wire
(sphincterotome) and access into the bile duct obtained so that gallstones may be
removed or other therapy performed.
24. AFTER THE PROCEDURE
AFTER THE PROCEDURE
• Patients are monitored in the endoscopy area for 1-2 hours until the effects of
the sedatives have worn off & observed for complications.
• Eating or drinking is allowed if the throat is no longer numb and are able to
swallow without choking.
• If a gallstone was removed or placed a stent during the test, the patient is made
to stay in the hospital
25. COMPLICATIONS
Undergoing ERCP can lead to complications involving
infection,
bleeding,
perforation,
or inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis).
26. Proctosigmoidoscopy
Proctosigmoidoscopy (Proctoscopy,Sigmoidoscopy) is an internal examination of
the lower large bowel (colon), using an instrument called a sigmoidoscope. The
sigmoidoscope is a small camera attached to a flexible tube. It is inserted into the
colon to examine the rectum, and the sigmoid and descending portions of the
colon.
28. INDICATIONS
diagnose a disease in rectum or anus, including cancer
find the cause of bleeding from the rectum
diagnose hemorrhoids
remove a sample of tissue for testing, called a biopsy
find and remove polyps and other abnormal growths
monitor rectal cancer after surgery or other treatments
30. PROCEDURE
A gastroenterologist (a specialist in diseases of the digestive system) will gently
insert a gloved and lubricated finger (or fingers) into the rectum to check for
blockage and to dilate the anus. This is called a digital rectal examination.
Following the digital rectal exam, the sigmoidoscope will be inserted. This flexible
fiberoptic tube is about 20 inches long.
The scope is gently advanced into the colon. Air is introduced into the scope to
aid in viewing. The air may cause the urge to defecate. As the sigmoidoscope is
slowly removed, the lining of the bowel is carefully examined. A channel in the
scope allows for the passage of forceps for biopsies or other instruments for
therapy.
31. Proctosigmoidoscopy USES
Inflammatory bowel disease
Bowel obstruction
Colon cancer
Colon polyps
Diverticulosis (the presence of abnormal pouches on the lining of the intestines)
Causes of diarrhea
Causes of abdominal pain
33. Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Flexible sigmoidoscopy is a procedure wherein a sigmoidoscope is inserted
through the anus, the distal colonic mucosa (up to 60 cm from the anal verge) is
examined, and any diagnostic or therapeutic maneuvers performed, as needed.
A sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic test used to check the sigmoid colon, which is the
lower part of your colon or large intestine. This section of your colon is close to
your rectum and anus.
35. Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Indications
Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Indications:
Routine screening of adults over age 50
Evaluation of suspected distal colonic disease when there is no indication for
colonoscopy
Inflammatory bowel disease
Chronic diarrhea
Pseudomembranous colitis
Radiation colitis Sigmoid volvulus Foreign body removal Lower GI
bleeding
37. BENEFIT
The flexible sigmoidoscopy procedure usually takes between five and 15 minutes.
It's done by a specially trained doctor or nurse. You don't usually need to have an
anaesthetic or sedative for a flexible sigmoidoscopy. The procedure can be
uncomfortable at first, but it doesn't usually hurt.
38. COLONOSCOPY
A colonoscopy (koe-lun-OS-kuh-pee) is an exam used to look for changes — such
as swollen, irritated tissues, polyps or cancer — in the large intestine (colon) and
rectum. During a colonoscopy, a long, flexible tube (colonoscope) is inserted into
the rectum.
40. INDICATION
Diarrhoea
Abdominal pain
Bleeding per rectum,
unexplained anemia,
weight loss
Postpolypectomy surveillance
Prevention/aftercare colorectal carcinoma
Pathological thickening of the colon wall detected by other imaging procedures
41. CONTRAINDICATION
Perforated intestine
Acute diverticulitis
Deep ulcerations
Severe ischemic necroses
Fulminant colitis
Cardiopulmonary decompensation Complications and RisksContra Indications
Risk of perforation
Injury to blood vessels causing bleeding
42. PREPARATION
Patient performs effective bowel cleansing
• Liquid diet 1 – 2 days before procedure
• Temporarily stop taking blood-thinners
• Laxatives to clean out bowel
43. PROCEDURE
Patient administered intravenous sedation
• Colonoscope maneuvered through colon
• Polyps removed if located
• Patient to recovery after procedure
• Procedure takes 30 minutes
44. AFTER THE PROCEDURE
Usually in recovery for 30 minutes • Patient discusses findings with doctor • May
have follow-up appointment • Driver to take patient home • May continue normal
diet, medications
46. RECOMMENDED FREQUENCY
Men and Woman at age 50
• Repeated at 10 year intervals
• More frequent if other risk factors present
• Family history, IBS
47. SMALL BOWEL ENTEROSCOPY
A small bowel enteroscopy allows a physician to navigate the entire small bowel
from either an oral or rectal approach, enabling them to perform both diagnostic
and therapeutic techniques within the small bowel without the need of an open
surgical procedure.
49. ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a minimally invasive procedure to assess diseases
of the digestive (gastrointestinal) tract and other nearby organs and tissues.
Endoscopic ultrasound combines the use of a thin, flexible tube (endoscope)
inserted into the gastrointestinal tract and a device that uses sound waves to
create images (ultrasound).
51. PROCEDURE
The high-frequency sound waves produce detailed images of the digestive tract
and surrounding organs and tissues, including the lungs, pancreas, gall bladder,
liver and lymph nodes.
An endoscopic tube may also have a small needle to remove fluid or tissue
samples (biopsy) for examination in a lab. This procedure is called EUS-guided
fine-needle aspiration or EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy. Other EUS-guided
procedures can be used to drain fluid from a lesion or inject a drug at a specific
site.
53. BARIUM SWALLOW
A barium swallow, also called an esophagogram, is an imaging test that checks for
problems in your upper GI tract. Your upper GI tract includes your mouth, back of
the throat, esophagus, stomach, and first part of your small intestine. The test uses
a special type of x-ray called fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy shows internal organs
moving in real time. The test also involves drinking a chalky-tasting liquid that
contains barium. Barium is a substance that makes parts of your body show up
more clearly on an x-ray.
55. USES
Ulcers
Hiatal hernia, a condition in which part of your stomach pushes into the
diaphragm. The diaphragm is the muscle between your stomach and chest.
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), a condition in which contents of the
stomach leak backward into the esophagus
Structural problems in the GI tract, such as polyps (abnormal growths) and
diverticula (pouches in the intestinal wall)
Tumors
57. PROCEDURE
You may need to remove your clothing. If so, you will be given a hospital gown.
You will be given a lead shield or apron to wear over your pelvic area. This protects the area from
unnecessary radiation.
You will stand, sit, or lie down on an x-ray table. You may be asked to change positions during the
test.
You will swallow a drink that contains barium. The drink is thick and chalky. It's usually flavored
with chocolate or strawberry to make it easier to swallow.
While you swallow, the radiologist will watch images of the barium traveling down your throat to
your upper GI tract.
You may be asked to hold your breath at certain times.
The images will be recorded so they can be reviewed at a later time.
Will I need to do anything to prepare for the test
58. UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL SERIES
An upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) is a radiographic (X-ray) examination of the
upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (first
part of the small intestine) are made visible on X-ray film by a liquid suspension.
This liquid suspension may be barium or a water-soluble contrast.
60. CONT
An upper gastrointestinal series, also called a barium swallow, barium study, or
barium meal, is a series of radiographs used to examine the gastrointestinal tract
for abnormalities.
61. INDICATIONS
Difficulty swallowing
Chest and abdominal pain
Reflux (a backward flow of partially digested food and digestive juices)
Unexplained vomiting
Severe indigestion
Blood in the stool (indicating internal GI bleeding)
62. CONTRAINDICATION
Recently operated patient . •
Complete large bowel obstruction. •
History/suspicion of aspiration . •
Fistulous communication with any organ other than parts of GIT .
• Recent biopsy of GIT , as barium granuloma formed at biopsy site.
63. complications
Leakage of Ba from unsuspected perforation leading to Ba peritonitis
• Aspiration of stomach contents (due to buscopan)
• Barium impaction (partial bowel obstruction to complete bowel obstruction)
• Barium appendicitis if Ba impacted in appendix
• Adverse effects of pharmacological agents used.
64. BARIUM ENEMA
A barium enema is an X-ray exam that can detect changes or abnormalities in the
large intestine (colon). The procedure is also called a colon X-ray. An enema is the
injection of a liquid into your rectum through a small tube.
66. INDICATIONS
abdominal pain
blood in your stools
a change in your bowel movements
Crohn’s disease
chronic diarrhea
colorectal cancer
diverticulitis
irritable bowel syndrome
polyps
rectal bleeding
a twisted loop of the bowels (volvulus)
ulcerative colitis
67. PREPARATION
Your doctor will ask you to cleanse your bowels the night before your test. This
may include using laxatives or taking an enema at home.
You shouldn’t eat anything after midnight the night before your procedure. On the
day of the procedure, you can drink clear liquids, such as water, tea, juice, or broth.
This is to ensure that your colon is clear of any stool, which could show up in the
X-ray images. Tell your doctor if you’ve been having problems with your bowel
movements prior to the test.
68. PROCEDURE
A well-lubricated enema tube is gently inserted into the rectum. Barium is injected
through this tube into the colon and rectum. A small balloon at the end of the
tube is inflated to keep the barium inside. X-rays are taken.
69. RISK FACTORS
inflammation of the tissues around your colon
obstruction of your gastrointestinal tract
a perforated colon
a tear in your colon wall
70. ABDOMINAL ULTRASOUND
Abdominal ultrasound is a type of imaging test. It is used to look at organs in the
abdomen, including the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys.
72. CT SCAN
Computed tomography is commonly referred to as a CT scan. A CT scan is a
diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer
technology to produce images of the inside of the body. It shows detailed images
of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood
vessels.
75. PROCEDURE
CT scan: Equipment Large box-like machine with hole in the middle. Pt. lies on
narrow table that slides in and out of this hole. X-ray tube and electronic x-ray
detectors rotate around you (gantry).
Computer processes the information and is operated by a technologist who
works scanners and monitors the exam.
76. ADVANTAGES
Advantages to CT Desired image detail is obtained. Fast image rendering. Filters
may sharpen or smooth reconstructed images. Raw data may be reconstructed
post-acquisition with a variety of filters.
77. DISADVANTAGES
Multiple reconstructions may be required if significant detail is required from areas
of the study that contain bone and soft tissue. Need for quality detectors and
computer software. X-ray exposure.
80. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ansari and kaur ,medical surgical nursing ,published by pee vee ,2011 edition page
referred 436 to 449.
•Brunner and suddarth’s Textbook of Medical – Surgical Nursing south Asian edition
Volume 1,
•page no 817 -840.
•https://www.slideshare.net/pallavi333/the-digestive-system-disease-disorders-
142099181
https://www.slideshare.net/HARISHANKARSAHU/digestive-system-and-disorders
https://www.slideshare.net/pharmacampus/diagnostic-tests-for-gi-disorders